What is chrism, and what are its alternative names?

Chrism, also referred to as myrrh, myron, holy anointing oil, and consecrated oil, is a consecrated oil utilized in various Christian churches for the administration of certain sacraments and ecclesiastical functions.

Which Christian denominations officially recognize and use chrism in their practices?

Chrism is used in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Nordic Lutheran, Anglican, and Old Catholic churches.

What is the etymological origin of the English word "chrism"?

The English word "chrism" originates from the Koine Greek term *khrisma*, which initially served as a verbal noun meaning "(the act of) anointing" or "unction." This, in turn, derives from the Greek verb *chreien*, meaning "to anoint."

How did the Greek term for anointing evolve to refer to the oil itself?

Over time, the Greek term *khrisma*, along with related forms like *khrēma* and *khrismai*, began to be used to denote the anointing oil or ointment.

Trace the linguistic journey of the term "chrism" from Greek to English.

The Greek term *khrisma* entered Latin as *chrisma*, was adopted into Old English as *crisma*, evolved into Middle English *crisme*, and the spelling "chrism" became standard in English during the 16th century.

How did the Old French word *cresme* influence the English term for chrism?

The Latin term *chrisma* was combined with *cramum* (meaning "cream") in Old French, resulting in the word *cresme*. This Old French word was borrowed into Middle English as *creme*, before the spelling "chrism" gained prominence.

What is the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root associated with the term "chrism," and what does it signify?

The Proto-Indo-European root is reconstructed as *gʷrey-, meaning "to trickle." This root is linguistically related to Sanskrit terms for shining or trickling, as well as English words like "grime."

Which early Christian writers discussed the use of chrism in their theological works?

Early Christian documents that discuss chrism include the writings of Theophilus of Antioch (died 181) and Tertullian (died 220).

How did Cyril of Jerusalem describe the application and symbolic meaning of chrism in early Christian practice?

Cyril of Jerusalem detailed that chrism was symbolically applied to the forehead and sensory organs, representing the seal of baptismal covenants and God's promises. He also stated it was a physical representation of receiving the Gift of the Holy Spirit.

According to Cyril of Jerusalem, what was the significance of being anointed with Holy Chrism?

Cyril taught that receiving the Holy Chrism was the sign of a Christian, signifying a new birth and verifying the title "Christian." It represented the reception of the Holy Spirit's gift.

In Latin Catholicism, which sacraments are fundamentally linked to the use of chrism?

Chrism is essential for the Catholic sacrament of confirmation (also known as chrismation) and plays a significant role in the sacraments of baptism and holy orders.

How is chrism applied during the sacrament of confirmation in the Catholic Church?

Following the laying on of hands, the bishop or priest anoints the forehead of the individual being confirmed with chrism.

Describe the specific uses of chrism in the Catholic sacrament of holy orders for priests and bishops.

Newly ordained priests are anointed with chrism on the palms of their hands, while newly consecrated bishops receive an anointing of chrism on their foreheads.

What liturgical items, besides persons, were traditionally consecrated with chrism in the Catholic Church, and how has this practice evolved?

Churches and altars are consecrated with chrism. Previously, patens and chalices also required consecration with chrism, but current rubrics allow for a simple blessing, although bishops may still perform the consecration with chrism.

What are the primary components of Catholic chrism, and who is responsible for its consecration?

Catholic chrism is composed of olive oil scented with a sweet perfume, typically balsam. Under normal circumstances, it is consecrated by the bishop of the particular church.

What is the Chrism Mass, and when does this significant liturgical event typically occur?

The Chrism Mass is a liturgy celebrated during Holy Week, usually on the morning of Holy Thursday. During this Mass, the bishop consecrates the chrism and blesses the oils of catechumens and the sick, often in the presence of the presbyterium (college of priests).

How are holy oils, including chrism, stored and distributed within the Catholic Church?

Holy oils are typically stored in specialized vessels called chrismaria, which are kept in a cabinet known as an ambry. When distributed to priests for use in their ministry, the oils are carried in a smaller, three-compartmented vessel called an "oil stock."

What was the historical role of chrism in the coronation of French kings, particularly concerning the Holy Ampulla?

The Holy Ampulla, a glass vial, contained anointing oil that was mixed with chrism for the anointing of French kings from 1131 to 1775. This practice emphasized the anointment as a crucial part of the coronation ceremony.

What happened to the original Holy Ampulla, and where are any remaining fragments preserved?

The original Holy Ampulla was destroyed by French revolutionaries in 1793. Some of its remnants were placed in a new reliquary and are now kept at the Archbishopric of Reims.

What is the primary liturgical use of chrism in Anglican and Lutheran traditions?

In Anglican and Lutheran churches, chrism is primarily used for the rite of chrismation, which can be incorporated into the sacrament of baptism, even for infants.

In which other sacrament is chrism commonly employed in Anglican and Lutheran churches, and is this practice universal?

Chrism is also frequently used in the sacrament of confirmation, although this practice is not universally followed by churches within the evangelical tradition of these denominations.

How do Anglican and Lutheran confirmation liturgies generally address the use of chrism?

Confirmation liturgies in Anglican and Lutheran churches typically present the use of chrism as an optional element, acknowledging the varying practices across different churches within these traditions.

What measures are taken to ensure the privacy and sacredness of the anointing rite during British coronations?

To shield the sacred rite from public view, a canopy of state or specially designed portable screens are used to conceal the monarch and the Archbishop during the anointing ceremony.

What are the typical ingredients for chrism in Anglican and Lutheran traditions, and what was notable about the preparation for Charles III's coronation?

Chrism is usually based on olive oil scented with sweet perfume, such as balsam. For Charles III's coronation, animal-derived components were omitted, and the olive oil was scented with essential oils of sesame, rose, jasmine, cinnamon, neroli, and benzoin, along with orange blossom.

Who typically consecrates chrism in Anglican and Lutheran churches, and are there exceptions to this rule?

Generally, the bishop of the particular church consecrates chrism at the Chrism Eucharist. However, some Lutheran and Anglican liturgical books permit a presbyter (pastor) to consecrate chrism if a bishop is unavailable or in cases of necessity.

Where was the oil for the coronation of Charles III consecrated, and by whom?

The oil for the coronation of Charles III was consecrated at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the Anglican Archbishop in Jerusalem.

Beyond personal anointing, what other significant function does chrism serve in Anglican and Lutheran traditions concerning church buildings?

Chrism is also used in the consecration of church buildings, where it may be applied to anoint the walls, the altar or table, and the designated place for the reservation of the eucharistic sacrament for the sick.

Do members of the Latter Day Saint movement practice anointing rituals, and if so, for what purpose?

Yes, members of the Latter Day Saint movement practice ritual anointing, particularly for the sick or afflicted, as part of their religious ordinances.

Who is authorized to perform anointing ordinances in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and what is typically used?

Members holding the Melchizedek priesthood are authorized to perform anointing ordinances. They typically use consecrated pure olive oil, though other pure olive oils can be consecrated if needed.

Describe the process of the anointing ordinance as performed by Latter-day Saint priesthood holders.

A priesthood holder anoints the recipient's head with a drop of oil, then places their hands on the head and declares the anointing. If another priesthood holder is present, they join in to seal the anointing and offer words of blessing.

Is the use of oil mandatory for all blessings performed by Latter-day Saint priesthood holders?

No, oil is not always required for blessings. While used for the sick or afflicted, other blessings, such as those seeking comfort or counsel, may be performed without oil, and the anointing of the sick can proceed without oil if it is unavailable.

What scriptural sources support the practice of anointing for healing within the Latter-day Saint tradition?

The practice of anointing for healing is supported by references in the Epistle of James (James 5:14-15) and numerous passages found within the Doctrine and Covenants.

What role does chrism, referred to as myron, play in the Eastern Orthodox Church's sacraments of initiation?

In the Orthodox Church, chrismation is the second sacrament of initiation, following baptism and preceding the Divine Eucharist. The bishop's blessing of the chrism serves as a substitute for the direct imposition of hands, signifying the reception of the Holy Spirit.

How is chrism utilized in the consecration of church buildings within the Eastern Orthodox Church?

Chrism is used in the consecration of church buildings, involving the anointing of the walls and the altar table as part of the sacred rite.

How did the practice of anointing emperors and kings with chrism become integrated into Byzantine coronation ceremonies?

The practice of anointing rulers with chrism in Byzantine coronations was a later development, adopted after the Latin occupation of Constantinople, influenced by Western European practices.

When is chrism prepared in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and what are its primary ingredients?

Chrism is prepared during Holy Week, beginning on Holy Monday and concluding on Holy Thursday. It is primarily composed of olive oil mixed with a variety of aromatic essences, following the biblical description of anointing oil.

Who is responsible for consecrating chrism in the Orthodox Church, and what is the significance of incorporating old myrrh?

Holy Myron is consecrated by a bishop, or a patriarch according to specific church laws. In the Russian tradition, adding a few drops of old myrrh to the new chrism symbolizes the continuous connection with the Greek Church, from which the first consecrated myrrh was received.

How frequently is chrism prepared in the Orthodox Church, and how is it distributed?

Chrism is not prepared annually but rather when existing supplies become low. Once consecrated, it is distributed to bishops, who then provide it to their respective parishes as needed.

What unique practices are associated with the preparation of chrism by the Patriarchate of Constantinople?

The Patriarchate of Constantinople prepares chrism using an ancient formula involving 64 ingredients and utilizes the flame from burning old icons for boiling the mixture. The preparation is managed by the *Kosmētōres Myrepsoí* (Deans Perfumers), led by the *Árchōn Myrepsós*.

What temporary ordination do the Myrepsoi undergo, and what symbolic items are associated with their service?

The Myrepsoi undergo a temporary ordination into the clergy to handle the chrism and vessels. They receive a gold "Cross of Ministry" from the patriarch, and the Archon Myrepsos is given a silk "towel" or apron known as a *lention*.

Describe the process of preparing chrism using the copper cauldrons in the Orthodox tradition.

Three copper cauldrons are used: the largest holds olive oil, the smallest contains water and aromatic ingredients, and the middle cauldron holds wine to facilitate boiling the oil safely. The patriarch himself performs certain steps, such as adding musk and rose oil.

In the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, who traditionally consecrates the myron or chrism?

Traditionally, the primate or the Catholicos of the East, as appointed by the Patriarch, consecrates the chrism. Metropolitans are also authorized to perform this consecration if necessary.

What is the symbolic significance of the vestments and the number of attendants during the consecration of myron in the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church?

The primate wears white vestments symbolizing purity. Twelve priests attend, representing the twelve apostles, with twelve censers signifying the preaching of the Gospel, twelve lamps symbolizing divine revelations, and twelve fans to indicate that divine mysteries should not be revealed to the unworthy.

How frequently does the Armenian Apostolic Church consecrate myrrh, and where does this ceremony take place?

The Armenian Apostolic Church consecrates myrrh every seven years, typically in the autumn, at Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia.

What is the relationship between the term "chrism" and "charisma"?

The English word "chrism" shares an etymological root with "charisma," both stemming from the Greek word for anointing. While "chrism" refers to the consecrated oil, "charisma" denotes a spiritual gift or divine grace.

What is the "Oil of Saints" as mentioned in the "See also" section of the article?

The "Oil of Saints" refers to a liquid that is believed to flow from the relics or burial places of Christian saints.

What is the purpose of the Chrismatory mentioned in the context of Western Christianity?

A Chrismatory is a vessel used for holding ritual oil, such as chrism. The source material references a specific example from Germany dating back to 1636, made of silver-gilt and housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum.

What is the significance of the term "Alabaster" in relation to a Chrismarium used in Russia?

A Chrismarium used in Russia is named "Alabaster" in reference to the biblical account in Matthew 26:7, where alabaster jars were used to hold precious ointments.

What does the image of a bishop pouring balsam into oil at a Chrism Mass depict?

The image depicts a bishop performing the ritual of adding balsam to the olive oil during the Chrism Mass, a significant liturgy where holy oils are consecrated.

What does the image of the "Stove for chrism" and its detail illustrate?

The images show the historical equipment used for the preparation of chrism, specifically an 18th-century stove and vessels located in the Moscow Kremlin, highlighting the traditional methods of its creation.

Chrism Wiki: The Sacred Anointing: Unveiling Chrism's Spiritual Significance

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Etymology: The Name "Chrism"

Greek Origins

The English term "chrism" originates from the Koine Greek word khrisma (χρῖσμα). Initially, this term referred to the act of anointing or unction, derived from the verb khriein (χρῖειν), meaning "to anoint." Over time, the term evolved to denote the anointing oil or ointment itself.

Latin and French Influence

The Greek term khrisma was adopted into Latin as chrisma, appearing in the writings of early Christian figures like Tertullian. This Latin form was subsequently borrowed into Old French and then into Middle English. The spelling "chrism" became standardized in the 16th century, distinguishing it from the word "cream," which evolved from a conflation with the Latin cramum.

Proto-Indo-European Roots

Linguistically, the term traces back to a Proto-Indo-European root, potentially *gʷrey-, associated with concepts of trickling or shining. This root connects it to words in Sanskrit and Lithuanian, suggesting an ancient lineage related to oils and anointing substances.

Sacramental and Ritual Usage

Core Sacraments

Chrism is a vital element in several sacraments across major Christian denominations. Its primary uses include:

Baptism: Anointing the newly baptized, often signifying the reception of the Holy Spirit.
Confirmation/Chrismation: A central sacrament where chrism is applied to the forehead, sealing the individual with the Holy Spirit.
Holy Orders: Anointing the hands of priests and the heads of bishops during their ordination.

Consecration of Objects

Beyond personal sacraments, chrism is used in the consecration of sacred objects and spaces. This includes:

Churches: Anointing the altar and walls during the dedication of a church building.
Altar Vessels: Historically, patens and chalices were consecrated with chrism.

Royal Anointing

In certain traditions, particularly historically, chrism was used in the coronation ceremonies of monarchs, symbolizing divine appointment and the bestowal of spiritual authority.

Historical Significance

Early Christian Practice

The use of chrism is documented in early Christian writings, including those by Theophilus of Antioch and Tertullian. Cyril of Jerusalem described the anointing as a "seal of the covenants" of baptism and a physical representation of receiving the Gift of the Holy Spirit, marking recipients as "Christians."

Continuity and Tradition

The practice has been maintained across centuries, evolving in specific liturgical expressions but retaining its core symbolic meaning of spiritual empowerment and divine presence. The preparation and use of chrism are often steeped in tradition and specific liturgical rites.

Western Christianity

Latin Catholicism

In the Roman Catholic Church, chrism is essential for Confirmation, Baptism (when not immediately followed by Confirmation), and Holy Orders. It is consecrated by the bishop in the Chrism Mass during Holy Week. The oil, typically olive oil scented with balsam, is stored in special vessels called chrismaria.

Sacramental Use:

Confirmation: Anointing on the forehead by the bishop or priest.
Baptism: Anointing if confirmation is not immediate.
Holy Orders: Anointing of the palms of priests and the forehead of bishops.

Consecration: Chrism is consecrated by the bishop at the Chrism Mass, usually on Holy Thursday. The Oil of Catechumens and the Oil of the Sick are also blessed at this liturgy.

Historical Coronation: In older rites, chrism was used for the anointing of kings during coronations, symbolizing divine authority. The Holy Ampulla, containing oil mixed with chrism, was famously used in French coronations.

Anglicanism & Lutheranism

Anglican and Lutheran traditions also utilize chrism, primarily in confirmation rites, though its use is often optional. It may also be employed in ordination services for priests and bishops, signifying the bestowal of the Holy Spirit.

Confirmation: The bishop may anoint the forehead, often accompanied by a blessing invoking the Holy Spirit. The specific wording and practice can vary between provinces and dioceses.

Ordination: In some liturgies, the bishop anoints the palms of newly ordained priests or the head of bishops, stating that God anoints them for their ministry.

Coronation: A significant use occurs in the coronation of the British monarch, where the Archbishop of Canterbury anoints the sovereign on the head, hands, and heart, considered the most sacred rite of the service.

Church Consecration: Chrism may also be used in the consecration of church buildings, anointing the altar and walls.

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Orthodox Church

In the Orthodox Church, chrism (known as Myron) is integral to the sacrament of Chrismation, administered immediately after Baptism. It is also used in the consecration of churches and altars. The preparation of Myron is a complex, solemn event, typically occurring during Holy Week.

Chrismation: Administered in conjunction with Baptism, signifying the reception of the Holy Spirit and the seal of Christ. The bishop's blessing of the Myron substitutes for the direct imposition of hands.

Preparation: Confected during Holy Week, often involving olive oil mixed with numerous aromatic essences, following ancient formulas. The process is presided over by a bishop, with specific liturgical roles for clergy and sometimes laity (Myrepsoi).

Distribution: Once consecrated, Myron is distributed to bishops for their dioceses. It is not made annually but when supplies are low.

Imperial Coronations: Historically, Orthodox rulers received an anointing with chrism during their coronation ceremonies, a practice adopted from Western traditions.

Oriental Orthodox Churches

The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church also utilize chrism (Myron). The Armenian Church consecrates Myron approximately every seven years at Etchmiadzin Cathedral.

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church: The primate or Catholicos consecrates the Myron, often with twelve priests representing the apostles. The ceremony emphasizes purity and spiritual continuity.

Armenian Apostolic Church: Myron is consecrated every seven years in a significant ceremony at Etchmiadzin Cathedral, involving a complex formula and ritualistic preparation.

Latter Day Saints Practice

Priesthood Blessings

Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints practice ritual anointing, typically using consecrated pure olive oil. While not termed "chrism," this practice shares similarities with other traditions.

Ordinance of Blessing: Priesthood holders anoint the head of the sick or afflicted with a drop of consecrated oil, followed by the laying on of hands and a blessing. If oil is unavailable, the blessing can proceed without it.

Priesthood Authority: Melchizedek Priesthood holders are authorized to consecrate oil. Often, they carry a personal supply for potential use.

Purpose: The anointing is part of a blessing intended for comfort, healing, and spiritual strengthening, distinct from other blessings sought for guidance or counsel.

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References

Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "chrism, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1889.

For more about Myron or Holy Myron read this page from the Orthodox Syrian Church at https://mosc.in/the_church/the-holy-myron/

Eric Segelberg, "The Benedictio Olei in the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus", (Oriens Christianus 48, 1964)

Le Goff, Jacques; et al. Le sacre royal Ã l'Ã©poque de Saint-Louis d'aprÃ¨s le manuscrit latin 1246 de la BNF (in French)

[1] Content of the Holy Ampulla kept at the archbishopric of Reims

Liturgia da Igreja Lusitana (Catolica Apostolica Evangelica), Igreja Lusitana 1991 (privately published), page 246.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Chrism Wikipedia page

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The Sacred Anointing

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Etymology: The Name "Chrism"

Greek Origins

Latin and French Influence

Proto-Indo-European Roots

Sacramental and Ritual Usage

Core Sacraments

Consecration of Objects

Royal Anointing

Historical Significance

Early Christian Practice

Continuity and Tradition

Western Christianity

Latin Catholicism

Anglicanism & Lutheranism

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Orthodox Church

Oriental Orthodox Churches

Latter Day Saints Practice

Priesthood Blessings

Related Topics

Further Exploration

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The Sacred Anointing

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Etymology: The Name "Chrism" 🏷️

🇬🇷 Greek Origins

📜 Latin and French Influence

🔗 Proto-Indo-European Roots

Sacramental and Ritual Usage ✝️

⛪ Core Sacraments

✨ Consecration of Objects

👑 Royal Anointing

Historical Significance ⏳

🏛️ Early Christian Practice

📜 Continuity and Tradition

Western Christianity ⛪

🇻🇦 Latin Catholicism

🇬🇧 Anglicanism & Lutheranism

Eastern Christianity ☦️

🇷🇺 Eastern Orthodox Church

🇦🇲 Oriental Orthodox Churches

Latter Day Saints Practice 📖

⭐ Priesthood Blessings

Related Topics 🔗

📚 Further Exploration

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Etymology: The Name "Chrism"

Greek Origins

Latin and French Influence

Proto-Indo-European Roots

Sacramental and Ritual Usage

Core Sacraments

Consecration of Objects

Royal Anointing

Historical Significance

Early Christian Practice

Continuity and Tradition

Western Christianity

Latin Catholicism

Anglicanism & Lutheranism

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Orthodox Church

Oriental Orthodox Churches

Latter Day Saints Practice

Priesthood Blessings

Related Topics

Further Exploration

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice