What was the climate of the Indian subcontinent like during the Triassic period?

During the Triassic period (251–199.6 Ma), the Indian subcontinent was part of the supercontinent Pangaea. Despite its high-latitude position (55–75° S), India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm, frost-free weather and distinct seasons, a stark contrast to its current position in the Northern Hemisphere.

What geological event formed the Deccan Traps, and how might it have affected global climate?

The Deccan Traps were formed by a massive flood basalt event approximately 60–68 million years ago, caused by the Indian Plate passing over the Réunion hotspot. This event, occurring at the end of the Cretaceous period, may have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event by releasing gases that led to elevated atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, causing acid rain and a greenhouse effect.

How did the formation of the Himalayas influence India's climate?

The formation of the Himalayas significantly altered India's climate by creating a barrier that blocks cold Central Asian air masses. This blockage keeps the Indian subcontinent much warmer than other regions at similar latitudes and also influences the monsoon patterns, directing heavy rainfall towards the Terai region.

What are the primary tropical climate subtypes found in India?

India predominantly features two climate subtypes within the tropical rainy climate category: the tropical monsoon climate and the tropical savanna climate. These climates are found in regions with consistently warm temperatures, generally not falling below 18°C (64°F).

Describe the characteristics of India's tropical wet climate.

The tropical wet climate, also known as the tropical monsoon climate, is the most humid type and governs areas like the southwestern lowlands along the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and southern Assam, as well as India's island territories. It is characterized by moderate to high year-round temperatures and seasonal, heavy rainfall, typically exceeding 2,000 mm (79 inches) annually, which supports lush forests and vegetation.

Where is the tropical savanna climate prevalent in India, and what are its key features?

The tropical savanna climate is more common in India, covering most of the inland peninsular region except for a rain shadow east of the Western Ghats. This climate is noticeably drier than the tropical monsoon type, with long, dry winters and early summers where temperatures average above 18°C (64°F). Summers are extremely hot, with temperatures potentially exceeding 50°C (122°F) in low-lying areas, and the rainy season runs from June to September, with annual rainfall between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 to 59 inches).

What defines an arid or semi-arid climate, and where is it found in India?

An arid or semi-arid climate is defined by regions where evapotranspiration rates exceed precipitation. In India, a semi-arid steppe climate (hot semi-arid) is found across a large area south of the Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and Cardamom Hills, including parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. An arid hot desert climate prevails over most of western Rajasthan.

What are the typical climatic conditions in the humid subtropical regions of India?

Humid subtropical regions, primarily in Northeast and much of North India, experience warm to hot summers, but their coldest months generally see temperatures drop as low as 0°C (32°F). These areas are characterized by pronounced dry winters, with winter rainfall and occasional snowfall associated with storm systems like Western disturbances. Summer rainfall is mainly from thunderstorms linked to the southwest monsoon and tropical cyclones.

Describe the climate found in India's northernmost mountainous regions.

India's northernmost areas, within the Himalayas, experience a montane or alpine climate. The climate varies significantly with altitude, ranging from subtropical in the foothills to tundra conditions above the snow line. These regions are also subject to sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variations, and altitude-dependent rainfall patterns. The trans-Himalayan belt on the northern side of the western Himalayas has a cold desert climate.

What are the traditional six seasons (Ritu) observed in North India?

Traditionally, North Indians observe six seasons, each lasting about two months. These are spring (vasanta), summer (grishma), monsoon season (varsha), autumn (sharada), pre-winter (hemanta), and late winter/early spring (shishira). These divisions are based on the astronomical division of the year and are reflected in the ancient Hindu calendar.

When does the southwest monsoon typically occur in India, and what is its significance?

The southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September and is the dominant weather pattern for most of India. This monsoon is crucial as it supplies over 80% of the country's annual rainfall, making it vital for agriculture, which employs a significant portion of the population and contributes substantially to the national GDP. Good monsoons generally correlate with economic prosperity.

What is the role of the northeast monsoon?

The northeast monsoon, also known as the retreating monsoon, occurs from October to December. While it brings dry, cool air to much of India, the indentation of the Bay of Bengal along the eastern coast causes the winds to humidify before reaching Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala. Consequently, these southern regions receive significant rainfall during the post-monsoon and winter periods from this monsoon cycle.

What are the primary climate-related natural disasters that affect India?

India is frequently affected by climate-related natural disasters, which cause significant loss of life and property. The most prominent threats include droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, avalanches, landslides triggered by heavy rains, and snowstorms. Additionally, summer dust storms and hail are common in certain regions, causing damage to crops and infrastructure.

How do floods impact India, and what causes them?

Floods are the most common natural disaster in India, primarily caused by the heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon swelling rivers like the Brahmaputra. While these floods provide irrigation and fertilization for farmers, they can also lead to thousands of deaths and displace millions, often ruining crops due to excess, erratic, or untimely rainfall.

What are tropical cyclones in India, and which regions are most affected?

Tropical cyclones are severe storms originating from the Intertropical Convergence Zone that can impact thousands of people in India's coastal regions, particularly those bordering the Bay of Bengal. The cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November. Coastal states like West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu are frequently affected by widespread death and destruction from these storms.

What is the relationship between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and Indian droughts?

Severe droughts in India are strongly correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. ENSO events can disrupt normal monsoon patterns by causing oceanic low-pressure centers to form in the Indian Ocean, pulling dry air from Central Asia and desiccating India during the monsoon season, leading to water shortages and reduced crop yields.

What is the highest temperature ever recorded in India?

The highest temperature ever officially recorded in India was 51.0°C (124°F) in Phalodi, Rajasthan, on May 16, 2016. There have been unverified reports of temperatures reaching up to 52.4°C (126°F) in the Jaisalmer District.

Where is the highest average annual rainfall recorded in India?

The village of Mawsynram in Meghalaya records the highest average annual rainfall in India, estimated at 11,861 mm (467 inches), which is considered the highest in Asia and possibly on Earth. Cherrapunji, a nearby town with a meteorological office, is officially credited as the world's wettest place due to Mawsynram lacking its own official weather station.

How has climate change impacted India's temperature and weather patterns?

India has experienced a rise in average temperatures by approximately 0.7°C (1.3°F) between 1901 and 2018. Climate change is also linked to an increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves, retreating Himalayan glaciers threatening river flows, and a projected increase in severe landslides and floods in regions like Assam.

What is the significance of atmospheric pollution in the Ganges Basin?

Thick haze and smoke from biomass burning in northwestern India and air pollution from industrial cities often concentrate over the Ganges Basin. Prevailing winds carry aerosols towards eastern India and the Bay of Bengal, where they can absorb solar radiation, warm the air, and stimulate further convection, potentially influencing regional weather patterns.

What are the extreme low temperatures recorded in India?

India's lowest recorded temperature was -45.0°C (-49°F) in Dras, Ladakh. Even lower temperatures, below -55°C (-67°F), have been recorded on the Siachen Glacier, accompanied by hurricane-force winds, which have been responsible for the vast majority of casualties in the Siachen conflict.

How do western disturbances affect the climate of North India?

Western disturbances, which are extra-tropical low-pressure systems originating in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, are carried towards India by westerlies. They bring heavy rain and snow to the Himalayas and parts of North India, particularly during winter and spring, influencing the region's precipitation patterns.

What is the role of the Thar Desert in attracting monsoon winds?

The Thar Desert in northwestern India plays a significant role in the Indian climate by attracting moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds between June and October. This attraction is a key factor in the monsoonal regime that brings essential rainfall to much of the country.

How does altitude influence the climate in the Himalayan regions of India?

Altitude has a profound effect on the climate in the Himalayas, with temperatures decreasing significantly as elevation increases. This leads to a range of climates existing in close proximity, from nearly tropical conditions in the foothills to tundra and glacial environments at higher altitudes. The dry adiabatic lapse rate in the Himalayas is approximately 9.8°C per kilometer of altitude gained.

What are the typical winter conditions in northwestern India?

In northwestern India, winter months (October to February) are generally characterized by virtually cloudless conditions, leading to wide diurnal temperature swings. While days are moderately cool, nights can be cold, especially in the plains where temperatures occasionally drop below freezing. Fog is a common feature, often disrupting visibility and travel.

What are 'Nor'westers' and their impact in eastern India?

'Nor'westers' are pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms common in cooler regions of North India, particularly in eastern India. These storms are known to drop large hailstones, causing damage to crops and property.

How does the Indian Ocean influence the climate of India's coastal areas?

The Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on the climate of India's coastal areas. Its proximity helps to regulate temperatures, making them less extreme compared to inland regions. For example, coastal areas generally experience warmer winters and less severe temperature fluctuations due to the ocean's thermal capacity.

What is the 'Loo' and what are its effects?

The 'Loo' is a strong, gusty, hot, and dry wind that blows during the daytime in northern and northwestern India during the summer months (April to June). Direct exposure to the heat carried by these winds can be dangerous and potentially fatal due to severe heatstroke.

How do landslides occur in the Lower Himalayas, and what exacerbates them?

Landslides are common in the Lower Himalayas due to the young age and labile rock formations of the region, making them susceptible to slippages. Short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events trigger small-scale landslides, while prolonged periods of low-intensity rain tend to cause larger, catastrophic ones. Deforestation from logging and tourism further exacerbates landslide severity by removing tree cover that helps impede water flow.

What is the significance of the monsoon rains for the Indian economy?

The monsoon rains are critically important for the Indian economy because agriculture employs 600 million people and constitutes 20% of the national GDP. Consequently, good monsoons often correlate with a booming economy, while weak or failed monsoons (droughts) lead to widespread agricultural losses and hinder overall economic growth.

What are the main types of atmospheric pollution found in the Ganges Basin?

The Ganges Basin often experiences thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India, as well as air pollution from major industrial cities in northern India. These pollutants, including dust and black carbon, can concentrate in the basin and absorb solar radiation, potentially warming the atmosphere and influencing convection.

How does India rank in terms of vulnerability to climate change?

In 2019, India was ranked seventh among countries most affected by climate change. Despite contributing a relatively small percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions per capita, the country faces significant impacts due to its large population and geographical vulnerabilities.

What is the impact of retreating Himalayan glaciers on India's water resources?

Rising temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat. This glacial melt threatens the flow rate of major rivers originating in the Himalayas, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yamuna, potentially impacting water availability for a vast population and agriculture.

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The Climate of India

Diverse Climatic Zones

India's climate is characterized by remarkable diversity, encompassing a wide spectrum of conditions influenced by its vast geographical expanse and varied topography. Utilizing the Köppen climate classification system, India features numerous climatic subtypes, ranging from arid and semi-arid conditions in the west to sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the elevated Himalayan regions of the north. Conversely, southern and eastern India predominantly exhibit tropical climate characteristics, supporting lush ecosystems.

Geographical Influences

The nation's climate is profoundly shaped by two major geographical features: the formidable Himalayas in the north and the expansive Thar Desert in the northwest. The Himalayas act as a critical barrier, preventing frigid katabatic winds from Central Asia from reaching the subcontinent, thereby maintaining warmer temperatures across much of North India during winter. Concurrently, the Thar Desert plays a pivotal role in attracting moisture-laden monsoon winds, which are the primary source of precipitation for the country.

Seasonal Framework

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) officially recognizes four distinct climatological seasons: Winter (December to February), Summer or Pre-monsoon (March to May), Monsoon or South-west Monsoon (June to September), and Post-monsoon or North-east Monsoon (October to November). Certain regions with subtropical, temperate, or continental climates may also experience transitional spring and autumn periods.

Regional Climate Variations

Tropical Climates

India hosts two primary tropical climate subtypes: tropical monsoon and tropical savanna. The tropical wet (monsoon) climate prevails along the southwestern Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and parts of Assam, characterized by high year-round temperatures and heavy seasonal rainfall, often exceeding 2,000 mm annually. The tropical savanna climate is more widespread, covering much of peninsular India, marked by distinct dry winters and hot summers, with rainfall typically ranging from 750 to 1,500 mm.

Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

Arid and semi-arid conditions dominate areas where evapotranspiration significantly exceeds precipitation. A hot semi-arid climate is prevalent across a substantial belt south of the Tropic of Cancer, east of the Western Ghats. This region, including parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra, is prone to drought due to unreliable monsoon patterns. Western Rajasthan experiences a hot desert climate, receiving minimal, erratic rainfall, with extreme temperature fluctuations.

Mountain and Highland Climates

Northern India's Himalayan regions exhibit montane or alpine climates, varying significantly with altitude. From subtropical conditions in the foothills to tundra climates above the snow line, these areas experience sharp temperature contrasts, diurnal variability, and temperature inversions. The trans-Himalayan belt, particularly Ladakh, features a cold desert climate characterized by barren, arid, and frigid conditions.

Humid Subtropical Zones

Much of Northeast and North India fall under humid subtropical or subtropical highland climates. These regions experience warm to hot summers and winters where temperatures generally drop near or below freezing. Winter precipitation, often in the form of snow in higher altitudes, is associated with western disturbances. Summer rainfall is dominated by monsoon activity and occasional tropical cyclones.

Seasonal Dynamics

Winter (December - February)

Following the retreat of the monsoons, temperatures gradually decrease across India. The coldest months are December and January, with average temperatures ranging from 10–15 °C in the northwest to 20–25 °C in the southeast. The Indian Himalayas experience significant snowfall, with blizzards and extreme cold in higher elevations. Western disturbances bring rain and snow to northwestern India during this period.

Summer (March - May)

Summer months are characterized by rising temperatures as the sun's rays move towards the Tropic of Cancer. Western and southern regions experience their hottest weather in April, while North India peaks in May. Temperatures frequently exceed 40 °C, with recorded highs reaching over 50 °C in some areas. The 'Loo', a strong, hot, dry wind, is a notable feature, posing health risks. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms, sometimes accompanied by hail, are common in eastern India.

Monsoon (June - September)

The southwest summer monsoon is the dominant weather phenomenon, supplying over 80% of India's annual rainfall. Originating from the Indian Ocean, it arrives in two branches: the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. This season is crucial for agriculture, with heavy rains supporting crop growth. However, erratic or excessive rainfall can lead to widespread floods and landslides, particularly in the Himalayas and along river basins.

Post-Monsoon (October - November)

This period marks a transition from wet to dry conditions. While the southwest monsoon begins its withdrawal, the northeast monsoon becomes active, particularly affecting Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala with rainfall. Skies are generally clear in North India, with moderate temperatures. This season is crucial for the winter crop cycle in many regions.

Paleoclimate and Geological History

Ancient Climates

During the Triassic period, India, as part of the supercontinent Pangaea and later Gondwana, experienced a humid temperate climate despite its high-latitude position. Later, global cooling led to glaciation. The Mesozoic era was considerably warmer, with significant climate shifts occurring due to tectonic movements, volcanic activity (Deccan Traps), and atmospheric changes, impacting global insolation and leading to events like acid rain.

Himalayan Formation Impact

The collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate and the subsequent uplift of the Himalayas approximately 50 million years ago fundamentally altered India's climate. This massive mountain range acts as a barrier to cold continental air masses, moderating winter temperatures. It also influences the path of monsoon winds, contributing to the distinct wet and dry seasons experienced across the subcontinent.

Holocene and Recent Changes

In the Holocene epoch, regions now arid, like parts of the Thar Desert, were wetter, supporting perennial lakes, possibly due to increased winter precipitation. More recently, climate change, driven by anthropogenic factors, is projected to alter the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including droughts, heat waves, floods, and cyclones, impacting sea levels and coastal inundation.

Meteorological Data

Temperature Variations

India exhibits significant temperature variations across its diverse regions and seasons. From the frigid Himalayan altitudes to the scorching plains, temperatures are influenced by latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. The following table provides average minimum, average, and maximum temperatures for selected Indian cities across the four recognized seasons.

Average temperatures (°C) across various Indian cities:

City	Winter (Dec – Feb)			Summer (Mar – May)			Monsoon (Jun – Sep)			Post-monsoon (Oct – Nov)			Year-round Avg
	Min	Avg	Max	Min	Avg	Max	Min	Avg	Max	Min	Avg	Max
New Delhi	7	14	20	16	28	36	28	30	35	13	19	26	25
Port Blair	23	26	28	25	27	29	25	27	27	25	26	28	27
Thiruvananthapuram	23	26	29	24	27	30	24	26	28	23	29	23	26
Bangalore	15	22	28	21	27	34	20	24	28	19	23	28	24
Nagpur	14	21	28	24	32	40	24	27	30	16	22	28	26
Bhopal	11	17	24	23	30	36	23	26	28	16	22	26	25
Guwahati	11	17	24	19	25	31	25	28	32	17	22	27	24
Kolkata	16	22	27	24	30	35	26	30	33	22	26	31	27
Lucknow	8	14	21	23	30	35	24	29	33	15	20	25	25
Siliguri	11	17	24	19	25	31	24	27	31	18	24	29	24
Jaisalmer	7	14	23	24	33	40	23	29	35	12	19	27	22
Dehradun	4	12	20	14	23	32	22	26	30	7	15	23	18
Amritsar	4	10	18	13	25	34	25	28	32	10	16	24	21
Shimla	1	5	9	10	14	18	15	18	20	7	10	13	13
Srinagar	−2	4	6	7	14	19	16	22	30	1	8	16	13
Leh	−13	−6	0	−1	6	12	10	16	24	−7	0	7	6

■ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

■ Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Weatherbase, Plan Holidays

Precipitation Patterns

India's precipitation is predominantly governed by the monsoon cycle, with regional variations influenced by topography and proximity to water bodies. The following table details average monthly precipitation in millimeters for selected Indian cities, illustrating the seasonal distribution of rainfall.

Average precipitation (mm) in various Indian cities:

Average precipitation (mm) in various Indian cities
City	Winter (Jan – Feb)			Summer (Mar – May)			Monsoon (Jun – Sep)			Post-monsoon (Oct – Dec)			Total Year-round
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Delhi	19	21	17	16	31	74	210	233	124	15	6	8	774
Port Blair	40	20	10	60	360	480	400	400	460	290	220	150	2,890
Thiruvananthapuram	26	21	33	125	202	306	175	152	179	223	206	65	1,713
Bangalore	31	20	61	110	150	212	249	279	315	291	210	140	1,962
Nagpur	16	22	15	8	18	168	290	291	157	73	17	19	1,094
Bhopal	4	3	1	3	11	136	279	360	185	52	21	7	1,043
Guwahati	8	21	47	181	226	309	377	227	199	92	25	10	1,722
Lucknow	20	18	8	8	20	114	305	292	188	33	5	8	1,019
Jaisalmer	–	–	3	–	7	10	90	88	15	–	6	–	219
Dehradun	47	55	52	21	54	230	631	627	261	32	11	3	2,024
Amritsar	24	33	48	30	45	27	231	187	79	18	6	18	746
Shimla	60	60	60	50	60	170	420	430	160	30	10	20	1,530
Srinagar	74	71	91	94	61	36	58	61	38	31	10	33	658
Leh	12	9	12	6	7	4	16	20	12	7	3	8	116

■ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

■ Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Weatherbase, Plan Holidays

Climate-Related Disasters

Floods and Landslides

Floods represent the most frequent natural disaster in India, primarily driven by the heavy southwest monsoon rains that cause rivers like the Brahmaputra to overflow. These events can displace millions and cause significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture. Landslides are common in the Himalayas due to the region's geological instability and are exacerbated by deforestation and intense rainfall events. Avalanches also occur in the northern mountainous states.

Tropical Cyclones

The Bay of Bengal is a region prone to intense tropical cyclogenesis, particularly between May and November. Cyclones bring destructive storm surges, high winds, and torrential rains, frequently impacting India's eastern coastal states like West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. While less frequent, cyclones can also affect India's western coast, primarily Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Droughts and Heat Waves

India's agricultural sector's heavy reliance on the monsoon makes it vulnerable to droughts caused by weak or failed monsoon seasons. These events can lead to severe water shortages and crop failures, historically resulting in devastating famines. Heat waves have also increased in frequency and intensity, posing significant public health risks, with recorded temperatures exceeding 50 °C in some regions.

Meteorological Extremes

Extreme Low Temperatures

The lowest recorded temperature in India was -45.0 °C in Dras, Ladakh. However, temperatures on the Siachen Glacier have fallen below -55 °C, accompanied by blizzards with wind speeds exceeding 250 km/h, contributing to significant casualties among soldiers due to environmental conditions rather than combat.

Extreme High Temperatures

The highest temperature officially recorded in India was 51.0 °C (124 °F) in Phalodi, Rajasthan, on May 16, 2016. Higher, though unverified, temperatures have been reported in the Jaisalmer district. Heat waves are becoming more frequent and severe, impacting public health and daily life across the country.

Extreme Rainfall

Mawsynram in Meghalaya, situated near Cherrapunji, receives the highest average annual rainfall in Asia, potentially globally, with figures around 11,861 mm. Cherrapunji officially holds the record for the wettest place due to meteorological station proximity. India's highest recorded one-day rainfall was 944 mm in Mumbai on July 26, 2005, leading to severe flooding.

Extreme Snowfall

Regions in Jammu and Kashmir, such as the Pir Panjal Range, experience exceptionally heavy snowfall. Kashmir recorded its highest monthly snowfall in February 1967 at 8.4 meters. Higher elevations in the Himalayas are subject to perpetual snow and severe blizzards, significantly impacting local life and activities.

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References

IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Climate of India Wikipedia page

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This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

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India's Climatic Tapestry

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Climate of India 🌡️

🌍 Diverse Climatic Zones

⛰️ Geographical Influences

📅 Seasonal Framework

Regional Climate Variations 🗺️

🌴 Tropical Climates

🏜️ Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

🏔️ Mountain and Highland Climates

☁️ Humid Subtropical Zones

Seasonal Dynamics 🗓️

❄️ Winter (December - February)

☀️ Summer (March - May)

🌧️ Monsoon (June - September)

🍂 Post-Monsoon (October - November)

Paleoclimate and Geological History ⏳

📜 Ancient Climates

⛰️ Himalayan Formation Impact

🌊 Holocene and Recent Changes

Meteorological Data 📊

🌡️ Temperature Variations

💧 Precipitation Patterns

Climate-Related Disasters ⚠️

🌊 Floods and Landslides

🌀 Tropical Cyclones

🏜️ Droughts and Heat Waves

Meteorological Extremes ⚡

🥶 Extreme Low Temperatures

🔥 Extreme High Temperatures

🌧️ Extreme Rainfall

🌨️ Extreme Snowfall

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Climate of India

Diverse Climatic Zones

Geographical Influences

Seasonal Framework

Regional Climate Variations

Tropical Climates

Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

Mountain and Highland Climates

Humid Subtropical Zones

Seasonal Dynamics

Winter (December - February)

Summer (March - May)

Monsoon (June - September)

Post-Monsoon (October - November)

Paleoclimate and Geological History

Ancient Climates

Himalayan Formation Impact

Holocene and Recent Changes

Meteorological Data

Temperature Variations

Precipitation Patterns

Climate-Related Disasters

Floods and Landslides

Tropical Cyclones

Droughts and Heat Waves

Meteorological Extremes

Extreme Low Temperatures

Extreme High Temperatures

Extreme Rainfall

Extreme Snowfall

Teacher's Corner

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice