What is the Dome of the Rock and where is it located?

The Dome of the Rock is an octagonal Islamic shrine situated at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is recognized as the world's oldest surviving example of Islamic architecture.

What makes the Dome of the Rock historically significant in terms of Islamic architecture and inscriptions?

It is the earliest religious structure archaeologically verified to have been built by a Muslim ruler. Its inscriptions also contain the earliest epigraphic declarations of Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, marking a pivotal moment in early Islamic history.

Who ordered the initial construction of the Dome of the Rock and during which period?

The initial construction was ordered by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna, with the work taking place between 691 and 692 CE. This period was marked by internal conflict within the early Islamic community.

What historical structure previously occupied the site where the Dome of the Rock was built?

The Dome of the Rock was built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, which had been destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. This Temple was originally built around 516 BCE and later expanded by Herod the Great.

When did the original dome of the structure collapse and when was it rebuilt?

The original dome collapsed in 1015 CE and was subsequently rebuilt between 1022 and 1023 CE. This indicates the structure has undergone significant repairs and reconstructions throughout its history.

What architectural style influenced the Dome of the Rock's design and decoration?

The architecture and mosaics of the Dome of the Rock were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces. This reflects the cultural and artistic influences present in the region during its construction.

How did the exterior appearance of the Dome of the Rock change during the Early Ottoman period?

During the Early Ottoman period, the exterior was significantly altered with the application of brightly colored, predominantly blue-and-white Iznik-style tiles. These tiles replaced earlier decorations and gave the structure a distinct visual character.

What is the significance of the Foundation Stone (Noble Rock) located beneath the dome?

The Foundation Stone holds immense significance in Abrahamic religions. It is believed to be the place where God created the world and Adam, where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son, and where God's divine presence is most manifest, serving as a focal point for Jewish prayer.

What is the primary Islamic significance attributed to the rock at the center of the Dome of the Rock?

For Muslims, the site's significance stems from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and, most importantly, the belief that the Night Journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad began from the rock. This journey is a central event in Islamic theology.

What is the Dome of the Rock's status regarding UNESCO?

The Dome of the Rock is designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. This designation recognizes its outstanding universal value and importance to global cultural heritage.

What is the basic geometric plan of the Dome of the Rock?

The fundamental architectural plan of the Dome of the Rock is octagonal. This shape is consistently applied to its structure, including the outer walls and arcade.

Describe the structural components of the Dome of the Rock's central dome.

The central dome, approximately 20 meters (66 feet) in diameter, is mounted on an elevated circular drum. This drum is supported by 16 vertical elements: four piers and twelve columns, creating a stable and elevated base for the dome.

How does the structure of the Dome of the Rock create ambulatories?

The inner circular row of drum supports and the octagonal arcade create an inner ambulatory, a walkway around the holy rock. Additionally, the outer walls, also octagonal, form a second, outer ambulatory, providing circulation space around the building.

What decorative materials are found in the interior of the Dome of the Rock?

The interior is lavishly decorated with mosaics, faience, and marble. While much of this decoration was added centuries after its initial construction, it contributes to the shrine's opulent appearance.

What is notable about the Qur'anic inscriptions found within the Dome of the Rock?

The Qur'anic inscriptions vary from the standard text found today, often changing from the first to the third person. They are also interspersed with pious phrases not present in the Quran, offering insight into the theological messages conveyed at the time of construction.

What information does the Kufic script inscription inside the dome provide?

The Kufic script inscription, preserved inside the dome, contains the date AH 72 (691/692 CE), believed to be the year of completion. It also originally named the builder, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, though this was later altered to name the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun.

What was the original Umayyad decorative scheme for the outer walls?

The original Umayyad decorative scheme for the outer walls, similar to the interior, comprised marble and mosaics. This approach integrated intricate artistry into the building's facade.

Who initiated the Ottoman tile decoration on the exterior, and what style did it emulate?

The 16th-century Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent initiated the tile decoration, replacing the Umayyad mosaics. This tilework, resembling Iznik tiles, featured various styles and techniques, including cuerda seca and underglaze painting.

What historical events preceded the construction of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount?

Before the Dome of the Rock, the site hosted Solomon's Temple and the Second Jewish Temple, which was expanded by Herod the Great. After its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE, Emperor Hadrian built a Roman temple to Jupiter Capitolinus on the site.

How did the Byzantine period influence the Temple Mount site before the Islamic conquest?

During the Byzantine era, Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem increased, leading to the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. However, the Temple Mount itself remained largely undeveloped after Emperor Julian's failed attempt to restore the Jewish Temple.

What role did Umar ibn al-Khattab play in the early Islamic history of Jerusalem?

Umar ibn al-Khattab conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE. Advised by Ka'b al-Ahbar, a Jewish convert to Islam, Umar identified the site as the location of the former Jewish Temples, leading to its early designation as 'City of the Temple' among Muslims.

What were the potential motivations behind Abd al-Malik's decision to build the Dome of the Rock?

Motivations varied: one theory suggests it was a monument of victory over Christians and a statement of Islamic uniqueness in Jerusalem. Another posits it was intended to divert Muslim attention from Mecca, which was controlled by a rival caliph, Ibn al-Zubayr, though this is debated as potential anti-Umayyad propaganda.

How did the Crusaders interact with the Dome of the Rock after capturing Jerusalem?

Upon capturing Jerusalem in 1099, the Crusaders gave the Dome of the Rock to the Augustinians, converting it into a church. The nearby Al-Aqsa mosque served as a royal palace and later as the headquarters for the Knights Templar.

What significance did the Knights Templar attribute to the Dome of the Rock?

The Knights Templar identified the Dome of the Rock as the site of the Temple of Solomon, calling it the 'Templum Domini'. This identification influenced their architectural style, inspiring the design of round Templar churches across Europe.

What happened to the Dome of the Rock after Saladin recaptured Jerusalem?

After Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine. The cross atop the dome was replaced with a crescent, and restorations were carried out by Saladin's nephew.

What major renovation did Suleiman the Magnificent undertake at the Dome of the Rock?

Suleiman the Magnificent initiated a significant renovation, most notably covering the exterior with Ottoman-style tiles. This extensive tilework, likely intended to assert Ottoman presence, replaced the older Umayyad mosaics.

What was the nature of the tilework commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent?

The tilework featured various styles and techniques, including cuerda seca and multi-colored underglaze tiles, resembling the famous Iznik pottery. While some were actual Iznik productions, many were likely fabricated locally for the project.

How was the Dome of the Rock affected by earthquakes during the Abbasid and Fatimid periods?

The structure suffered damage from earthquakes in 808 and 846 CE. The dome itself collapsed in 1015 CE and was rebuilt, with further repairs and the addition of wooden beams to reinforce the dome after the 1033 CE earthquake.

What restoration efforts occurred during the British Mandate period?

During the British Mandate, Haj Amin al-Husseini, appointed Grand Mufti, oversaw the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. However, the structure sustained damage from the 1927 Jericho earthquake.

What significant renovations took place during Jordanian rule?

In 1955, Jordan began an extensive renovation program funded by Arab governments and Turkey. This included replacing many of Suleiman the Magnificent's tiles and, between 1959 and 1962, covering the dome with gold leaf over an aluminum-bronze alloy.

What was the Israeli policy regarding the Temple Mount immediately after the Six-Day War in 1967?

Shortly after Israeli forces took control in 1967, the Israeli flag was lowered from the Dome of the Rock. Moshe Dayan ordered this action, entrusting the management of the Temple Mount to the Muslim Waqf to maintain peace.

What religious groups have differing views on access to and the significance of the Temple Mount and the Dome of the Rock?

While non-Muslims have limited access since 1967, they are not permitted to pray there. Orthodox Jewish rabbis have varying opinions on visiting the site, with some forbidding it entirely. Some religious Jews believe the Temple should only be rebuilt in a messianic era, while some Evangelical Christians see its rebuilding as a prerequisite for Armageddon.

How has the Dome of the Rock influenced art and architecture?

The Dome of the Rock's design, particularly its octagonal form, is believed to echo the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. It has inspired numerous buildings, including churches and synagogues across Europe, and has been depicted in famous paintings like Raphael's 'The Marriage of the Virgin'.

On which national currencies has the Dome of the Rock been depicted?

The Dome of the Rock has been featured on banknotes of several Middle Eastern countries, including Iran (Iranian rial), Jordan (Jordanian dinar), Saudi Arabia (Saudi riyal), and the British Mandate of Palestine (Palestinian pound).

What is the Islamic significance of the inscription within the Dome of the Rock regarding Jesus?

The inscription includes verses from Surah Maryam (19:33-35) that affirm Jesus's prophethood and reject the Christian concept of the divinity of Christ. It emphasizes the Islamic doctrine that Jesus was a true prophet of God, not divine.

What does the inscription inside the Dome of the Rock suggest about early Islamic polemics?

The inscriptions, particularly the repetition of 'God has no companion' and verses affirming Jesus's prophethood, suggest a spirit of polemic against Christianity. This indicates a desire to assert Islamic distinctiveness and engage in missionary dialogue with Christians during the time of construction.

What early Islamic source codified the belief that Muhammad's Night Journey began from the Rock?

The earliest Arabic source codifying this belief is attributed to Ibn Ishaq in his biography of Muhammad, the Sirat al-Nabi. He introduced the notion that Muhammad ascended to heaven specifically from the Rock after his Night Journey.

What is the traditional Jewish belief regarding the Foundation Stone's role in creation?

Traditional Jewish sources believe the Foundation Stone is the very spot from which the creation of the world began. It is considered the holiest site in Judaism, representing the foundation stone of the universe.

What is the significance of the Dome of the Rock's location in relation to the Kaaba in Mecca?

Historically, Muslims prayed towards the Temple Mount, similar to Jews. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad later changed the direction of prayer (qibla) to the Kaaba in Mecca, following divine instruction. The Dome of the Rock's location is thus significant in the evolution of Islamic prayer practices.

What is the stated goal of The Temple Institute concerning the Dome of the Rock?

The Temple Institute aims to relocate the Dome of the Rock and replace it with a Third Temple. This vision aligns with prophecies concerning the New Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple.

What is the architectural style of the Dome of the Rock?

The Dome of the Rock is primarily in the Umayyad architectural style, but it has also incorporated later Ottoman decoration. Its design was influenced by Byzantine churches and palaces in the region.

When was the Dome of the Rock initially constructed?

The initial construction of the Dome of the Rock was undertaken by the Umayyad Caliphate between 685 and 692 CE.

What is the approximate diameter of the dome atop the structure?

The dome is approximately 20 meters (66 feet) in diameter.

What is the height and width of the outer walls of the Dome of the Rock?

The outer walls are octagonal, measuring approximately 60 meters (200 feet) wide and 36 meters (118 feet) high.

What materials were used in the extensive Ottoman-era tilework on the exterior?

The Ottoman tilework featured various styles and techniques, including cuerda seca tiles, multi-colored underglaze tiles, and blue-and-white tilework, resembling Iznik tiles.

What specific Quranic chapter is inscribed across the top of the tilework on the exterior?

Surah Ya-Sin, often referred to as the 'Heart of the Quran,' is inscribed across the top of the tilework. This was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent.

What event is commemorated by the inscription of Surah Al-Isra on the exterior?

The inscription of Surah 17, Al-Isra, commemorates the story of the Isra, or Night Journey, of Muhammad. This journey is a significant event in Islamic tradition.

What was the cost of constructing the Dome of the Rock, according to historical records?

Historical accounts suggest that the construction cost of the Dome of the Rock was reportedly seven times the yearly tax income of Egypt, indicating a substantial investment.

What is the significance of the name 'Templum Domini' used by the Crusaders?

The Crusaders called the Dome of the Rock 'Templum Domini,' or Temple of the Lord. This name reflected their belief that it was the site of the ancient Temple of Solomon and influenced their architectural designs.

What changes were made to the Dome of the Rock after its reconsecration by Saladin?

Following Saladin's recapture of Jerusalem in 1187, the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine. The cross on top was replaced with a crescent, and a wooden screen was installed around the rock.

What restoration work was completed in 1993, and who funded it?

In 1993, the golden dome covering was refurbished thanks to a donation of US$8.25 million from King Hussein of Jordan. He funded this project by selling one of his London houses.

Dome Of The Rock Wiki: The Dome of the Rock: An Architectural and Spiritual Nexus

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Overview

Sacred Islamic Shrine

The Dome of the Rock is an octagonal Islamic shrine situated at the heart of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem's Old City. It stands as the world's oldest extant example of Islamic architecture, representing the earliest religious structure documented archaeologically to be constructed by a Muslim ruler. Its inscriptions feature the earliest epigraphic declarations of Islam and the Prophet Muhammad.

Architectural Marvel

Commissioned by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik, its construction commenced between 685 and 692 CE. The structure's design, particularly its octagonal plan, may have been influenced by contemporary Byzantine churches. The exterior has undergone significant transformations, notably through the application of vibrant Iznik-style tiles during the Early Ottoman period and subsequent modern renovations, including the addition of a gold-plated roof.

Global Significance

Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Dome of the Rock is recognized as Jerusalem's most recognizable landmark, alongside the Western Wall and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Its profound religious significance for Muslims stems from traditions linking it to the creation of the world and the Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad. For Jews, the site is associated with the creation of Adam and Abraham's near-sacrifice of Isaac, and is considered the location of the Holy of Holies.

Architecture

Structure and Form

The Dome of the Rock is characterized by its fundamental octagonal plan. It is crowned by a dome, approximately 20 meters (66 ft) in diameter, which rests upon a raised circular drum supported by 16 columns and piers. This is encircled by an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns, creating an inner ambulatory. The exterior walls, also octagonal, measure roughly 60 meters (200 ft) wide and 36 meters (118 ft) high, forming a second, outer ambulatory. Both the drum and exterior walls feature numerous windows.

Interior Decoration

The interior is adorned with elaborate mosaics, faience, and marble. The inner colonnade showcases alternating light and dark stone voussoirs in its arches. While the precise origin of some marble treatments is debated, the mosaics and inscriptions, including Kufic script detailing the year of completion (AH 72 / 691–692 CE), are integral to its artistic and religious narrative. These inscriptions notably include verses from the Quran that affirm the prophetic status of Jesus.

Exterior Embellishments

The initial Umayyad scheme for the exterior involved mosaics and marble, similar to the interior. However, during the 16th century, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent replaced much of this with intricately designed Iznik-style tiles. These vibrant blue-and-white tiles, along with other decorative elements, were further restored and replicated in subsequent centuries, preserving the building's aesthetic grandeur.

Historical Trajectory

Pre-Islamic and Umayyad Foundations

Situated on the Temple Mount, the site of the First and Second Jewish Temples, the Dome of the Rock replaced Roman structures. Following the Muslim conquest in 638 CE, the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik initiated its construction, likely as a statement of Islamic identity and a spiritual counterpoint to Christian and Jewish landmarks in Jerusalem. Its design drew inspiration from Byzantine architectural precedents.

Crusader and Ayyubid/Mamluk Periods

After the Crusader conquest in 1099, the Dome was converted into a church. It was later reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine by Saladin in 1187. Subsequent periods under the Ayyubids and Mamluks saw continued patronage and restoration efforts, maintaining its status as a significant religious edifice.

Ottoman and Modern Eras

The Ottoman period, particularly under Suleiman the Magnificent, marked a significant phase of renovation, including the application of the iconic Iznik tiles. The building has endured earthquakes and undergone numerous restorations throughout the centuries, including major projects during the Jordanian and Israeli administrations, reflecting its enduring importance and the ongoing efforts to preserve it.

Religious Significance

Islamic Tradition

Muslims believe the Dome of the Rock commemorates the site of the Prophet Muhammad's miraculous Night Journey (Isra) and Ascension (Mi'raj), as referenced in Surah 17 of the Quran. The inscriptions within the dome emphasize the oneness of God and the prophetic nature of Jesus, serving as a theological statement within the sacred landscape of Jerusalem.

Jewish Tradition

In Jewish tradition, the Foundation Stone beneath the dome is considered the holiest site on Earth, the location of the Holy of Holies in the ancient Temples. It is believed to be the spot where God created the world and where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac. Many Orthodox rabbis advocate for reverence of the site, though access to the immediate vicinity is often debated due to religious law.

Influence and Depiction

Architectural Homages

The Dome of the Rock's distinctive octagonal form and aesthetic have inspired numerous architectural works across different cultures and eras. Examples include Renaissance paintings depicting the Temple of Jerusalem, Italian churches, synagogues in Budapest and Berlin, and mausoleums in Istanbul, showcasing its enduring impact on architectural design.

Numismatic Representation

The iconic silhouette of the Dome of the Rock has been featured on the currency of various Middle Eastern nations. Its appearance on banknotes from Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the historical Palestinian pound underscores its status as a powerful national and cultural symbol recognized across the region.

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References

Carol Delaney, Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth, Princeton University Press 2000 p.120.

Robert Schick, Archaeology and the Quran, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an

Ben-Dov, M. Historical Atlas of Jerusalem. Translated by David Louvish. New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 171

Sheila Blair, "What Is The Date Of The Dome Of The Rock?" in J. Raby & J. Johns (ed.), "Bayt Al-Maqdis: 'Abd al-Malik's Jerusalem", 1992, Part 1, Oxford University Press: Oxford (UK), pp. 59-87.

Stark, Rodney. God's Battalions; a Case for the Crusades. HarperCollins, NY, 2009, pp. 84â85.

The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, Jacob Burckhardt, Peter Murray, James C. Palmes, University of Chicago Press, 1986, p. 81

NecipoÄlu 2008, p. 99 (see note 200 for related discussion).

Clermont-Ganneau 1899, p. 179.

Braswell, G. Islam â Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 1996. p. 14

Ali, A. The Holy Qur'an â Translation and Commentary. Bronx, NY: Islamic Propagation Centre International. 1946. pp. 1625â31

Tanhuma Kedoshim 10

Stephen Spector, Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism, Oxford University Press, 2008 p. 202.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Dome of the Rock Wikipedia page

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This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be exhaustive or entirely current. It is presented with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview suitable for academic study.

This is not a substitute for professional consultation. The information provided herein does not constitute architectural, historical, religious, or any other form of professional advice. Always consult with qualified experts and refer to primary sources for in-depth understanding and specific applications.

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The Dome of the Rock

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🕌 Sacred Islamic Shrine

🏛️ Architectural Marvel

🌍 Global Significance

Architecture 🏛️

📐 Structure and Form

✨ Interior Decoration

🎨 Exterior Embellishments

Historical Trajectory ⏳

📜 Pre-Islamic and Umayyad Foundations

⚔️ Crusader and Ayyubid/Mamluk Periods

👑 Ottoman and Modern Eras

Religious Significance 🌟

☪️ Islamic Tradition

✡️ Jewish Tradition

Influence and Depiction 🖼️

🏛️ Architectural Homages

💰 Numismatic Representation

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Sacred Islamic Shrine

Architectural Marvel

Global Significance

Architecture

Structure and Form

Interior Decoration

Exterior Embellishments

Historical Trajectory

Pre-Islamic and Umayyad Foundations

Crusader and Ayyubid/Mamluk Periods

Ottoman and Modern Eras

Religious Significance

Islamic Tradition

Jewish Tradition

Influence and Depiction

Architectural Homages

Numismatic Representation

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice