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India's climate is classified under the Köppen system, encompassing diverse subtypes from arid regions to ice cap climates in the Himalayas.
Answer: True
The Köppen climate classification system indeed categorizes India's climate into a wide array of subtypes, ranging from arid zones to the high-altitude ice cap climates found in the Himalayas.
The climate in India's northernmost mountainous regions varies with altitude, ranging from tundra conditions to subtropical climates in the foothills.
Answer: True
The climate in India's northernmost mountainous regions, the Himalayas, exhibits significant variation with altitude, transitioning from subtropical conditions in the foothills to tundra and glacial environments at higher elevations.
The Köppen classification system identifies only one type of climate in India: tropical monsoon.
Answer: False
The Köppen classification system identifies numerous climate subtypes within India, including arid, semi-arid, highland, tundra, and ice cap climates, in addition to tropical monsoon.
According to the Köppen climate classification, what range of climates can be found in India?
Answer: Diverse subtypes including arid, semi-arid, highland, tundra, and ice cap climates.
The Köppen climate classification identifies a broad spectrum of climates in India, encompassing arid, semi-arid, highland, tundra, and ice cap types, alongside tropical variations, reflecting its diverse geography.
Which of the following best describes the climate of India's northernmost mountainous regions?
Answer: Montane or alpine climate, varying significantly with altitude.
The northernmost mountainous regions of India experience a montane or alpine climate, characterized by significant variations in temperature and precipitation based on altitude.
The Himalayas primarily influence India's climate by preventing cold winds from the south from reaching Central Asia.
Answer: False
The Himalayas act as a barrier that prevents cold winds from Central Asia (originating from the north) from reaching the Indian subcontinent, thereby moderating winter temperatures. The statement incorrectly identifies the origin and destination of these winds.
The formation of the Himalayas blocked cold Central Asian air masses, making the Indian subcontinent significantly colder than other regions at similar latitudes.
Answer: False
The formation of the Himalayas blocked cold Central Asian air masses, which has the effect of keeping the Indian subcontinent significantly warmer than other regions at similar latitudes, not colder.
Altitude in the Himalayas only affects temperature, not rainfall patterns.
Answer: False
Altitude in the Himalayas profoundly affects both temperature and rainfall patterns, leading to a wide range of climatic conditions from subtropical foothills to alpine zones.
The Indian Ocean moderates the climate of coastal areas, making temperatures more extreme compared to inland regions.
Answer: False
The Indian Ocean moderates the climate of coastal areas, resulting in less extreme temperatures compared to inland regions due to the ocean's thermal capacity.
Altitude in the Himalayas only affects temperature, not rainfall patterns.
Answer: False
Altitude in the Himalayas profoundly affects both temperature and rainfall patterns, leading to a wide range of climatic conditions from subtropical foothills to alpine zones.
The Indian Ocean moderates the climate of coastal areas, making temperatures more extreme compared to inland regions.
Answer: False
The Indian Ocean moderates the climate of coastal areas, resulting in less extreme temperatures compared to inland regions due to the ocean's thermal capacity.
Which geographical features significantly influence India's monsoonal climate by acting as barriers or attractors for winds?
Answer: The Himalayas and the Thar Desert
The Himalayas act as a barrier preventing cold northern winds from entering India, while the Thar Desert's heat helps attract the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, both significantly influencing India's monsoonal climate.
What is the primary role of the Himalayas in influencing India's climate?
Answer: They block frigid winds from Central Asia, keeping India warmer in winter and influencing monsoon patterns.
The Himalayas serve as a crucial barrier, preventing cold air masses from Central Asia from reaching the Indian subcontinent, thus moderating winter temperatures and significantly influencing monsoon dynamics.
How does altitude influence the climate in India's northernmost mountainous regions?
Answer: Climate ranges from subtropical in foothills to tundra conditions at higher elevations, with varying rainfall.
Altitude significantly impacts the climate in India's mountainous regions, creating a gradient from subtropical conditions at lower elevations to tundra and glacial environments at higher altitudes, with corresponding variations in rainfall.
How does the Indian Ocean influence the climate of India's coastal regions?
Answer: It moderates temperatures, making them less extreme than inland regions.
The Indian Ocean exerts a moderating influence on coastal climates, reducing temperature extremes compared to inland areas.
The Thar Desert's role in attracting monsoon winds is primarily due to:
Answer: Its significant heat creating a thermal low that draws moist winds.
The intense heat of the Thar Desert generates a thermal low-pressure area, which plays a key role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds towards the Indian subcontinent.
India predominantly features tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, characterized by consistently warm temperatures.
Answer: True
India's climate is largely dominated by tropical monsoon and tropical savanna subtypes, both characterized by consistently warm temperatures, generally not falling below 18°C (64°F).
The tropical wet climate in India, also known as the tropical monsoon climate, is characterized by low annual rainfall and cool, dry winters.
Answer: False
The tropical wet climate (tropical monsoon) is characterized by moderate to high year-round temperatures and heavy annual rainfall, typically exceeding 2,000 mm, not low rainfall and cool, dry winters.
The tropical savanna climate is more common in India, found mainly east of the Western Ghats and characterized by very wet winters and dry summers.
Answer: False
The tropical savanna climate is prevalent in India, covering much of the inland peninsular region, but it is characterized by dry winters and wet summers, not the other way around. It is also found in areas not exclusively east of the Western Ghats.
Arid and semi-arid climates in India are defined by precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration rates.
Answer: False
Arid and semi-arid climates are defined by regions where evapotranspiration rates exceed precipitation, leading to water scarcity.
Humid subtropical regions in India experience cold, snowy winters and distinct dry seasons throughout the year.
Answer: False
Humid subtropical regions in India experience warm to hot summers and pronounced dry winters with occasional winter rainfall and snowfall, but not consistently cold, snowy winters throughout the year.
The southwest monsoon, occurring from June to September, is responsible for less than half of India's annual rainfall.
Answer: False
The southwest monsoon, from June to September, is the primary source of rainfall for India, providing over 80% of the country's annual precipitation, not less than half.
The northeast monsoon primarily brings heavy rainfall to most of India during the post-monsoon period.
Answer: False
While the northeast monsoon occurs during the post-monsoon period (October-December), it brings dry, cool air to most of India. Significant rainfall from this monsoon is primarily concentrated in Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala.
The Thar Desert's high temperatures cause it to repel moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, leading to drier conditions in the region.
Answer: False
The Thar Desert's high temperatures create a thermal low that attracts, rather than repels, moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, playing a crucial role in bringing essential rainfall to much of the country.
The Thar Desert's high temperatures cause it to repel moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, leading to drier conditions in the region.
Answer: False
The Thar Desert's high temperatures create a thermal low that attracts, rather than repels, moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, playing a crucial role in bringing essential rainfall to much of the country.
The Thar Desert is located east of the Western Ghats and contributes to semi-arid steppe climate conditions.
Answer: False
The Thar Desert is located in northwestern India, west of the Aravalli Range, not east of the Western Ghats. It is characterized by an arid hot desert climate.
Which two climate subtypes are predominantly found within India's tropical rainy climate category?
Answer: Tropical monsoon and tropical savanna
India's tropical rainy climate is predominantly characterized by two subtypes: the tropical monsoon climate and the tropical savanna climate.
What characterizes the tropical wet climate (tropical monsoon) found along India's southwestern coast and parts of Assam?
Answer: Moderate to high year-round temperatures and heavy annual rainfall exceeding 2,000 mm.
The tropical wet climate, or tropical monsoon climate, is defined by its consistently warm temperatures and substantial annual rainfall, typically over 2,000 mm, supporting lush vegetation.
Where is the tropical savanna climate prevalent in India, and what is a key feature of its rainfall pattern?
Answer: Inland peninsular region (except rain shadow); rainfall from June to September.
The tropical savanna climate is prevalent in India's inland peninsular regions (excluding rain shadow areas) and is characterized by dry winters and a distinct rainy season from June to September.
Which region in India is characterized by an arid hot desert climate?
Answer: Most of western Rajasthan
An arid hot desert climate is predominantly found across most of western Rajasthan in India.
What defines an arid or semi-arid climate according to the provided text?
Answer: Regions where evapotranspiration rates exceed precipitation.
Arid and semi-arid climates are defined by conditions where the rate of water loss through evaporation and transpiration surpasses the rate of precipitation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of humid subtropical regions in India?
Answer: Warm to hot summers and pronounced dry winters with occasional winter rainfall.
Humid subtropical regions in India are characterized by warm to hot summers and distinct dry winters, which may experience occasional rainfall associated with storm systems.
What is the significance of the southwest monsoon for India?
Answer: It is vital for agriculture, providing over 80% of the annual rainfall.
The southwest monsoon is critically important for India, supplying over 80% of the nation's annual rainfall, which is essential for its vast agricultural sector and overall economy.
Which Indian states primarily receive significant rainfall from the northeast (retreating) monsoon?
Answer: Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala
While the northeast monsoon brings dry air to most of India, it causes significant rainfall in Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala due to the region's geographical orientation relative to the Bay of Bengal.
What statement accurately describes the role of the northeast monsoon?
Answer: It brings dry, cool air to most of India, but causes significant rainfall in Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala.
The northeast monsoon primarily brings dry, cool air across India, but its interaction with the Bay of Bengal results in substantial rainfall for Tamil Nadu and adjacent areas during the post-monsoon period.
The India Meteorological Department recognizes five main climatological seasons, including a distinct 'Monsoon Break' season.
Answer: False
The India Meteorological Department officially recognizes four main climatological seasons: Winter, Summer/Pre-monsoon, Monsoon/South-west monsoon, and Post-monsoon/North-east monsoon. A distinct 'Monsoon Break' season is not officially recognized among these primary divisions.
The traditional six seasons (Ritu) observed in North India are based on astronomical divisions and include spring, summer, monsoon, autumn, pre-winter, and late winter.
Answer: True
The traditional six seasons, known as Ritu, are indeed based on astronomical divisions of the year and include spring, summer, monsoon, autumn, pre-winter, and late winter.
Western disturbances are low-pressure systems originating in the eastern Mediterranean Sea that bring rain and snow to North India during winter and spring.
Answer: True
Western disturbances are indeed extra-tropical low-pressure systems originating in the eastern Mediterranean region that are carried eastward, bringing precipitation to North India during the winter and spring months.
Winter conditions in northwestern India are typically characterized by heavy cloud cover and mild, consistent temperatures.
Answer: False
Winter conditions in northwestern India are typically characterized by virtually cloudless skies, leading to wide diurnal temperature variations with cold nights, rather than heavy cloud cover and mild, consistent temperatures.
'Nor'westers' are heat waves experienced in southern India during the pre-monsoon season.
Answer: False
'Nor'westers' are pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms, particularly common in eastern India, not heat waves in southern India.
The 'Loo' is a cold, dry wind that blows during the winter months in northern India.
Answer: False
The 'Loo' is a strong, gusty, hot, and dry wind that blows during the daytime in northern and northwestern India during the summer months (April to June), not a cold wind in winter.
Western disturbances are low-pressure systems originating in the eastern Mediterranean Sea that bring rain and snow to North India during winter and spring.
Answer: True
Western disturbances are indeed extra-tropical low-pressure systems originating in the eastern Mediterranean region that are carried eastward, bringing precipitation to North India during the winter and spring months.
Winter conditions in northwestern India are typically characterized by heavy cloud cover and mild, consistent temperatures.
Answer: False
Winter conditions in northwestern India are typically characterized by virtually cloudless skies, leading to wide diurnal temperature variations with cold nights, rather than heavy cloud cover and mild, consistent temperatures.
'Nor'westers' are heat waves experienced in southern India during the pre-monsoon season.
Answer: False
'Nor'westers' are pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms, particularly common in eastern India, not heat waves in southern India.
The 'Loo' is a cold, dry wind that blows during the winter months in northern India.
Answer: False
The 'Loo' is a strong, gusty, hot, and dry wind that blows during the daytime in northern and northwestern India during the summer months (April to June), not a cold wind in winter.
The Western disturbances bring dry weather conditions to North India during the summer months.
Answer: False
Western disturbances bring rain and snow to North India, primarily during the winter and spring months, not dry conditions during the summer.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main climatological seasons recognized by the India Meteorological Department (IMD)?
Answer: Autumn (October to November)
The India Meteorological Department officially recognizes Winter, Summer/Pre-monsoon, Monsoon/South-west monsoon, and Post-monsoon/North-east monsoon as its four main climatological seasons. Autumn is not listed as a primary division.
What is the 'Loo' wind described as in the context of North and Northwestern India?
Answer: A hot, dry, and gusty wind during summer afternoons.
The 'Loo' is characterized as a strong, gusty, hot, and dry wind prevalent during summer afternoons in North and Northwestern India.
The 'Nor'westers' are associated with which type of weather phenomenon and geographical area?
Answer: Squall-line thunderstorms in Eastern India
'Nor'westers' are known as pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms that occur predominantly in eastern India.
What is the characteristic feature of winter months in northwestern India regarding cloud cover and temperature variation?
Answer: Virtually cloudless skies and wide diurnal temperature swings, with cold nights.
Winter months in northwestern India typically feature clear, cloudless skies, leading to significant diurnal temperature variations with cool days and cold nights.
The traditional six seasons (Ritu) observed in North India are based on what division?
Answer: Astronomical divisions of the year
The traditional six seasons (Ritu) observed in North India are based on astronomical divisions of the year.
How do western disturbances typically affect North India?
Answer: They bring heavy rain and snow, primarily during winter and spring.
Western disturbances typically bring beneficial precipitation in the form of rain and snow to North India, particularly during the winter and spring seasons.
During the Triassic period, India, as part of Pangaea, experienced a hot desert climate due to its high-latitude position.
Answer: False
During the Triassic period, India, situated within the supercontinent Pangaea at a high southern latitude, likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm, frost-free conditions and distinct seasons, rather than a hot desert climate.
The formation of the Deccan Traps is linked to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event due to the release of greenhouse gases.
Answer: True
The massive flood basalt event that formed the Deccan Traps, occurring around 60-68 million years ago, is hypothesized to have released significant amounts of greenhouse gases, potentially contributing to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
The formation of the Deccan Traps, a massive flood basalt event, is hypothesized to have potentially contributed to which major global event?
Answer: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The massive volcanic activity associated with the formation of the Deccan Traps is hypothesized to have released gases that contributed to significant environmental changes, potentially playing a role in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
What geological event, occurring approximately 60-68 million years ago, is linked to the formation of the Deccan Traps?
Answer: The Indian Plate passing over the Réunion hotspot
The Deccan Traps were formed by extensive volcanic activity when the Indian Plate traversed over the Réunion hotspot approximately 60-68 million years ago.
What is the consequence of the Indian Plate passing over the Réunion hotspot, besides forming the Deccan Traps?
Answer: It may have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event by releasing gases.
Beyond forming the Deccan Traps, the extensive volcanic activity linked to the Indian Plate's passage over the Réunion hotspot may have released gases that contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
India is primarily threatened by climate-related natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Answer: False
India is primarily threatened by climate-related natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and tropical cyclones. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are geological phenomena, not climate-related.
Floods in India are solely caused by the southwest monsoon causing rivers to swell, and they always provide beneficial irrigation and fertilization.
Answer: False
While the southwest monsoon is a major cause of floods, they are not solely caused by it, and floods do not always provide beneficial irrigation and fertilization; they can also cause widespread destruction and loss of life.
Tropical cyclones in India mainly affect inland regions and occur predominantly during the winter months.
Answer: False
Tropical cyclones in India primarily affect coastal regions and occur predominantly during the period from April to December, with peak activity between May and November, not during winter months.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are generally associated with increased rainfall and reduced drought conditions in India.
Answer: False
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are strongly correlated with severe droughts in India, as they can disrupt normal monsoon patterns, leading to reduced rainfall.
The highest officially recorded temperature in India was 51.0°C (124°F) in Jaipur, Rajasthan, on May 16, 2016.
Answer: False
The highest officially recorded temperature of 51.0°C (124°F) was registered in Phalodi, Rajasthan, not Jaipur, on May 16, 2016.
Mawsynram village in Meghalaya holds the record for the highest average annual rainfall in India, exceeding 11,000 mm.
Answer: True
Mawsynram village in Meghalaya is indeed recognized for recording the highest average annual rainfall in India, exceeding 11,000 mm, and is often cited as the wettest place on Earth.
India's average temperature has remained stable since 1901, with no significant increase attributed to climate change.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, India's average temperature has shown a significant increase of approximately 0.7°C (1.3°F) between 1901 and 2018, attributed to climate change.
Atmospheric pollution in the Ganges Basin primarily originates from oceanic sources and influences cooling effects.
Answer: False
Atmospheric pollution in the Ganges Basin primarily originates from terrestrial sources such as biomass burning and industrial emissions, not oceanic sources. These pollutants tend to warm the atmosphere, not cool it.
The lowest temperature recorded in India was -45.0°C (-49°F) in the plains of North India.
Answer: False
The lowest temperature recorded in India was -45.0°C (-49°F) in Dras, Ladakh, not in the plains of North India.
Landslides in the Lower Himalayas are primarily caused by volcanic activity and are exacerbated by stable rock formations.
Answer: False
Landslides in the Lower Himalayas are primarily caused by geological instability and exacerbated by factors like heavy rainfall and deforestation, not volcanic activity or stable rock formations.
Monsoon rains are vital for the Indian economy primarily because they support the tourism industry.
Answer: False
Monsoon rains are critically important for the Indian economy primarily because they are essential for the large agricultural sector, which employs millions and contributes significantly to GDP, not mainly for tourism.
The Ganges Basin experiences pollution mainly from marine aerosols, which have a cooling effect on the atmosphere.
Answer: False
Pollution in the Ganges Basin originates primarily from terrestrial sources like biomass burning and industrial cities. These pollutants absorb solar radiation, potentially warming the atmosphere.
Tropical cyclones in India mainly affect inland regions and occur predominantly during the winter months.
Answer: False
Tropical cyclones in India primarily affect coastal regions and occur predominantly during the period from April to December, with peak activity between May and November, not during winter months.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are generally associated with increased rainfall and reduced drought conditions in India.
Answer: False
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are strongly correlated with severe droughts in India, as they can disrupt normal monsoon patterns, leading to reduced rainfall.
The highest officially recorded temperature in India was 51.0°C (124°F) in Jaipur, Rajasthan, on May 16, 2016.
Answer: False
The highest officially recorded temperature of 51.0°C (124°F) was registered in Phalodi, Rajasthan, not Jaipur, on May 16, 2016.
Mawsynram village in Meghalaya holds the record for the highest average annual rainfall in India, exceeding 11,000 mm.
Answer: True
Mawsynram village in Meghalaya is indeed recognized for recording the highest average annual rainfall in India, exceeding 11,000 mm, and is often cited as the wettest place on Earth.
India's average temperature has remained stable since 1901, with no significant increase attributed to climate change.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, India's average temperature has shown a significant increase of approximately 0.7°C (1.3°F) between 1901 and 2018, attributed to climate change.
Atmospheric pollution in the Ganges Basin primarily originates from oceanic sources and influences cooling effects.
Answer: False
Atmospheric pollution in the Ganges Basin primarily originates from terrestrial sources such as biomass burning and industrial emissions, not oceanic sources. These pollutants tend to warm the atmosphere, not cool it.
The lowest temperature recorded in India was -45.0°C (-49°F) in the plains of North India.
Answer: False
The lowest temperature recorded in India was -45.0°C (-49°F) in Dras, Ladakh, not in the plains of North India.
Landslides in the Lower Himalayas are primarily caused by volcanic activity and are exacerbated by stable rock formations.
Answer: False
Landslides in the Lower Himalayas are primarily caused by geological instability and exacerbated by factors like heavy rainfall and deforestation, not volcanic activity or stable rock formations.
Monsoon rains are vital for the Indian economy primarily because they support the tourism industry.
Answer: False
Monsoon rains are critically important for the Indian economy primarily because they are essential for the large agricultural sector, which employs millions and contributes significantly to GDP, not mainly for tourism.
The Ganges Basin experiences pollution mainly from marine aerosols, which have a cooling effect on the atmosphere.
Answer: False
Atmospheric pollution in the Ganges Basin primarily originates from terrestrial sources such as biomass burning and industrial emissions, not oceanic sources. These pollutants tend to warm the atmosphere, not cool it.
India ranks low in vulnerability to climate change due to its significant contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions.
Answer: False
India ranks high, not low, in vulnerability to climate change, being seventh globally in 2019, due to its geographical vulnerabilities and large population, despite its per capita emissions being relatively low.
Retreating Himalayan glaciers are expected to increase the flow rate of major rivers originating from them, ensuring long-term water security.
Answer: False
Retreating Himalayan glaciers pose a threat to long-term water security by potentially decreasing, not increasing, the flow rate of major rivers originating from them.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the origin point for tropical cyclones that affect India's coastal regions.
Answer: True
Tropical cyclones affecting India's coastal regions often originate from disturbances within or near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
Which of the following is a major climate-related natural disaster frequently affecting India?
Answer: Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are among the most significant climate-related natural disasters frequently impacting India, particularly its coastal regions.
What is the primary cause of floods in India, as mentioned in the text?
Answer: Heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon swelling rivers.
The primary cause of floods in India is the heavy rainfall associated with the southwest monsoon, which causes rivers to swell and overflow their banks.
The cyclone season in India typically runs from April to December, with peak activity occurring during which months?
Answer: May to November
The peak activity for tropical cyclones affecting India typically occurs between May and November, within the broader April to December cyclone season.
How are El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events related to drought conditions in India?
Answer: ENSO events are strongly correlated with severe droughts in India by disrupting monsoon patterns.
ENSO events can disrupt normal monsoon patterns, often leading to reduced rainfall and consequently increasing the risk of severe droughts in India.
What was the highest temperature officially recorded in India, and where was it measured?
Answer: 51.0°C in Phalodi, Rajasthan
The highest officially recorded temperature in India was 51.0°C (124°F), measured in Phalodi, Rajasthan, on May 16, 2016.
Which location is credited with recording the highest average annual rainfall in India, and potentially the world?
Answer: Mawsynram, Meghalaya
Mawsynram village in Meghalaya holds the record for the highest average annual rainfall in India, often cited as the highest globally.
What impact has climate change had on India's average temperatures?
Answer: An increase of approximately 0.7°C (1.3°F) between 1901 and 2018.
India has experienced a notable increase in its average temperature, rising by approximately 0.7°C (1.3°F) between 1901 and 2018, consistent with global climate change trends.
Which factor is mentioned as exacerbating landslide severity in the Lower Himalayas?
Answer: Deforestation due to logging and tourism.
Deforestation resulting from logging and tourism activities is identified as a factor that exacerbates the severity of landslides in the Lower Himalayas.
Why are monsoon rains critically important for the Indian economy?
Answer: They are essential for the large agricultural sector, which employs millions and contributes significantly to GDP.
Monsoon rains are fundamental to India's economy, primarily supporting its vast agricultural sector, which is a major employer and contributor to the national GDP.
What is the primary impact of retreating Himalayan glaciers on India's water resources?
Answer: Threatening the flow rate of major Himalayan rivers and impacting water availability.
The retreat of Himalayan glaciers due to rising temperatures poses a significant threat to the long-term flow rates of major rivers originating from them, thereby impacting water availability for vast populations.
What is the primary effect of ENSO events on the Indian monsoon, according to the source?
Answer: They disrupt normal monsoon patterns, potentially causing droughts.
ENSO events are known to disrupt the normal patterns of the Indian monsoon, often leading to reduced rainfall and increased drought conditions.
What is the approximate rise in India's average temperature between 1901 and 2018, according to climate change data?
Answer: 0.7°C (1.3°F)
India's average temperature has risen by approximately 0.7°C (1.3°F) between 1901 and 2018, a trend attributed to climate change.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a climate-related natural disaster affecting India?
Answer: Earthquakes
The provided text lists droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, avalanches, landslides, snowstorms, dust storms, and hail as climate-related natural disasters affecting India. Earthquakes are geological phenomena, not climate-related.
What is the primary source of atmospheric pollution concentrated over the Ganges Basin?
Answer: Biomass burning and industrial cities
Atmospheric pollution over the Ganges Basin predominantly stems from terrestrial sources, including biomass burning in northwestern India and emissions from major industrial cities.
India's ranking in 2019 regarding vulnerability to climate change was:
Answer: Seventh
In 2019, India was ranked seventh globally among countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.