What were Edward IV's two periods of reign as King of England, and what major conflict defined his time on the throne?

Edward IV reigned as King of England from March 4, 1461, to October 3, 1470, and again from April 11, 1471, until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions in England between 1455 and 1487.

When did Edward IV inherit the Yorkist claim to the throne, and under what circumstances did he first become king?

Edward IV inherited the Yorkist claim to the throne at the age of eighteen following the death of his father, Richard, Duke of York, at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. After securing victories at the Battles of Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461, he deposed King Henry VI and claimed the throne.

What role did Richard Neville, the "Kingmaker," play in Edward IV's reign, and what led to their conflict?

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the "Kingmaker," was Edward IV's chief advisor. Their relationship soured following Edward's secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, which Warwick had not been privy to and which challenged his influence over foreign policy and royal alliances.

What diplomatic agreement did Edward IV sign with Louis XI of France, and what was its significance?

In 1475, Edward IV invaded France but was persuaded by Louis XI to sign the Treaty of Picquigny. This agreement formally ended the Hundred Years' War, which had been in abeyance since 1453, and provided Edward with immediate financial compensation and a pension.

Who succeeded Edward IV, and what fate befell his young sons, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York?

Edward IV was briefly succeeded by his son, Edward V, upon his death in April 1483. However, Edward V and his younger brother, Richard, Duke of York, disappeared shortly thereafter, presumed murdered, while their uncle seized the throne as Richard III.

Where and when was Edward IV born, and who were his parents?

Edward IV was born on April 28, 1442, in Rouen, Normandy, France. His parents were Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville.

How did Edward IV's parents' lineage, particularly through Anne de Mortimer, contribute to his claim to the throne?

Both of Edward IV's parents were direct descendants of King Edward III. His claim was strengthened because his mother, Cecily Neville, was the senior descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, through her mother Anne de Mortimer, making Edward a senior heir by modern standards, although the exact interpretation of succession rules was debated at the time.

What physical characteristics were noted among Edward IV and his siblings, and how did they differ from their father?

Edward IV, along with his siblings George, Duke of Clarence, and Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, were described as tall and blonde, contrasting with their father, Richard, Duke of York, who was short and dark-haired. His youngest brother, Richard III, closely resembled their father.

What were the political and economic conditions in England during Edward IV's youth?

During Edward IV's youth, England experienced economic decline and military defeats abroad, compounded by a weak and corrupt central government. These issues contributed to the political instability that fueled the Wars of the Roses.

What was the significance of the Duke of York's appointment as chief governor of Ireland in 1447?

The Duke of York's appointment as chief governor of Ireland in 1447 occurred while English possessions in Northern France, except for Calais, were being lost to the French. This period also saw Henry VI's government become increasingly influenced by figures like the Duke of Somerset and Margaret of Anjou, exacerbating the political struggle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians.

What was the nature of the political conflict between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions in the 1450s?

The 1450s were dominated by intense political conflict between the Yorkist faction, led by Richard, Duke of York, and the Lancastrian faction, supported by figures like Margaret of Anjou. This rivalry intensified after the birth of Henry VI's son, Prince Edward, creating a viable Lancastrian heir.

What was Edward IV's (then Earl of March) role after his father's death at the Battle of Wakefield?

After his father Richard, Duke of York, and brother Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460, Edward, as the Earl of March, became the new head of the Yorkist party. He was tasked with dealing with a Lancastrian insurgency in Wales and subsequently led Yorkist forces to victory.

How was Edward IV described by contemporaries, and what was his physical stature?

Contemporaries like Philippe de Commines described Edward IV as handsome, affable, and energetic. He was unusually tall for the period, standing at 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm), and made a striking impression, often wearing splendid clothing to contrast with the frail King Henry VI.

What meteorological phenomenon occurred before the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, and what emblem did Edward adopt from it?

Before the Battle of Mortimer's Cross on February 2, 1461, a meteorological phenomenon known as a parhelion, or three suns, appeared in the sky. Edward IV adopted this as his emblem, the "Sun in Splendour."

What was the significance of the Battle of Towton in Edward IV's accession?

The Battle of Towton, fought on March 29, 1461, in a snowstorm, was the bloodiest battle on English soil. Edward IV's decisive victory there, following his win at Mortimer's Cross, solidified his claim to the throne and led to his coronation.

What happened to Henry VI after Edward IV's coronation?

After Edward IV's coronation, Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He remained there for over a year, as there was little immediate point in killing him while his son, the Lancastrian heir, was still alive and free.

Why was Edward IV initially reliant on the Neville family, and what event seemed to end the Lancastrian threat in 1464?

Edward IV initially relied heavily on the Nevilles because much of the nobility had either remained loyal to Henry VI or stayed neutral. The Lancastrian threat appeared to be significantly diminished after John Neville's victory at the Battle of Hexham in 1464.

What were the political implications of Edward IV's secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, particularly concerning his relationship with the Earl of Warwick?

Edward IV's secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, a widow of lower nobility, deeply angered the Earl of Warwick. This marriage demonstrated Edward's independence from Warwick's influence and led to a breakdown in their alliance, as Warwick had been negotiating a marriage alliance with France for Edward.

How did the Woodville family's rise to prominence affect the English nobility?

The marriage of Edward IV to Elizabeth Woodville led to the rapid rise of her twelve surviving siblings, who made advantageous marriages into prominent noble families. This created resentment among the established nobility, who felt their own opportunities for advantageous unions and access to royal favor were diminished.

What actions did the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence take in response to Edward IV's policies and the Woodville influence?

In response to Edward IV's perceived favoritism towards the Woodvilles and his dismissal of Warwick's brother, Warwick and Edward's brother, George, Duke of Clarence, formed an alliance. They defied Edward by marrying Clarence to Warwick's daughter, Isabel, and subsequently issued a 'remonstrance' against the king's advisors.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Edgecote Moor in 1469, and what happened to Edward IV afterward?

The royal army was defeated by a Neville force at the Battle of Edgecote Moor on July 24, 1469. Following this defeat, Edward IV was captured and held at Middleham Castle until September, when he was released and resumed the throne.

What led to Warwick and Clarence fleeing to France in May 1470?

Following the defeat of the 1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion, which Warwick and Clarence had exploited, they were forced to flee to France in May 1470. This rebellion was a consequence of tensions stemming from Edward IV's policies and the Neville family's perceived vulnerability.

Where did Edward IV seek refuge after his deposition in 1470, and who provided him with minimal support?

After being deposed in October 1470, Edward IV sought refuge in Bruges, Flanders, accompanied by a small group of loyal followers. He received minimal support from Charles the Bold, the ruler of the Duchy of Burgundy and husband of Edward's sister Margaret, a fact Edward did not forget.

What internal conflicts plagued the restored Lancastrian regime, and how did they affect Warwick and Clarence?

The restored Lancastrian regime was destabilized by the mental and physical frailties of Henry VI, leading to internal power struggles. The coalition that restored Henry, including Warwick and the Lancastrian Duke of Somerset, quickly found themselves at odds, with Warwick and Clarence becoming isolated by the new government.

When and where did Edward IV land in England to begin his restoration campaign in 1471?

In March 1471, Edward IV landed near Hull, England, with a force supported by Flemish merchants, initiating his campaign to regain the throne.

What were the decisive battles that led to Edward IV's second reign?

The decisive battles that led to Edward IV's second reign were the Battle of Barnet on April 14, 1471, where the Earl of Warwick was killed, and the Battle of Tewkesbury on May 4, 1471, which resulted in the death of the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster.

What happened to the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, and other leaders after the Battle of Tewkesbury?

After the Battle of Tewkesbury, the sixteen-year-old Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed on the battlefield. Surviving leaders, such as Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, were executed shortly afterward.

What was the fate of George, Duke of Clarence, and what was the likely reason for his execution?

George, Duke of Clarence, Edward IV's brother, was executed in the Tower of London on February 18, 1478. While popular legend claims he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine, this was likely a dark joke by Edward, referencing his favorite drink, and the execution was probably due to Clarence's suspected involvement in rebellions and his perceived disloyalty.

What was the outcome of Edward IV's invasion of France in 1475, and what treaty was signed?

Edward IV's invasion of France in 1475, intended to revive the Hundred Years' War, concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Picquigny. This treaty saw Edward receive a substantial immediate payment and a yearly pension from Louis XI, effectively ending the military campaign.

What financial benefits did Edward IV receive from the Treaty of Picquigny?

Through the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475, Edward IV received an immediate payment of 75,000 crowns and a subsequent annual pension of 50,000 crowns, which helped him recoup the costs of his expedition.

What foreign policy initiative did Edward IV support in 1482 involving Scotland, and what was its outcome?

In 1482, Edward IV supported Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, in an attempt to usurp the Scottish throne. His brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, invaded Scotland, but the campaign ultimately failed due to Albany switching sides and a lack of siege equipment, forcing a withdrawal with minimal gains.

What health issues did Edward IV experience in his later years, and what did his physicians attribute them to?

In his later years, Edward IV suffered from declining health and various ailments. His physicians attributed these issues partly to his habitual use of emetics, which allowed him to consume large quantities of food by inducing vomiting and starting meals anew.

When did Edward IV die, and where was he buried?

Edward IV died on April 9, 1483, at the age of 40. He was buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

What are the potential causes of Edward IV's death, according to historical speculation?

The exact cause of Edward IV's death remains uncertain. While allegations of poison were common in that era, other suggested causes include pneumonia, malaria, or apoplexy brought on by excess, which aligns with his known eating habits. One theory also suggests he may have died of syphilis.

What was the assessment of Edward IV's reign by historian Charles Ross, particularly regarding his succession planning?

Historian Charles Ross concluded that Edward IV "remains the only king in English history since 1066 in active possession of his throne who failed to secure the safe succession of his son." Ross attributed this lack of foresight to Edward's actions, which led to the "unhappy aftermath of his early death."

How did Edward IV's approach to governance and his use of power change after his restoration in 1471?

After his restoration in 1471, Edward IV became noticeably more ruthless, partly due to the failure to reconcile former enemies like the Duke of Somerset. This shift was also evident in his execution of his brother, the Duke of Clarence.

What was the impact of Edward IV's financial management, including the transfer of the Duchy of Lancaster and his investments?

Edward IV's financial management involved transferring the Duchy of Lancaster to the Crown and investing heavily in business ventures with the City of London. His staff also prepared the 'Black Book' in 1478, a comprehensive review of government finances that remained in use for a century.

What was the state of the Crown's finances upon Edward IV's death?

Upon Edward IV's death in 1483, the Crown had less than £1,200 in cash, indicating that his spending habitually exceeded income, despite the economy recovering from earlier depressions.

How did the shifting alliances between England, France, and Burgundy influence Edward IV's foreign policy and England's influence?

Edward IV's foreign policy was largely shaped by the diplomatic contest between England, France, and Burgundy. His pro-Burgundian stance was influenced by economic ties, but the death of Charles the Bold in 1477 and the subsequent Treaty of Arras in 1482 led to a decline in England's influence in the region.

How was Edward IV's court described, and what did he collect to display his royal status?

Edward IV's court was described as "the most splendid... in all Christendom." He collected fine clothes, jewels, furnishings, and beautifully illuminated manuscripts, often commissioned from craftsmen in Bruges, to showcase his power and wealth as king.

What types of manuscripts did Edward IV acquire, and what do they reveal about his interests?

Edward IV acquired manuscripts for both entertainment and instruction. His collection focused on subjects such as the lives of great rulers like Julius Caesar, historical chronicles, and instructional and religious works, revealing his interests in history and leadership.

When and where did William Caxton establish the first English printing press, and what was the first book he printed in English?

William Caxton established the first English printing press at Westminster Abbey in 1476. The first book he produced in English was "Sayengis of the Philosophres" in 1477, translated for Edward IV by his brother-in-law, Anthony Woodville.

How many children did Edward IV have with Elizabeth Woodville, and what was their status declared by *Titulus Regius*?

Edward IV had ten children with Elizabeth Woodville, seven of whom survived him. However, in 1484, the *Titulus Regius* declared these children illegitimate, rendering them ineligible for the throne.

Who was Edward IV's eldest daughter, and whom did she marry, ultimately uniting the houses of York and Lancaster?

Edward IV's eldest daughter was Elizabeth of York. She married Henry VII of England, the first Tudor king, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster and solidifying the Tudor claim to the throne.

Who were Edward IV's most famous mistresses, and what happened to Jane Shore?

Edward IV's most famous mistresses included Lady Eleanor Talbot and Elizabeth Lucy. His most well-known mistress was Jane Shore, who, after Edward's death, was compelled by Richard III to perform public penance, an event that paradoxically garnered her sympathy and praise.

Who is Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, and why is he historically significant?

Arthur Plantagenet was one of Edward IV's acknowledged illegitimate children. He is historically significant as the author of the Lisle Papers, an important source of information about the Tudor period.

What was the historical consensus regarding the fate of Edward IV's sons, the Princes in the Tower?

The historical consensus is that Edward IV's sons, Edward V and his younger brother Richard, Duke of York, were killed, likely between July and September 1483. Their uncle, Richard III, was the primary beneficiary of their disappearance.

What political alliance did Elizabeth Woodville form with Margaret Beaufort after her sons' disappearance?

Following the presumed deaths of her sons, Elizabeth Woodville opened secret negotiations with Margaret Beaufort. She pledged her support for Henry Tudor in exchange for his promise to marry her eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York.

On what grounds did Richard III declare his nephews illegitimate, thereby challenging their right to the throne?

Richard III declared his nephews, Edward V and Richard, illegitimate based on the argument that Edward IV's marriage to their mother, Elizabeth Woodville, was invalid. This claim was supported by the *Titulus Regius*, which cited an alleged prior marriage contract between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Talbot.

What happened to the *Titulus Regius* and Bishop Robert Stillington under Henry VII?

After securing the throne, Henry VII annulled the *Titulus Regius* and arrested Bishop Robert Stillington, who had claimed to have officiated the alleged pre-contract of marriage for Edward IV. Stillington died in prison in 1491.

Who were Edward IV's paternal grandparents?

Edward IV's paternal grandparents were Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, and Alianore Holland.

Edward Iv Wiki: The Rose of England: Edward IV

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Edward IV: A Royal Overview

King of England

Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) reigned as King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was a central figure in the tumultuous Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions.

Yorkist Ascendancy

Edward inherited the Yorkist claim to the throne at eighteen, following his father's death. He secured his claim through decisive military victories, notably at the Battle of Towton, deposing the Lancastrian King Henry VI and establishing his own rule.

A Reign of Two Halves

His reign was marked by periods of instability, including a brief deposition by Warwick the Kingmaker and the re-installation of Henry VI. Edward's eventual restoration solidified his power, leading to a more stable, albeit complex, second period of rule.

Noble Lineage and Claim

Royal Descent

Born in Rouen, France, Edward was the eldest surviving son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. Both parents were direct descendants of King Edward III, providing Edward with a strong, albeit contested, claim to the English throne.

The Yorkist Claim

Edward's claim was strengthened by his father's position as heir presumptive to the childless King Henry VI. The complex lineage, tracing through Edward III's third and second sons, became a focal point of the dynastic struggle.

Physical Contrasts

Edward and his siblings were noted for their striking physical resemblance to each other—tall and blonde—contrasting with their father's darker features. This led to contemporary speculation, though historians generally discount claims of illegitimacy.

Seizing the Throne

Early Military Prowess

At just eighteen, Edward inherited leadership of the Yorkist cause after his father's death at the Battle of Wakefield. He demonstrated considerable military skill and charisma, winning crucial battles like Mortimer's Cross and the decisive, albeit brutal, Battle of Towton in 1461.

Coronation and Deposition

Following his victories, Edward deposed Henry VI and was crowned King of England on 28 June 1461. His reign was interrupted in 1470 when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, allied with Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, to briefly restore Henry VI.

Restoration and Consolidation

Edward fled to Flanders, but swiftly returned in 1471, securing victory at the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. These battles eliminated key Lancastrian opposition, including Warwick and Prince Edward of Westminster, paving the way for Edward's triumphant return to the throne.

The King's Rule

First Reign (1461–1470)

Edward's initial years were marked by reliance on the powerful Neville family, particularly the Earl of Warwick. His secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in 1464 created significant political friction, alienating Warwick and contributing to the eventual rebellion.

Diplomacy and Treaties

A notable diplomatic achievement was the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475, which formally ended the Hundred Years' War. This treaty secured a substantial payment from France and a pension for Edward, easing financial pressures.

Financial Management

Edward's reign saw efforts to improve royal finances, including the preparation of the 'Black Book' for government accounting and investment in ventures with the City of London. However, his spending often outstripped income, leaving the Crown with limited cash upon his death.

Scottish Campaigns

In 1482, Edward supported an attempt to place his ally on the Scottish throne, leading to an invasion led by his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. While Edinburgh was taken, the campaign ultimately yielded limited territorial gains.

Royal Household and Heirs

Marriage to Elizabeth Woodville

Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, a Lancastrian widow, was politically controversial. Despite council objections, the union produced ten children, seven of whom survived Edward. This marriage significantly shifted political alliances and influenced the succession.

The Princes in the Tower

His eldest son, Edward V, was set to succeed him but disappeared along with his younger brother, Richard, Duke of York, shortly after Edward IV's death. Their uncle, Richard III, seized the throne, and the fate of the "Princes in the Tower" remains a subject of historical debate.

Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville had ten children:

Elizabeth of York (1466–1503), Queen consort to Henry VII.
Mary of York (1467–1482).
Cecily of York (1469–1507), Viscountess Welles.
Edward V (1470–c.1483), King of England.
Margaret of York (1472–1472).
Richard, Duke of York (1473–c.1483).
Anne of York (1475–1511), Lady Howard.
George, Duke of Bedford (1477–1479).
Catherine of York (1479–1527), Countess of Devon.
Bridget of York (1480–1507), a nun.

Edward also had several acknowledged illegitimate children.

Mistresses and Succession Issues

Edward was known to have several mistresses, the most famous being Jane Shore. The uncertainty surrounding the legitimacy of his marriage and the subsequent disappearance of his sons created a succession crisis that ultimately led to the end of the Yorkist dynasty.

Courtly Splendor and Patronage

A Splendid Court

Edward's court was renowned for its magnificence, described by contemporaries as the most splendid in Christendom. He invested heavily in luxurious furnishings, fine clothing, and jewels, projecting an image of royal power and wealth.

Patronage of Arts and Letters

The king was an avid collector of illuminated manuscripts, commissioning works from craftsmen in Bruges. His library included historical chronicles, biographies of rulers like Julius Caesar, and religious texts, reflecting his intellectual interests.

The Dawn of Printing

In 1476, William Caxton established the first English printing press near Westminster Abbey. Edward patronized this new technology, receiving the first printed book in England, Sayings of the Philosophers, translated for him.

Enduring Impact and Controversy

Succession Crisis

Edward's failure to ensure the secure succession of his son is widely seen as his greatest political failing. This oversight directly contributed to the rise of Richard III and the eventual victory of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

Historical Assessment

While early historians often dismissed Edward as a mere warrior, modern scholarship recognizes his administrative efforts and patronage. However, his reign is often overshadowed by the political instability and the tragic fate of his children.

Unresolved Questions

The cause of Edward's death remains uncertain, with theories ranging from illness to poison. The disappearance of the Princes in the Tower continues to fuel historical speculation about the actions of Richard III and the broader political machinations of the era.

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References

This resurfaced in the 17th century contest between England, the Dutch Republic, and France under Louis XIV.

Given-Wilson & Curteis 1984, pp. 158, 161â174.

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The Rose of England: Edward IV

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Edward IV: A Royal Overview 👑

👑 King of England

⚔️ Yorkist Ascendancy

⚖️ A Reign of Two Halves

Noble Lineage and Claim 🌳

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Royal Descent

📜 The Yorkist Claim

🤔 Physical Contrasts

Seizing the Throne ⚔️

⚡ Early Military Prowess

👑 Coronation and Deposition

🛡️ Restoration and Consolidation

The King's Rule 🏰

⚖️ First Reign (1461–1470)

🤝 Diplomacy and Treaties

💰 Financial Management

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scottish Campaigns

Royal Household and Heirs 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

💍 Marriage to Elizabeth Woodville

👑 The Princes in the Tower

💔 Mistresses and Succession Issues

Courtly Splendor and Patronage 🎨

✨ A Splendid Court

📚 Patronage of Arts and Letters

🖨️ The Dawn of Printing

Enduring Impact and Controversy 📜

📉 Succession Crisis

🤔 Historical Assessment

❓ Unresolved Questions

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Edward IV: A Royal Overview

King of England

Yorkist Ascendancy

A Reign of Two Halves

Noble Lineage and Claim

Royal Descent

The Yorkist Claim

Physical Contrasts

Seizing the Throne

Early Military Prowess

Coronation and Deposition

Restoration and Consolidation

The King's Rule

First Reign (1461–1470)

Diplomacy and Treaties

Financial Management

Scottish Campaigns

Royal Household and Heirs

Marriage to Elizabeth Woodville

The Princes in the Tower

Mistresses and Succession Issues

Courtly Splendor and Patronage

A Splendid Court

Patronage of Arts and Letters

The Dawn of Printing

Enduring Impact and Controversy

Succession Crisis

Historical Assessment

Unresolved Questions

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice