What was the Bagne de Cayenne, and what is its common name?

The Bagne de Cayenne, also commonly known as Devil's Island, was a French penal colony that operated for a century, from 1852 to 1952, in the Salvation Islands of French Guiana. This penal system was infamous for its brutal conditions and high mortality rates.

When did the Bagne de Cayenne operate, and when was it officially closed?

The Bagne de Cayenne operated for 100 years, from 1852 until 1952, and was officially closed in 1953. It was established during the Second French Empire.

What were the primary reasons for the notoriety of the Devil's Island penal system?

The Devil's Island penal system was notorious for two main reasons: the extremely harsh treatment of detainees by the staff, and the deadly tropical climate and diseases that led to a very high mortality rate among prisoners. At its worst, the death rate reached 75 percent.

Besides general criminals, for what specific group was Devil's Island notorious for holding?

Devil's Island was particularly notorious for being used as an exile location for French political prisoners. The most famous of these was Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongly accused of spying for Imperial Germany.

How was the penal colony system organized across the Salvation Islands?

The penal colony system was spread across several locations. Île Royale served as the reception center for the general population, offering moderate freedom due to escape difficulties. Saint-Joseph Island was designated as the 'Reclusion,' where prisoners were subjected to solitary confinement in darkness and silence as punishment for offenses or escape attempts. Devil's Island itself was specifically reserved for political prisoners.

Were there any penal facilities located on the mainland of French Guiana in addition to the islands?

Yes, in addition to the prisons on the three Salvation Islands, the French established three related prison facilities on the South American mainland. These were located across the straits at Kourou, in Cayenne (which later became the capital of French Guiana), and at St. Laurent-du-Maroni, situated further west.

What was the historical context of French penal practices before the establishment of the Cayenne penal colony?

Before the Cayenne penal colony, during the 16th and 17th centuries, French prisoners convicted of felonies were often sentenced to serve as galley slaves in the French Navy's Levant Fleet, a sentence that was virtually a death sentence due to harsh conditions. After the decommissioning of galleys, prisoners were kept chained in prison hulks moored in harbors until they sank, or housed in onshore prisons with reportedly dire conditions.

How did changes in French society and law in the early 19th century influence the penal system?

By the early 19th century, France experienced significant urban population growth and a corresponding rise in crime. Legislation in 1832 mandated the state's provision of basic necessities to prisoners, shifting the focus from corporal punishment to imprisonment for punishment and deterrence. However, high recidivism rates (up to 75%) became a major problem, leading to the need for solutions like removing offenders from urban environments.

What were agricultural penal colonies, and how did they relate to the Cayenne system?

In the 1840s, France established internal agricultural penal colonies as a means to remove prisoners from urban areas and provide them with work. These colonies were part of the evolving penal system that eventually led to the overseas transportation of convicts, aiming to address overcrowding and recidivism.

What was the 'doublage' system in the context of French penal colonies?

The 'doublage' system was a practice where convicts, after completing their original sentence, were required to remain and work as employees within the penal colony for an additional period equal to their initial sentence. This ensured a continued labor force and extended the period of confinement for many prisoners.

Why did Emperor Napoleon III decide to establish the Bagne de Cayenne, and where was it located?

Emperor Napoleon III ordered the closure of prison hulks and the transfer of civil law convicts overseas following his 1851 coup. After considering various locations, France chose its own colony of French Guiana, despite previous failed colonization attempts and high mortality rates among colonists, to establish the new Bagne de Cayenne.

What were the two main categories of prisoners sent to French Guiana?

Two main categories of prisoners were transported to French Guiana: 'transportés,' who were civil-law prisoners sentenced under the 'doublage' system, and 'déportés,' who were prisoners convicted of political crimes, such as espionage or conspiracy.

What was the fate of most prisoners sent to the Devil's Island system?

The vast majority of the over 80,000 prisoners sent to the Devil's Island prison system never returned to France. Many succumbed to disease, harsh conditions, and violence, with only a small minority of survivors returning to France to recount their experiences.

What were the primary causes of the high mortality rate in the penal colony?

The high mortality rate was primarily due to the harsh conditions, limited sanitary systems, and the prevalence of tropical diseases transmitted by mosquito bites. The challenging tropical climate itself also contributed significantly to the suffering and death of inmates.

How did the penal colony system attempt to manage prisoners who received financial support from outside?

Convicts fortunate enough to receive money from family or friends had it sent via a prison guard. The standard practice was for the guard to keep one-quarter of the amount sent for himself and then give the remaining portion to the prisoner. This highlights the corruption and control exerted by the guards.

What was the law of forced residency enacted in 1854, and how did it affect prisoners?

In 1854, France passed a law of forced residency. This law required convicts to remain in French Guiana for a period equal to their forced labor sentence after its completion. If the original sentence exceeded eight years, they were forced to stay as residents for the rest of their lives and were often given land to settle.

How did the law of 1885 change the population of the French Guiana prison system?

The law passed in 1885 mandated that repeat offenders convicted of minor crimes also be sent to the French Guiana prison system. Previously, this system had been primarily reserved for serious offenders and political prisoners, thus broadening the scope of who was deported.

Were women also sent to the French Guiana prison system, and what was the intention?

Yes, a limited number of convicted women were sent to French Guiana. The intention was for them to marry freed male inmates, thereby aiding in the settlement and development of the colony. However, the results were poor, and the government discontinued this practice in 1907.

How many prisoners were typically housed on Devil's Island itself?

Devil's Island itself, which was specifically used for political prisoners, housed a very small number of individuals. The prison facility there did not usually accommodate more than 12 persons at any given time.

How did the Dreyfus Affair bring public attention to the penal colony?

The Dreyfus Affair, involving the unjust conviction of French army captain Alfred Dreyfus for treason, significantly publicized the horrors of the penal settlement. Dreyfus was exiled to Devil's Island on January 5, 1895, and his case drew widespread attention to the conditions and injustices within the French penal system.

What role did René Belbenoît's book play in the eventual closure of the penal system?

René Belbenoît's book, *Dry Guillotine* (published in 1938), strongly criticized the penal system and aroused public outrage regarding the conditions. Following the book's release and the public outcry, the French government announced plans to close the Bagne de Cayenne.

What delayed the closure of the penal colony, and when did it finally cease operations?

The outbreak of World War II delayed the planned closure of the Bagne de Cayenne. However, from 1946 until 1953, the prisons were closed one by one, with the Devil's Island facility being the last to shut down.

What happened to the prisoners after the penal system was closed?

After the closure of the penal system, most of the remaining prisoners were repatriated to metropolitan France, with assistance from the Salvation Army. Some prisoners chose to remain and resettle in French Guiana.

What is the current use of the islands that comprised the Devil's Island penal colony?

Since 1965, responsibility for most of the islands has been transferred to the Guiana Space Centre, used for space rocket launches. The islands are evacuated during launches and host measurement apparatus. Additionally, the islands have become tourist destinations, with restored prison buildings open for tours, attracting over 50,000 visitors annually.

Describe the experiment involving fifteen women on Devil's Island.

Around the mid-19th century, an experiment was conducted where 15 prostitutes were brought to Devil's Island with the idea that they would encourage prisoners to live dignified lives and start families. Guarded by nuns, the experiment failed to produce families, but the women offered sexual favors. This led to disputes among men and eventually a syphilis epidemic on the island.

Who was Charles DeRudio, and what is notable about his escape?

Charles DeRudio was sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island after an attempt on Emperor Napoleon III's life in 1858. He managed to escape with twelve other prisoners, making their way to British Guiana. He later joined the American Army and survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

What was Clément Duval's background, and how did he escape?

Clément Duval was an anarchist who was sentenced to hard labor for life on Devil's Island in 1886, after his initial death sentence was commuted. He escaped in April 1901 and fled to New York City, where he lived out the rest of his life and wrote a book about his imprisonment titled *Revolte*.

What is known about the escape of François Frean, Paul Renuci, Raymond Vaude, and Giovanni Batistoti?

Four convicts—François Frean, Paul Renuci, Raymond Vaude, and Giovanni Batistoti—escaped from Devil's Island and arrived in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, on October 18, 1936. Their boat was nearly wrecked on a reef, and they were initially treated as guests and for injuries at the Municipal Hospital.

What is the story of Henri Charrière's escape from Devil's Island, and what controversy surrounds it?

Henri Charrière, in his bestselling book *Papillon*, described his escape from Devil's Island with a companion named Sylvain using coconut rafts. They reportedly drifted for three days, with Sylvain dying in quicksand. However, French authorities disputed Charrière's account, stating he was never imprisoned on Devil's Island but escaped from a mainland prison, and that many incidents in his book were invented or appropriated. Critics suggested the book should have been presented as fiction.

Who was René Belbenoît, and what is significant about his escapes?

René Belbenoît is a renowned escapee who wrote influential memoirs about his experiences, such as *Dry Guillotine*. He escaped with temporary permission in 1930, worked at the Panama Canal, but was sent back to French Guiana in 1931 when he tried to return to France illegally. He was later released as a 'free prisoner' in 1934 but was still not allowed to return to France, eventually making his way to the United States and gaining citizenship.

What is the story of Bernard Carnot's escape?

According to William Willis's memoir *Damned and Damned Again*, Willis orchestrated the escape of Bernard Carnot, who had been sent to Devil's Island in 1922 for a murder he did not commit. Willis smuggled Carnot to Brazil aboard a supply ship. Carnot later joined the French forces during World War II and is believed to have been killed in action.

How has Devil's Island been depicted in popular culture?

Devil's Island has been a recurring theme in popular culture, featured in numerous films such as *The Phantom of the Opera* (1925), *Condemned* (1929), *Strange Cargo* (1940), *Passage to Marseilles* (1944), and *We're No Angels* (1955). It has also appeared in novels like Dashiell Hammett's *The Dain Curse*, TV shows like *The Wild Wild West* and *The Time Tunnel*, and inspired songs by bands like Megadeth. Henri Charrière's book *Papillon* and its film adaptations significantly shaped its modern perception.

What is the significance of the Dreyfus Affair in relation to Devil's Island?

The Dreyfus Affair brought significant international attention to Devil's Island. Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer, was wrongly convicted of treason and imprisoned on Devil's Island from 1895. The public outcry and eventual exoneration of Dreyfus highlighted the injustices and harsh realities of the French penal system, including the conditions on Devil's Island.

What was the role of the Salvation Army in the aftermath of the penal colony's closure?

The Salvation Army played a role in the repatriation of prisoners after the closure of the penal system. They assisted in sending many of the remaining inmates back to metropolitan France.

How did the Guiana Space Centre come to use the islands of the former penal colony?

In 1965, the French government transferred responsibility for most of the islands to its newly established Guiana Space Centre. The islands are located within the trajectory of space rockets launched eastward, requiring them to be evacuated during each launch.

What is the current status of Devil's Island and the other Salvation Islands?

Devil's Island itself is now closed to public access, though it can be viewed from offshore. The two larger islands in the Salvation Islands group, Île Royale and Saint-Joseph Island, are open to the public. Some old prison buildings have been restored and serve as museums, making the islands popular tourist destinations.

What specific challenges did prisoners face due to the environment of French Guiana?

Prisoners faced severe challenges from the tropical climate and endemic diseases. The region was heavily infested with mosquitoes, which transmitted various illnesses. The lack of adequate sanitation systems further exacerbated health issues, contributing to the high mortality rates.

What was the purpose of the 'Reclusion' on Saint-Joseph Island?

Saint-Joseph Island served as the 'Reclusion' within the penal colony system. Prisoners were sent there for punishment, typically involving solitary confinement in complete darkness and silence, often as a consequence of attempted escapes or offenses committed within the colony.

How did the French Navy initially manage prisoners before the Cayenne penal colony was established?

Before the Cayenne penal colony, the French Navy was responsible for managing prisoners housed in prison hulks. These were ships permanently moored in harbors, where prisoners lived in harsh conditions until the hulks eventually sank. Prisoners often relied on external support for basic necessities.

What was the significance of the 1938 book 'Dry Guillotine'?

René Belbenoît's 1938 book, *Dry Guillotine: Fifteen Years Among the Living Dead*, served as a powerful exposé of the brutal conditions within the French Guiana penal system. It garnered significant public attention and outrage, contributing directly to the government's decision to close the penal colony.

What is the controversy surrounding Henri Charrière's book 'Papillon'?

The controversy surrounding Henri Charrière's *Papillon* centers on its factual accuracy. While presented as an autobiography, French authorities and critics claimed Charrière was never imprisoned on Devil's Island itself, but rather on the mainland, and that many events described were fictionalized or borrowed from other prisoners' experiences. This led to debates about whether the book should be considered a novel rather than a true account.

What role did William Willis play in the escape of Bernard Carnot?

William Willis, an American sailor and writer, played a crucial role in Bernard Carnot's escape from Devil's Island. Willis documented this event in his book *Damned and Damned Again*, describing how he orchestrated Carnot's escape by smuggling him out on a supply ship. The book's subtitle even refers to it as the 'true story of the last escape from Devil's Island'.

What is the current state of access to Devil's Island?

Devil's Island itself is currently closed to public access. However, it is possible to view the island from offshore. The other islands in the Salvation Islands group, Île Royale and Saint-Joseph Island, are open to visitors and have become tourist destinations.

What was the purpose of establishing penal colonies like the one in French Guiana?

Penal colonies like the one in French Guiana served multiple purposes for the French government. They were intended to remove criminals from French society, provide a place for punishment and deterrence, utilize convict labor, and potentially aid in the colonization and development of overseas territories. They also served as a place of exile for political dissidents.

How did the French Navy view the management of prison hulks prior to the establishment of the Cayenne penal colony?

The French Navy strongly complained about the cost and logistical difficulties associated with managing the prison hulks. They found guarding these hulks to be expensive and disruptive to the work of the shipyards, which contributed to the decision to find alternative solutions for housing prisoners.

What does the term 'Bagne de Cayenne' translate to in English?

The term 'Bagne de Cayenne' translates from French to English as the 'Penal Colony of Cayenne'.

What were the geographical coordinates of Devil's Island?

Devil's Island is located at approximately 5°17′32″N 52°35′03″W. These coordinates place it within French Guiana.

What is the current status of the Devil's Island penal colony facilities?

The Devil's Island penal colony system is closed. While Devil's Island itself is inaccessible to the public, the other islands in the group have some restored prison buildings that are now part of tourist attractions.

What is the significance of the Dreyfus Tower mentioned in the image caption?

The Dreyfus Tower, located on the Pointe des Roches in Kourou, is a physical remnant associated with the history of the region, potentially linked to the penal colony era or its aftermath, as indicated by its inclusion in the article's visual context.

Devil S Island Wiki: Devil's Island: Echoes of the Penal Colony

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Organization

The Salvation Islands

The penal colony, officially known as the Bagne de Cayenne, was not confined to a single island. It comprised several locations, primarily within the Salvation Islands archipelago and on the mainland of French Guiana. The three main islands in the Salvation Islands group each served a distinct purpose:

Île Royale: This served as the reception center for the general population of the penal colony. Inmates here experienced a degree of moderate freedom due to the inherent difficulty of escaping the island.
Saint-Joseph Island: Known as the Reclusion, this island was designated for punishing inmates. Those sent here faced solitary confinement in silence and darkness, typically for attempted escapes or offenses committed within the penal system.
Devil's Island (Île du Diable): This island was specifically reserved for political prisoners, most notably Captain Alfred Dreyfus during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Mainland Facilities

In addition to the island prisons, the French established related penal facilities on the South American mainland. These included sites located:

Directly across the straits from the Salvation Islands, near Kourou.
Approximately 50 kilometers (30 miles) east, in Cayenne, which later became the capital of French Guiana.
Approximately 160 kilometers (100 miles) to the west, at St. Laurent-du-Maroni.

This distributed system allowed for the management of a vast number of convicts across a significant geographical area.

History

Early Penal Practices

Prior to the establishment of Devil's Island, France utilized various forms of penal servitude. During the 16th and 17th centuries, felons were often sentenced to serve as galley slaves in the French Navy. Following the decommissioning of galleys in 1666, prisoners were largely confined to decaying prison hulks moored in harbors, or housed in onshore prisons with notoriously harsh conditions. By the early 19th century, increasing urban populations and crime rates led to a focus on imprisonment as a means of societal removal and deterrence. The challenge of recidivism prompted the development of internal agricultural penal colonies.

Napoleon III's Decision

In the 1840s, the French Navy, managing the costly prison hulks, sought alternatives. Following his coup in 1851, Emperor Napoleon III mandated the closure of the hulks and the transfer of civil law convicts overseas. After considering various locations, France ultimately selected its existing colony of French Guiana, despite previous failed colonization attempts and high mortality rates among settlers. In 1852, Napoleon III called for volunteers from the hulks to populate the new Bagne de Cayenne, with approximately 3,000 convicts applying.

Convict Categories and Doublage

The French Guiana penal system accommodated two primary categories of prisoners:

Transportés: Civil-law prisoners sentenced under the doublage system. This meant that upon completion of their original sentence, they were required to remain in the colony and work as employees for an additional period equal to their initial sentence. For sentences exceeding eight years, this often resulted in lifelong forced residency.
Déportés: Prisoners convicted of political crimes, such as espionage or conspiracy, who were exiled to the colonies.

This system aimed to remove offenders from metropolitan France while also facilitating the development and labor needs of the colonies.

The Colony's Reality

Harsh Conditions and Mortality

The Devil's Island prison system, operational from 1852 to 1952, became infamous for its extreme brutality and devastating conditions. The vast majority of the over 80,000 prisoners sent there never returned to France. Tropical diseases, exacerbated by mosquito infestations and inadequate sanitary systems, led to exceptionally high mortality rates, reaching as high as 75% in its worst periods. Inter-prisoner violence was also common, contributing to the grim reputation of the settlement.

Forced Residency and Settlement

A significant aspect of the penal regime was the law of forced residency, enacted in 1854. This law mandated that convicts remain in French Guiana for a period equal to their sentence after its completion. For those with sentences exceeding eight years, this often meant permanent exile. The French government attempted to encourage settlement by granting land to these freed prisoners, hoping they would establish families and contribute to the colony's development. A limited number of convicted women were also sent with the intention of marrying freed male inmates, though this practice yielded poor results and was discontinued in 1907.

Daily Life and Corruption

Convicts who had family or friends able to send financial support faced a system where prison guards often intercepted a portion of the funds. The standard practice involved the guard retaining approximately one-quarter of the amount sent before delivering the remainder to the prisoner. This highlights the pervasive corruption and exploitation that characterized the daily existence within the penal colony.

Escapes and Notoriety

Notable Escape Attempts

Despite the formidable challenges posed by geography and security, numerous escape attempts were made throughout the history of the penal colony. Some individuals managed to evade capture and reach freedom, contributing to the legend and notoriety of Devil's Island.

Charles DeRudio: Sentenced after an assassination attempt on Napoleon III, DeRudio escaped with twelve others, eventually reaching British Guiana. He later served in the American Army and survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Clément Duval: An anarchist sentenced to hard labor for life, Duval escaped in 1901 and fled to New York City, later documenting his experiences in the book Revolte.
Henri Charrière: His autobiographical novel Papillon vividly describes his alleged escape using homemade rafts. However, French authorities and critics have disputed elements of his account, suggesting he may not have been imprisoned on Devil's Island itself and that some events were embellished or appropriated from other prisoners.
René Belbenoît: A prominent escapee and author, Belbenoît wrote influential memoirs like Dry Guillotine, which exposed the horrors of the colony and contributed to public outcry for reform. He escaped multiple times, eventually settling in the United States.
William Willis: Documented in his book Damned and Damned Again, Willis orchestrated the escape of Bernard Carnot, a prisoner wrongly convicted, in 1938.

Aftermath and Legacy

Closure and Repatriation

Public outrage, fueled by accounts like René Belbenoît's, led the French government to halt sending prisoners to Devil's Island in 1938. The outbreak of World War II delayed the complete closure of the penal system, but by 1953, all prisons were officially shut down. Many remaining prisoners were repatriated to mainland France, often with assistance from organizations like the Salvation Army, while others chose to remain and resettle in French Guiana.

Modern Use and Tourism

In 1965, responsibility for most of the islands was transferred to the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) for the Guiana Space Centre. The islands are located within the trajectory of rocket launches and are evacuated during these events, hosting various measurement apparatus. Concurrently, the islands have transformed into tourist destinations. Restored sections of the former prisons now serve as museums, attracting over 50,000 visitors annually, offering a stark contrast to their grim past.

In Popular Culture

Enduring Narrative

The harrowing history and dramatic escapes associated with Devil's Island have cemented its place in popular culture, inspiring numerous books, films, and other media. These portrayals often emphasize the extreme suffering, the desperate attempts at freedom, and the psychological toll of incarceration.

Literature: Works like René Belbenoît's Dry Guillotine and Henri Charrière's Papillon brought the penal colony's stories to a global audience.
Film: Numerous films, including Devil's Island (1939), Strange Cargo (1940), Passage to Marseilles (1944), and adaptations of Papillon (1973 and 2017), have dramatized life and escape from the island.
Television: Series such as The Wild Wild West and The Time Tunnel have featured episodes set on Devil's Island.
Music: Bands like Megadeth have referenced the island in their songs, reflecting its dark and evocative imagery.

These cultural representations, while sometimes dramatized, underscore the profound and lasting impact of Devil's Island on the collective imagination.

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References

Begley, Louis. Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009, p. 67.

"Papillon alive and well in a Paris retirement home",Mail & Guardian, 26 June 2005.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Devil's Island Wikipedia page

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Devil's Island: Echoes of the Penal Colony

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Organization 🏛️

🏝️ The Salvation Islands

🌍 Mainland Facilities

History ⏳

📜 Early Penal Practices

👑 Napoleon III's Decision

⚖️ Convict Categories and Doublage

The Colony's Reality ⛓️

💀 Harsh Conditions and Mortality

🏠 Forced Residency and Settlement

💰 Daily Life and Corruption

Escapes and Notoriety 🏃

🚀 Notable Escape Attempts

Aftermath and Legacy 🕰️

🚪 Closure and Repatriation

🚀 Modern Use and Tourism

In Popular Culture 🎭

🎬 Enduring Narrative

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Organization

The Salvation Islands

Mainland Facilities

History

Early Penal Practices

Napoleon III's Decision

Convict Categories and Doublage

The Colony's Reality

Harsh Conditions and Mortality

Forced Residency and Settlement

Daily Life and Corruption

Escapes and Notoriety

Notable Escape Attempts

Aftermath and Legacy

Closure and Repatriation

Modern Use and Tourism

In Popular Culture

Enduring Narrative

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice