When and by whom was Decca Records established?

Decca Records was established on February 7, 1929. It was founded by Edward Lewis, who acquired a gramophone manufacturer known as The Decca Gramophone Company.

What was the original business of the company that became Decca Records?

The origins of the company that became Decca Records were not in making records, but in manufacturing the gramophones on which to play them. Their first product, offered before World War I, was the "Decca Dulcephone," a portable gramophone.

What was the retail price of the "Decca Dulcephone" portable gramophone?

The "Decca Dulcephone" portable gramophone, manufactured by Barnett Samuel and Sons Ltd., retailed for two guineas, which is equivalent to about £250 in 2023 terms.

What is known about the origin of the name "Decca"?

The exact origin of the name "Decca" is uncertain. Musicologist Robert Dearling describes it as "a word whose origins are lost."

How did Edward Lewis become involved with Decca Records?

Edward Lewis, a London stockbroker, acted for The Decca Gramophone Company when it was floated on the stock market in 1928. Despite reservations about the gramophone business, he recognized the potential in record production and ultimately acquired both the struggling Duophone Record Company and Decca itself.

What were the first recordings made by Decca Records in February 1929?

Decca Records made its first discs on February 7, 1929, featuring dance music by Ambrose and the May Fair Orchestra. Four days later, on February 11, the first classical recording took place, featuring violist Cecil Bonvallot playing a Bach arrangement.

Who were some of the early popular artists signed by Decca Records in Britain and the US during their first two decades?

In Britain, early Decca artists included Gertrude Lawrence, George Formby, Jack Hylton, and Vera Lynn. In the US, the label featured artists such as Bing Crosby, Al Jolson, the Andrews Sisters, and the Mills Brothers.

How did the Great Depression affect Decca Records in the 1930s?

The Great Depression significantly impacted Decca Records. Edward Lewis, effectively taking over the company's direction, implemented substantial price cuts on records to help the company survive the economic downturn.

What strategic moves did Decca make in the 1930s regarding international catalogues and the US market?

In the 1930s, Decca acquired the British rights to the German Polydor label and the Fonit and Ultraphon catalogues. It also bought a majority shareholding in the American Brunswick Record Company from Warner Brothers, gaining access to popular artists like Bing Crosby and Al Jolson.

When and under whose leadership was the American subsidiary, Decca Records US, established?

Decca established its American subsidiary, Decca Records US, in 1934. It was funded and chaired by Edward Lewis and led by Jack Kapp, Milton Rackmil, and E. F. Stevens.

Which prominent country and western artists did American Decca sign in the 1930s?

In 1934, Jack Kapp established a country and western line for the American Decca subsidiary, signing artists such as Frank Luther, Sons of the Pioneers, Stuart Hamblen, and The Ranch Boys. Jimmie Davis also began recording for Decca that year, joined later by Jimmy Wakely and Roy Rogers.

What significant technological development emerged from Decca's work during World War II?

During World War II, Decca engineers, led by Arthur Haddy, developed highly sensitive equipment to detect sonic differences in water movement around submarine propellers. This technological advancement, crucial for the war effort, also enabled greatly enhanced gramophone recordings after the war.

What was the significance of Bing Crosby's "White Christmas" recording for Decca?

American Decca released the first recording of Bing Crosby's "White Christmas" in 1942. A subsequent version recorded in 1947 for US Decca became, and remains, the world's best-selling single.

How did American Decca pioneer the concept of original cast albums for musicals?

In 1942, American Decca released the first original cast album for a musical with the Broadway cast of "Oklahoma!". This groundbreaking release was followed by albums for other popular shows like "Carousel," "Annie Get Your Gun," "Guys and Dolls," and "The King and I."

What was Decca's "ffrr" system and what impact did it have?

Decca's "ffrr" system stood for "full frequency range recording." Announced in 1945, this technology dramatically enhanced the frequency range possible in recordings, leading to unprecedented realism and improved sound quality. It prompted Decca to move its main London recording venue to the acoustically superior Kingsway Hall.

What was considered Decca's "greatest achievement" in gramophone recording between 1958 and 1965?

Between 1958 and 1965, Decca made what is widely described as the gramophone's greatest achievement: the first complete recording of Richard Wagner's operatic tetralogy, "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (The Nibelung's Ring).

How did Decca contribute to the development of the long-playing (LP) record?

Decca was a key player in Europe for the development of the long-playing (LP) record, which was pressed on vinyl and offered significantly longer playing times than the older 78 r.p.m. discs. From 1948 to 1950, Decca focused on exporting LPs to the American market before making them available in Britain.

Which major classical artists and orchestras joined Decca in the post-war era, often moving from rival labels?

In the post-war period, Decca attracted many eminent artists, including conductor Ernest Ansermet and the Suisse Romande Orchestra, Peter Pears, Kathleen Ferrier, Julius Katchen, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, the Vienna Philharmonic, Wilhelm Backhaus, and Wilhelm Kempff. Many of these artists had previously been exclusive to rival labels like EMI.

What was the "Decca Gold Label Series" and what kind of music did it feature?

Launched by American Decca in August 1950, the "Decca Gold Label Series" was a new line of LPs dedicated to classical music. It featured symphonies, concertos, chamber music, opera, songs, and choral music performed by both American and European artists.

What was Decca's role in the introduction of stereophonic recording?

Decca began recording in stereo in the mid-1950s, with experimental recordings in Geneva, London, and Vienna. They issued their first stereo recordings in 1958, a move championed by producer John Culshaw, which offered a sense of spaciousness and new creative opportunities, particularly in opera.

Which popular music acts achieved success for American Decca in the 1950s?

In the 1950s, American Decca achieved success with artists like Bill Haley & His Comets, whose "Rock Around The Clock" was a major hit, and Buddy Holly. The label also featured other popular performers during this decade.

What significant business merger occurred involving American Decca in 1959?

In 1959, American Decca merged with MCA Inc. This followed American Decca's earlier move, starting in 1951, to buy shares in Universal Pictures, eventually holding a controlling interest by 1954.

What was the nature of the alliance between Decca and RCA in the late 1950s?

In 1957, Decca entered into an alliance with the American RCA label. This agreement allowed Decca to market and distribute RCA recordings in Britain, including popular artists like Elvis Presley, and also enabled Decca producers to record European artists for the RCA label.

What was the "Decca audition" involving The Beatles in 1962?

The "Decca audition" refers to the 1962 audition where The Beatles performed for Decca executives, including Dick Rowe's assistant Mike Smith. Despite the legendary story that Decca rejected them because "Guitar groups are on the way out," the audition ultimately led to Decca passing on signing the group.

Which influential rock band did Decca sign in 1963, shortly after rejecting The Beatles?

In 1963, Decca signed The Rolling Stones, avoiding the mistake made when they rejected The Beatles the previous year.

What was "Deram Records" and which notable bands recorded for it in the 1960s?

Deram Records was a "progressive" subsidiary label established by Decca in 1966. Notable bands that recorded for Deram in the 1960s included the Moody Blues, whose album "Days of Future Passed" was a major success, as well as Amen Corner, Chicken Shack, and Ten Years After.

How did Decca's market share and technical reputation compare to EMI in the 1960s?

By the end of the 1960s, Decca held 22.8% of the British LP market, making it the second largest company behind EMI's 26.5%. Technically, Decca was considered superior, with its engineers described as "incomparable" by The Times in 1965.

What happened to the American entity Decca Records Inc. in 1966?

In 1966, the American entity Decca Records Inc. was dissolved, and from that point onward, Decca Records operated as a division of MCA Inc.

What factors contributed to the decline of British Decca's fortunes in the 1970s?

In the 1970s, British Decca's fortunes declined as its key figures, Edward Lewis and Maurice Rosengarten, aged and became less interested in new talent. Producer John Culshaw noted a growing conservatism and missed opportunities, such as the initial reluctance to sign Luciano Pavarotti.

What new classical music labels did Decca launch in 1974?

In 1974, Decca launched two new classical music labels: the "Headline" series, curated by James Mallinson and focused on contemporary music, and the "Florilegium" label, dedicated to early music.

When did Decca develop its own digital recording technology, and what was its first digital recording?

Decca developed its own digital recorders in 1978. The company's first digital recording was made in Vienna in December 1978, featuring the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Christoph von Dohnányi in Mendelssohn's "Italian" Symphony.

What was the significance of Decca's 1979 digital recording of "Fidelio"?

In May 1979, Decca made the world's first digital recording of an opera, Beethoven's "Fidelio." This recording was conducted by Georg Solti with his Chicago forces.

What major event led to the sale of Decca Records in 1980?

Decca Records was sold in 1980 to the German-Dutch conglomerate PolyGram. The sale occurred days before the death of founder Edward Lewis, who had been unable to appoint a successor, and the business was reportedly in a serious financial crisis at the time.

How did Decca's crossover repertoire gain prominence in the 1990s?

Decca's crossover repertoire gained significant prominence starting in 1990 when Luciano Pavarotti's recording of "Nessun dorma" was used for the BBC's FIFA World Cup coverage. The subsequent release of a concert recording featuring Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo, and José Carreras became the biggest-selling classical album of all time, paving the way for other crossover artists.

What happened to Decca's labels and operations when Universal Music Group acquired PolyGram and MCA?

When Universal Music Group acquired both PolyGram (which owned British Decca) and MCA (which owned American Decca) in 1998, the consolidation led to the shutdown of the Decca country music label in the USA. The London Records classical music arm was renamed Decca Records in North America in February 1999, and the catalogue of Philips Records was merged with British Decca's.

What was the role of Decca's West Hampstead studios and Kingsway Hall?

Decca acquired its studios in West Hampstead when it bought the Crystalate record company. While recording continued there during WWII, the company moved its main London recording venue to the acoustically superior Kingsway Hall in 1944, partly due to the enhanced capabilities of the ffrr system.

Which prominent artists were associated with Decca's classical recordings in the 1960s and 1970s?

In the 1960s and 1970s, Decca continued to record major classical artists such as Luciano Pavarotti, Benjamin Britten, and conductors like Karl Münchinger, Georg Solti, and Carlo Maria Giulini. The New Philharmonia orchestra also made numerous recordings for the label.

What was the significance of Decca's "Phase 4 Stereo" recordings?

While not explicitly detailed in the provided text, "Phase 4 Stereo" was a recording process used by Decca, particularly in the 1960s, known for its wide stereo separation and emphasis on sonic spectacle, often used for orchestral and film music recordings.

What happened to the Decca label in the United States in 1971 and 1973?

In 1971, MCA established MCA Records in the United States, combining American Decca, Kapp, and Uni Records, though these labels maintained their identities. However, in 1973, MCA Records consolidated these three labels, absorbing them into the main MCA label.

What was the impact of the "three tenors" recording on Decca's crossover strategy?

The recording of "Nessun dorma" by Luciano Pavarotti, and later a concert featuring Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo, and José Carreras, became a massive success for Decca. This paved the way for the label's focus on crossover artists like Russell Watson, Andrea Bocelli, Katherine Jenkins, and Alfie Boe.

When was the Decca label revived as a country music label in the USA, and by whom?

In 1994, MCA Nashville revived the Decca label specifically as a country music label.

What happened to Decca's classical music catalogue after Universal Music Group acquired the company?

After Universal Music Group acquired Decca, the catalogue of Philips Records was merged with British Decca's. Deutsche Grammophon, also owned by Universal, continued to manage the American Decca classical music catalogue separately.

What contribution did Decca make to the recording of Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen"?

Decca produced the first complete recording of Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen" between 1958 and 1965. This ambitious project, conceived by producer John Culshaw and featuring the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Georg Solti, is widely regarded as a landmark achievement in recording history, utilizing new stereophonic technology to recreate the opera's drama.

What was the significance of Decca's 1966 subsidiary, Deram Records?

Deram Records was established by Decca in 1966 as a label for "progressive" music. It became home to influential bands like the Moody Blues, whose album "Days of Future Passed" was a significant commercial success, and also featured artists such as Amen Corner, Chicken Shack, and Ten Years After.

What role did John Culshaw play at Decca Records?

John Culshaw was a prominent producer at Decca Records, particularly known for his advocacy of stereophonic sound and his groundbreaking production of Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen." He later became head of music for BBC Television in 1967.

What happened to Decca's physical assets like studios and pressing plants after the PolyGram acquisition?

Following its acquisition by PolyGram in 1980, Decca's pressing plant in New Malden, its studios in West Hampstead, and its headquarters in central London were all closed down.

What is the "Decca audition" and why is it notable?

The "Decca audition" refers to the 1962 audition where The Beatles performed for Decca Records. Although Decca ultimately did not sign them, this event is famously remembered as a significant missed opportunity for the label, as The Beatles went on to achieve global superstardom with another record company.

What was the "Decca Gold Label Series" in the US?

The "Decca Gold Label Series" was a classical music initiative launched by American Decca in August 1950. It was dedicated to releasing symphonies, concertos, chamber music, opera, songs, and choral works by both American and European artists.

How did Decca's relationship with Universal Music Group evolve?

Decca's relationship with Universal Music Group became direct when Universal acquired both PolyGram (owner of British Decca) and MCA (owner of American Decca) in 1998. This consolidation brought both the British and American branches of Decca under a single parent company.

What is the significance of Universal Music Group donating Decca master recordings to the Library of Congress?

In 2011, Universal Music Group donated over 200,000 of its American Decca master recordings, dating from the 1920s to the 1940s, to the United States Library of Congress. This significant donation preserves a crucial part of music history for archival and research purposes.

When and under what management was the "Decca Gold" American classical music label revived?

In 2017, Universal Music revived the "Decca Gold" American classical music label. It was placed under the management of the Verve Label Group.

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Decca Records: An Overview

British Origins

Decca Records, established on February 7, 1929, by Edward Lewis, is a distinguished British record label. Its foundation stemmed from Lewis's acquisition of The Decca Gramophone Company, a manufacturer of gramophones. This strategic move positioned Decca not merely as a record producer but as an entity deeply integrated into the audio playback ecosystem from its inception.

Corporate Structure

As a significant entity within the music industry, Decca Records operates under the umbrella of Universal Music Group (UMG). Its historical trajectory includes an American subsidiary that became independent before World War II and was later acquired by MCA Inc. in 1962. Both the British parent and its former American counterpart eventually came under the ownership of Universal Music.

Global Reach and Influence

Decca's influence extended globally, with distinct operations in the UK and the US. The label cultivated extensive catalogues encompassing diverse genres, from popular music to classical masterpieces. Its distributors include Decca Music Group in the UK, Verve Label Group in the US, and Universal Music Group internationally, underscoring its broad market presence.

A Chronicle of Sound

Early Innovations and Foundation

Decca's origins trace back to the manufacturing of portable gramophones, notably the "Decca Dulcephone," introduced before World War I. The company's name, "Decca," is of uncertain origin, described by musicologist Robert Dearling as a word "whose origins are lost." In the 1920s, Edward Lewis, a stockbroker, recognized the potential in record production, acquiring the struggling Duophone Record Company and Decca itself, thereby pivoting the company towards record manufacturing.

The Decca Record Company's first discs were recorded on February 7, 1929, featuring dance music by Ambrose and the May Fair Orchestra. Early classical recordings included William Walton's Façade and Handel's Concerti Grossi conducted by Ernest Ansermet. Despite the economic challenges of the 1930s Great Depression, Lewis implemented price cuts and strategic acquisitions, including British rights to German catalogues, to navigate the downturn.

Wartime Advancements

During World War II, Decca's sound engineers, Arthur Haddy and Kenneth Wilkinson, made significant contributions beyond commercial recordings. They developed specialized equipment to detect subtle differences in water movement around submarine propellers, a critical advancement for naval warfare. This technological expertise, honed during the war, would later enhance Decca's post-war gramophone recordings.

The American offshoot of Decca flourished during the war, releasing recordings by artists like the Ink Spots, Judy Garland, and Ella Fitzgerald. Notably, Bing Crosby's 1942 recording of "White Christmas" for US Decca became the world's best-selling single. American Decca also pioneered original cast albums for Broadway musicals, starting with Oklahoma! in 1943.

Post-War Innovations and Classical Dominance

The post-war era saw Decca embrace technological advancements, most notably its "ffrr" (full frequency range recording) system, which offered unprecedented audio fidelity. The company moved its primary recording venue to the acoustically superior Kingsway Hall. Decca was also an early adopter of the Long Playing (LP) record format, enabling more comprehensive recordings, including complete operas.

Decca's commitment to classical music led to exclusive contracts with prestigious orchestras like the Vienna Philharmonic and artists such as Kathleen Ferrier and Benjamin Britten. Producer John Culshaw championed stereophonic sound, culminating in the landmark 1958 recording of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, widely regarded as a pinnacle of recorded sound. The label also ventured into popular music, signing artists like Bill Haley & His Comets and Buddy Holly.

The 1960s and Beyond

In the 1960s, Decca solidified its position as a major force, rivaling EMI in the UK market. While it famously missed signing The Beatles, it secured The Rolling Stones and launched the successful subsidiary Deram Records. The company continued its technical leadership, embracing stereo and later digital recording technologies.

The 1970s saw a period of consolidation and some decline in innovation, though Decca launched specialized labels for contemporary and early music. By the 1980s, under PolyGram ownership, Decca focused on classical and crossover repertoires, achieving significant success with artists like Luciano Pavarotti and later Andrea Bocelli. The acquisition by Universal Music Group in 1998 integrated both British and American Decca operations, leading to the revival of labels like Decca Gold.

Iconic Artistry

Early Stars

Decca's early catalogue featured prominent artists who defined popular music and performance in their respective eras. In Britain, this included Gertrude Lawrence, George Formby, Jack Hylton, and Vera Lynn, whose recordings achieved significant commercial success. In the United States, Decca's roster boasted stars like Bing Crosby, Al Jolson, the Andrews Sisters, and the Mills Brothers.

Rock and Roll Pioneers

Decca played a pivotal role in the emergence of rock and roll. American Decca signed influential acts such as Bill Haley & His Comets, whose "Rock Around The Clock" became an anthem, and the pioneering Buddy Holly. British Decca also licensed key recordings from independent labels, bringing artists like Chuck Berry, Johnny Cash, and Eddie Cochran to UK audiences.

Classical Masters

In the classical domain, Decca established an unparalleled reputation for quality and breadth. Its roster included legendary conductors like Ernest Ansermet, Georg Solti, and Herbert von Karajan, alongside virtuoso performers such as Wilhelm Backhaus, Wilhelm Kempff, Clifford Curzon, and Andrés Segovia. The label's extensive opera recordings, particularly Wagner's Ring cycle, are considered benchmarks in the genre.

Crossover and Contemporary

Decca demonstrated a remarkable ability to bridge genres and discover new talent. The label achieved massive crossover success with operatic tenors like Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo, and José Carreras, particularly following the 1990 World Cup. This paved the way for contemporary crossover artists such as Russell Watson, Andrea Bocelli, Katherine Jenkins, and Alfie Boe, showcasing Decca's enduring adaptability.

Technological Vanguard

ffrr: Full Frequency Range Recording

Decca's development of the "ffrr" system after World War II represented a significant leap in audio fidelity. This technology captured a wider range of frequencies, resulting in recordings with unprecedented realism and depth. The adoption of ffrr led Decca to upgrade its recording venues, moving to the esteemed Kingsway Hall to maximize the system's potential.

Stereo Sound Revolution

As a proponent of stereophonic sound, Decca began recording in stereo in the mid-1950s, anticipating the market's shift. Producer John Culshaw was instrumental in leveraging this technology, particularly for ambitious opera recordings like Wagner's Ring cycle, aiming to create an immersive auditory experience that compensated for the lack of visual elements.

The introduction of stereo LPs in 1958 required significant investment from both producers and consumers. Decca's early stereo recordings, often featuring the Vienna Philharmonic, set new standards for spatial realism and dynamic range, influencing the direction of audio recording for decades.

Digital Recording Era

Decca remained at the forefront of recording technology by embracing digital recording in the late 1970s. The company developed its own digital recorders, producing the world's first digital opera recording, Fidelio, in 1979. This transition marked another pivotal moment, ensuring Decca's continued commitment to sonic excellence.

Affiliated Labels and Ventures

London Records

In 1947, Decca established London Records as its new American subsidiary for distributing British recordings, following a divergence with the independent American Decca. London Records became a significant label in its own right, particularly noted for its classical music releases and its distribution of European artists in the US market.

Deram Records

Launched in 1966, Deram Records was Decca's subsidiary focused on progressive and rock music. It became the home for influential bands of the era, including The Moody Blues, whose album Days of Future Passed achieved substantial commercial success. Other notable Deram artists included Amen Corner, Chicken Shack, and Ten Years After.

Classical Imprints

Beyond its main classical catalogue, Decca fostered specialized imprints. The "Headline" series, initiated in the 1970s, focused on contemporary classical music, featuring works by composers such as Berio, Birtwistle, and Xenakis. The "Florilegium" label catered to early music enthusiasts, competing with established labels in that niche.

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References

"2 Soundtracks for Same Flick". Billboard, 17 June 1957. p. 29.

"Decca Debuts Double Feature". Billboard, 1 July 1957. p. 25.

"Reviews and Ratings of New Popular Albums". Billboard, 5 August 1957. p. 28

"Reviews and Ratings of New Jazz Albums". Billboard, 19 August 1957. p. 72.

Von Rhein, John. "Reissues add luster to Solti's legacy", The Chicago Tribune, 24 October 2012, Section 4, p. 3

A full list of references for this article are available at the Decca Records Wikipedia page

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This content has been generated by an AI model and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. It is based on data extracted from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia, and may not reflect the most current information or nuances of the subject matter.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein does not constitute professional music industry, historical, or business consultation. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific inquiries or projects. Reliance on the information presented on this page is solely at your own risk.

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Decca Records: The Soundtrack of an Era

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Decca Records: An Overview 🎵

🇬🇧 British Origins

🏢 Corporate Structure

🌐 Global Reach and Influence

A Chronicle of Sound 📜

🛠️ Early Innovations and Foundation

wartime Wartime Advancements

🔊 Post-War Innovations and Classical Dominance

🚀 The 1960s and Beyond

Iconic Artistry 🎤

🌟 Early Stars

🎸 Rock and Roll Pioneers

🎻 Classical Masters

🎶 Crossover and Contemporary

Technological Vanguard 💡

🔊 ffrr: Full Frequency Range Recording

🎚️ Stereo Sound Revolution

💻 Digital Recording Era

Affiliated Labels and Ventures 🏷️

🇬🇧🇺🇸 London Records

💥 Deram Records

🏛️ Classical Imprints

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Decca Records: An Overview

British Origins

Corporate Structure

Global Reach and Influence

A Chronicle of Sound

Early Innovations and Foundation

Wartime Advancements

Post-War Innovations and Classical Dominance

The 1960s and Beyond

Iconic Artistry

Early Stars

Rock and Roll Pioneers

Classical Masters

Crossover and Contemporary

Technological Vanguard

ffrr: Full Frequency Range Recording

Stereo Sound Revolution

Digital Recording Era

Affiliated Labels and Ventures

London Records

Deram Records

Classical Imprints

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice