What are the various names and historical appellations associated with the city of Enna?

The city of Enna is known by several names. Its modern Italian name is Enna, with an Italian pronunciation of [ˈɛnna]. Historically, it was known in Ancient Greek as Ἔννα (Enna), in Latin as *Henna* (less frequently *Haenna*), and from the Middle Ages until 1926, it was called Castrogiovanni in Sicilian, which is Italianized as Castrugiuvanni.

What are the prominent nicknames given to Enna, and what do they signify?

Enna has earned the nicknames *belvedere*, meaning "panoramic viewpoint," and *ombelico* ("navel") of Sicily. These nicknames highlight its elevated position offering expansive views and its central location on the island.

Where is Enna geographically situated, and what is its significance in terms of elevation?

Enna is located roughly at the center of the island of Sicily, in southern Italy, within the province of Enna. It stands at an elevation of 931 meters (3,054 feet) above sea level, making it the highest provincial capital in Italy.

What is the approximate population of Enna?

As of 2025, Enna has an estimated population of 25,079 inhabitants. This figure indicates a population density of approximately 70 people per square kilometer (180 per square mile).

What evidence exists for human presence in the Enna area from prehistoric times?

Archaeological excavations in Enna have uncovered artifacts dating back to the 14th century BC, indicating human settlement in the area since Neolithic times.

Which ancient peoples are associated with the early settlement at the top of Enna's hill?

An early settlement, predating the 11th century BC, has been identified at the summit of Enna's hill. Some archaeological interpretations attribute this settlement to the Sicanians, with later occupation by the Sicels.

For what religious cult was Enna renowned in ancient Sicily and Italy?

In historical times, Enna became widely known for the cult of the goddess Demeter (known as Ceres in Roman mythology). Her sacred grove was considered the *umbilicus Siciliae*, or "The navel of Sicily," and her temple in Henna was a significant site of worship.

How did Dionysius I of Syracuse attempt to gain control of Enna?

Dionysius I of Syracuse made multiple attempts to control Enna. Initially, he encouraged a citizen named Aeimnestus to seize power, and later, after assisting the Ennaeans in overthrowing Aeimnestus, Dionysius I himself took control of the city through betrayal in 397 BC.

What role did Enna play during the First Punic War?

During the First Punic War, Enna was captured by the Carthaginians under Hamilcar. Subsequently, the Romans recaptured the city, but both instances involved treachery rather than direct military force.

What tragic event occurred in Enna during the Second Punic War under the Roman governor Pinarius?

In the Second Punic War, around 214 BC, the Roman governor Pinarius, fearing defection, ordered the massacre of the citizens of Enna. He had them gathered in the theater, where they were all killed by the Roman garrison, after which the soldiers were permitted to plunder the city.

What was Enna's role in the First Servile War, and what was its fate according to Strabo?

Eighty years after the Second Punic War, Enna became a focal point of the First Servile War in Sicily (134-132 BC), led by Eunus. It was the last city to resist the proconsul Rupilius and was eventually betrayed into his hands. Strabo noted that the city suffered significant damage after Roman control was re-established, suggesting this marked the beginning of its decline.

Who was Nicomachus Flavianus, and what is his connection to Enna during the late Roman Empire?

Nicomachus Flavianus was a politician and grammarian who, around 408 AD, worked on an edition of Livy's historical works during a stay at his estate in Enna. This activity is recorded in the subscriptions of Livy's manuscripts.

What was Enna's status during the Byzantine period, and how was it captured by Muslim forces?

Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Enna served as an important Byzantine stronghold. In 859 AD, during the Islamic conquest of Sicily, after several attempts and a prolonged siege, Muslim troops captured the town by infiltrating it through a sewer, leading to the massacre of 8,000 residents.

What was the Arabic name given to Enna during the Islamic conquest, and what does it mean?

During the Islamic conquest, the city was known in Arabic as *Qaṣr Yānih* (قصر يانه), which translates to "Fort of John." This name was a combination of *qaṣr* (derived from the Latin *castrum*, meaning "fortress") and a corruption of *Henna*.

When did the Normans capture Enna, and what significant structure was established there by Frederick II?

The Normans captured Enna in 1087. Later, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, established a summer residence in Enna, which is now known as the *Torre di Federico* (Frederick Tower).

What is the origin of the Gallo-Italic dialects spoken in the Enna region?

The presence of Gallo-Italic dialects in Enna and neighboring towns like Nicosia and Piazza Armerina dates back to the settlement of soldiers from Northern Italy, including regions like Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria, and Emilia-Romagna, during the medieval period.

How did Enna serve as a strategic location during the War of the Sicilian Vespers?

During the Angevin invasion of Sicily in 1299, King Frederick III of Sicily chose the highly defensible city of Enna as his headquarters. Enna's strategic position helped block the Angevin advance into central Sicily, and an Angevin army attempting to reach the city was defeated at the Battle of Gagliano in 1300.

When was Enna restored as a provincial capital, and what significant educational development occurred in 2002?

Enna was re-established as a provincial capital in the 1920s. In 2002, it also became a university city with the official founding of the Kore University of Enna.

What is notable about the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Enna?

The citizens of Enna exhibit a high incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS). This prevalence is comparable to Sardinia, which has the second-highest incidence of MS in the Mediterranean basin.

In classical mythology, what significant event is said to have occurred in the vicinity of Enna?

The area around Enna is famously associated with the myth of Persephone (known as Proserpine in Latin), the daughter of Demeter, who was abducted by Pluto, the god of the underworld. This event is traditionally linked to the changing of the seasons.

Which Greek deities are associated with the myth of Persephone's abduction in Enna?

The primary deities associated with the myth of Persephone's abduction in Enna are Persephone herself, her mother Demeter (goddess of agriculture), and Pluto (god of the underworld), who carried her away.

How did ancient authors describe the location associated with Persephone's abduction, and how does it compare to modern observations?

Ancient authors like Ovid and Claudian referred to a lake called "Pergus" or "Hennaeus lacus." Cicero mentioned numerous lakes and groves with abundant flowers, while Diodorus described a meadow full of fragrant flowers, enclosed by steep cliffs. Modern travelers noted that by the 19th century, the area had become bare and desolate, though a small lake and a cavern fitting some descriptions were identified.

What was the significance of the temple of Ceres in Enna, according to Cicero?

According to Cicero, the temple of Ceres in Enna was of great antiquity and sanctity, inspiring deep religious awe in Sicilians. He noted that Verres looted a bronze image of the deity from it, which was considered the most ancient and venerated statue of Ceres in Sicily.

What Köppen climate classification subtype does Enna have?

Enna has a climate classified as Csa under the Köppen climate classification system, which signifies a Mediterranean climate, often characterized by hot summers.

What are the average monthly temperatures in Enna?

Enna experiences a range of average monthly temperatures. The daily mean temperature is around 5.6°C (42.1°F) in January, rising to a peak of about 23.7°C (74.7°F) in August, before cooling down to 7.0°C (44.6°F) in December.

What is the average annual precipitation in Enna?

Enna receives an average of 635.3 mm (25.01 inches) of precipitation annually. The wettest months are typically November and January, while July experiences the least rainfall.

How has the population of Enna changed historically, based on the provided table?

The population of Enna has fluctuated significantly throughout its recorded history. It saw growth from 1861 to 1921, then a sharp decline by 1931, followed by recovery and gradual increase until around 2011, after which it has shown a downward trend.

What was the population of Enna in 1861, and what was the trend until 1921?

In 1861, Enna had a population of 14,452. The population generally increased over the following decades, reaching 28,645 by 1911 and 31,879 by 1921, indicating a period of growth.

What significant population decrease occurred between 1921 and 1931?

Between 1921 and 1931, Enna experienced a notable population decrease of 29.8%, dropping from 31,879 to 22,371 inhabitants.

What do coins minted for Enna under Roman dominion reveal about its ancient name?

Coins minted for Enna during the Roman period bear the legend "MUN. (Municipium) HENNA," confirming that *Henna* was the form of its ancient name used at that time.

What is the historical significance of the Lombardy Castle (Castello di Lombarda) in Enna?

The Lombardy Castle is a significant example of military architecture in Sicily. It was originally built by the Sicanians, later rebuilt by Frederick II of Sicily, and restructured by Frederick II of Aragon. It is named after the Lombard troops who garrisoned it during the Norman era.

What are the key features of the Lombardy Castle, including its towers and internal divisions?

The Lombardy Castle originally featured an irregular layout with twenty towers, though only six remain today. The best-preserved is the *Torre Pisana*. The castle was divided into three distinct areas separated by walls: the first courtyard contains an outdoor theater, the second is a large park, and the third includes remnants of royal apartments, a bishop's chapel, medieval prisons, and the *Pisan Tower*.

When was Enna Cathedral built, and what major event led to its renovation?

Enna Cathedral was constructed in the 14th century by Queen Eleanor of Anjou, wife of Frederick II of Aragon. It underwent significant renovation and remodeling after a fire occurred in 1446.

What architectural styles and artworks are found within Enna Cathedral?

The cathedral features a large Baroque facade made of yellow tufa-stone, topped by a massive campanile. Inside, it has a nave with two aisles separated by Corinthian columns and three apses. The interior is adorned with 16th and 17th-century stucco decorations, a 15th-century crucifix panel painting, a canvas by Guglielmo Borremans, and presbytery paintings by Filippo Paladini from 1613.

What is housed in the Alessi Museum within Enna Cathedral?

The Alessi Museum, located within Enna Cathedral, contains the cathedral's treasure, which includes precious ornaments, a gold crown adorned with diamonds known as the "Crown of the Virgin," Byzantine icons, and thousands of ancient coins, among other collections.

What is the purpose of Palazzo Varisano, and what does it contain?

Palazzo Varisano has been adapted to house the Regional Archaeological Museum of Enna. This museum displays artifacts spanning from the Copper Age to the 6th century AD, sourced from various archaeological sites within the Province of Enna.

What is the historical significance of the Torre di Federico?

The Torre di Federico is an octagonal ancient tower believed to have been a summer residence of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. It is part of what was once known as the "Old castle," which was destroyed by the Arabs, with remnants of its walls still visible.

What is the Janniscuru Gate, and what is its historical context?

The Janniscuru Gate is the sole surviving entrance of the seven gates that once pierced Enna's town wall. It is a notable 17th-century Roman-style arch situated in an area of rock grottoes beneath the ancient Fundrisi quarter, which were historically used as a necropolis.

What is the significance of Lake Pergusa in relation to mythology and nature?

Lake Pergusa is significant both mythologically and ecologically. It is traditionally identified as the site where Persephone was abducted by Pluto, an event linked to the origin of the seasons. Ecologically, the lake is part of an important migratory flyway for birds and supports diverse wildlife.

What is the Autodromo di Pergusa, and what notable events has it hosted?

The Autodromo di Pergusa is a prominent racing circuit located near Lake Pergusa, considered the most important in Southern Italy. It has hosted major international competitions, including Formula One, Formula 3000, and a Ferrari Festival featuring Michael Schumacher.

What archaeological remains are found near Lake Pergusa, and what do they represent?

Near Lake Pergusa, the archaeological site of Cozzo Matrice contains the remains of an ancient prehistoric fortified village dating back to approximately 8000 BC. Additionally, there are remnants of a sacred citadel, a necropolis, and an ancient temple dedicated to Demeter, dating back over 2000 years.

Who is the current mayor of Enna?

The current mayor of Enna is Maurizio Dipietro.

Which cities are twinned with Enna?

Enna has sister city agreements with Mancomunidad de la Costa del Sol Occidental in Spain, Kastoria in Greece, Għarb in Malta, Craiova in Romania, and Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in the United Kingdom.

Who are some notable individuals associated with Enna?

Notable individuals associated with Enna include Salvatore Martinez, an Italian scholar and author born in 1966, and Luigi "Louis" Mangione, an immigrant born in 1890 who became a progenitor of the Mangione family of Maryland.

What does the ancient Greek name for Enna, Ἕννα, suggest about the city's name?

The ancient Greek name for Enna, Ἕννα (Enna), along with the Latin *Henna* and coins bearing "MUN. HENNA," suggests that *Henna* is the more historically accurate form of the city's ancient name, although Enna is more commonly used today.

What is the Kore University of Enna, and when was it founded?

The Kore University of Enna is an educational institution officially founded in 2002, making Enna a university city.

What is the significance of the *Torre Pisana* within the Lombardy Castle?

The *Torre Pisana* is the best-preserved tower among the remaining six towers of the Lombardy Castle in Enna. It features Guelph merlons, indicating its historical architectural style.

What artistic works are mentioned as being housed in Enna Cathedral?

Enna Cathedral houses several notable artworks, including a 15th-century crucifix panel painting, a canvas by Guglielmo Borremans, presbytery paintings by Filippo Paladini (1613), and a Baroque side portal.

What is the *Selva Pergusina*?

The *Selva Pergusina*, meaning "Pergusa's Wood," is an important forest and green area that surrounds a portion of the Lake Pergusa Valley, adding to the natural landscape associated with the mythological site.

Enna Wiki: Enna: Sicily's Highland Heartbeat

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Enna: The Navel of Sicily

City Overview

Enna, historically known as Castrogiovanni until 1927, is a city and comune situated at the approximate center of Sicily, southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Enna. Towering above the surrounding landscape, Enna is renowned for its elevated position, earning it the nicknames belvedere (panoramic viewpoint) and ombelico (“navel”) of Sicily.

Geographical Significance

At an elevation of 931 meters (3,054 feet) above sea level, Enna holds the distinction of being the highest provincial capital in Italy. Its strategic central location was recognized even in antiquity by figures like Cicero, who described it as being within a day's journey of all three Sicilian coasts.

Ancient Roots

Archaeological findings indicate human presence in the Enna region dating back to the Neolithic period. The area was a significant center for the cult of the goddess Demeter (Ceres in Roman mythology), with her temple in Henna being a famed site of worship, often referred to as the umbilicus Siciliae.

A Tapestry of History

Ancient Fortifications

Enna's strategic hilltop location made it a formidable natural fortress, surrounded by precipitous cliffs. Throughout antiquity, it was a contested city, changing hands between powers like Syracuse under Dionysius I and Agathocles, and the Romans during the Punic Wars. Its capture often involved treachery rather than direct assault.

Medieval Stronghold

Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Enna flourished as a Byzantine stronghold. During the Islamic conquest of Sicily in 859, the city was captured after a siege, resulting in a significant massacre of its inhabitants. Later, the Normans captured Enna in 1087. Frederick II established a summer residence here, the Torre di Federico.

Sicilian Vespers and Beyond

Enna played a crucial role during the Sicilian Vespers and the subsequent War of the Sicilian Vespers. King Frederick III of Sicily used the defensible city as his headquarters, and his troops successfully repelled Angevin forces. The city experienced periods of communal autonomy but later suffered under Spanish rule.

Echoes of Myth

The Rape of Persephone

The region around Enna is famously linked to the myth of Persephone (Proserpine), daughter of Demeter. According to legend, she was abducted by Pluto, the god of the underworld, from a meadow near Enna. This event is said to have given rise to the cycle of seasons, with Persephone's return to her mother marking spring and summer, and her descent to the underworld signifying autumn and winter.

Sacred Landscapes

The area was considered sacred to Demeter, with a renowned temple dedicated to her. Ancient descriptions mention abundant flowers and groves, contributing to the region's association with fertility and the underworld. The nearby Lake Pergusa is traditionally identified as the site of Persephone's abduction.

Climate Profile

Mediterranean Influence

Enna experiences a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Its high altitude influences its weather patterns, often resulting in cooler temperatures compared to coastal Sicilian cities, especially during summer evenings.

Climate data for Enna (1991–2020, extremes 1946–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	20.4 (68.7)	19.8 (67.6)	24.4 (75.9)	24.8 (76.6)	30.2 (86.4)	34.8 (94.6)	37.0 (98.6)	37.4 (99.3)	37.4 (99.3)	28.6 (83.5)	23.4 (74.1)	21.0 (69.8)	37.4 (99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	8.4 (47.1)	8.8 (47.8)	11.5 (52.7)	14.8 (58.6)	20.2 (68.4)	26.0 (78.8)	29.3 (84.7)	29.5 (85.1)	24.1 (75.4)	19.4 (66.9)	13.9 (57.0)	9.7 (49.5)	18.0 (64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	5.6 (42.1)	5.4 (41.7)	7.6 (45.7)	10.4 (50.7)	15.3 (59.5)	20.6 (69.1)	23.5 (74.3)	23.7 (74.7)	19.0 (66.2)	15.3 (59.5)	10.7 (51.3)	7.0 (44.6)	13.7 (56.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	3.5 (38.3)	3.2 (37.8)	4.9 (40.8)	7.3 (45.1)	11.6 (52.9)	16.6 (61.9)	19.4 (66.9)	19.9 (67.8)	15.7 (60.3)	12.7 (54.9)	8.6 (47.5)	5.2 (41.4)	10.7 (51.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−5.8 (21.6)	−5.4 (22.3)	−7.0 (19.4)	−1.4 (29.5)	0.6 (33.1)	6.8 (44.2)	9.4 (48.9)	11.4 (52.5)	8.4 (47.1)	3.2 (37.8)	−1.2 (29.8)	−5.2 (22.6)	−7.0 (19.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	82.4 (3.24)	65.0 (2.56)	67.2 (2.65)	78.7 (3.10)	27.1 (1.07)	25.1 (0.99)	11.1 (0.44)	32.2 (1.27)	45.4 (1.79)	69.1 (2.72)	68.0 (2.68)	64.1 (2.52)	635.3 (25.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	8.4	8.2	7.7	6.4	3.6	2.4	1.3	2.8	5.0	6.2	7.3	8.2	67.3
Average relative humidity (%)	78.4	76.2	70.9	68.6	61.8	56.3	55.9	58.1	69.0	73.9	79.0	81.5	69.1
Average dew point °C (°F)	2.5 (36.5)	1.8 (35.2)	2.2 (36.0)	4.3 (39.7)	6.7 (44.1)	9.7 (49.5)	12.2 (54.0)	13.3 (55.9)	12.8 (55.0)	10.6 (51.1)	7.7 (45.9)	4.6 (40.3)	7.4 (45.3)

Source: NOAA, Servizio Meteorologico

Population Dynamics

Historical Trends

Enna's population has seen fluctuations throughout its history. After a significant decline in the early 20th century, it experienced growth in the mid-20th century before a more recent period of stabilization or slight decline, reflecting broader demographic trends in the region.

Historical Population
Year	Pop.	±%
1861	14,452	—
1901	25,823	+38.3%
1951	27,263	+15.6%
2001	28,983	+2.5%
2021	25,815	−7.5%

Source: ISTAT

Current Status

As of recent estimates, Enna has approximately 25,000 inhabitants. The population density is around 70 people per square kilometer, reflecting its relatively large municipal area.

Culture and Education

University City

Enna has evolved into an important center for archaeological and educational pursuits. The Kore University of Enna, officially established in 2002, contributes to the city's vibrant academic atmosphere and cultural development.

Linguistic Heritage

While Italian is the official language, the region has historical ties to Gallo-Italic dialects, stemming from the settlement of soldiers from Northern Italy during the medieval period. This linguistic influence is a unique aspect of Enna's cultural landscape.

Key Landmarks

Lombardy Castle

A significant example of military architecture, the Lombardy Castle (Castello di Lombardia) has a rich history, with origins attributed to the Sicanians and later reconstructions by Frederick II. Its remaining towers and courtyards offer insights into its past defensive and royal functions.

Enna Cathedral

Built in the 14th century and later renovated, the Enna Cathedral showcases a blend of architectural styles, including a notable Baroque facade and a 15th-century campanile. Its interior houses significant artworks and a treasure collection, including Byzantine icons and ancient coins.

Archaeological Museum

Housed in the Palazzo Varisano, the Regional Archaeological Museum of Enna displays artifacts spanning from the Copper Age to the 6th century AD, recovered from various archaeological sites within the province, offering a comprehensive view of the region's ancient past.

Lake Pergusa

Located near Enna, Lake Pergusa is significant both ecologically as a migratory bird flyway and mythologically as the traditional site of Persephone's abduction. The area also hosts the Autodromo di Pergusa, a racing circuit that has hosted international motorsport events.

Governance Structure

Municipal Administration

Enna operates as a comune, a fundamental administrative division in Italy. The city is led by a mayor and a council, responsible for local governance and services. The current mayor is Maurizio Dipietro.

Provincial Capital

As the capital of the Province of Enna, the city serves as a regional administrative hub within Sicily. The province itself encompasses various municipalities, contributing to the diverse cultural and economic landscape of central Sicily.

Notable Figures

Scholars and Authors

Enna is associated with notable individuals, including Salvatore Martinez, an Italian scholar and author born in 1966. The city also has connections to historical figures through its long and storied past.

Community Ties

The city's history is intertwined with various communities, including the descendants of soldiers who settled there, contributing to the unique cultural fabric of Enna and its surrounding areas.

Sources

Cited Information

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References

Paul Fregosi (1998) Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries, pp. 132-133.

Ovid, Met. v. 385-408; Claudian, de Rapt. Proserp. ii.; Diod. v. 3.

Fazello, Tommaso x. 2. p. 444; M. of Ormonde, p. 92.

Climate Summary for Enna, Italy

A full list of references for this article are available at the Enna Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date. It is not a substitute for professional historical, geographical, or cultural consultation.

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Enna: Sicily's Highland Heartbeat

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Enna: The Navel of Sicily 📍

🏛️ City Overview

⛰️ Geographical Significance

🌍 Ancient Roots

A Tapestry of History 📜

⚔️ Ancient Fortifications

🛡️ Medieval Stronghold

👑 Sicilian Vespers and Beyond

Echoes of Myth 🏺

🌿 The Rape of Persephone

🌸 Sacred Landscapes

Climate Profile ☀️

🌡️ Mediterranean Influence

Population Dynamics 👥

📈 Historical Trends

🏠 Current Status

Culture and Education 🎓

🏛️ University City

🗣️ Linguistic Heritage

Key Landmarks 🏛️

🏰 Lombardy Castle

⛪ Enna Cathedral

🏛️ Archaeological Museum

🌳 Lake Pergusa

Governance Structure ⚖️

🏛️ Municipal Administration

🗺️ Provincial Capital

Notable Figures ⭐

✍️ Scholars and Authors

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Community Ties

Sources 📚

🔗 Cited Information

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Enna: The Navel of Sicily

City Overview

Geographical Significance

Ancient Roots

A Tapestry of History

Ancient Fortifications

Medieval Stronghold

Sicilian Vespers and Beyond

Echoes of Myth

The Rape of Persephone

Sacred Landscapes

Climate Profile

Mediterranean Influence

Population Dynamics

Historical Trends

Current Status

Culture and Education

University City

Linguistic Heritage

Key Landmarks

Lombardy Castle

Enna Cathedral

Archaeological Museum

Lake Pergusa

Governance Structure

Municipal Administration

Provincial Capital

Notable Figures

Scholars and Authors

Community Ties

Sources

Cited Information

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice