What is a European Capital of Culture?

A European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year. During this year, the city organizes a series of cultural events that have a strong pan-European dimension.

What are the potential benefits for a city designated as a European Capital of Culture?

Being a European Capital of Culture can bring significant cultural, social, and economic advantages. It can stimulate urban regeneration, help change the city's image, and increase its visibility and profile on an international scale. It's also common for multiple cities to share the title simultaneously.

Who originally proposed the idea of an annual City of Culture?

The concept originated in 1985 with Melina Mercouri, who was Greece's Minister of Culture at the time, and her French counterpart, Jack Lang. They envisioned a project to bring Europeans closer together by celebrating the diversity and richness of European cultures and highlighting shared values and history.

When was the European City of Culture program launched, and which city was the first to hold the title?

The program, initially called the European City of Culture, was launched in the summer of 1985. Athens was the first city to be designated with this title.

When did the European City of Culture program change its name to European Capital of Culture?

The program was renamed the European Capital of Culture in 1999.

How does the European Union manage the designation of European Capitals of Culture?

The European Commission manages the title. The formal designation of European Capitals of Culture is carried out annually by the Council of Ministers of the European Union. Over 60 cities have received this designation to date.

What is the eligibility criteria for cities applying to be a European Capital of Culture from 2021 onwards?

For two of the designated capitals each year, only cities within EU member states are eligible. However, from 2021, and recurring every three years, a third capital is chosen from cities in countries that are either candidates or potential candidates for EU membership, or those part of the European Economic Area (EEA).

What did the 2004 Palmer report reveal about the impact of the European Capital of Culture designation?

The Palmer report, conducted for the European Commission, demonstrated that the designation of a European Capital of Culture acted as a catalyst for cultural development and city transformation. Consequently, the socio-economic benefits and impact on the chosen city are now considered in the selection process.

Why were UK cities disqualified from bidding for the 2023 European Capital of Culture title?

UK cities bidding for the 2023 title were disqualified in November 2017 because the United Kingdom was planning to leave the European Union before 2023. This decision made them ineligible to hold the title after 2019.

What was the original motivation behind creating the European City of Culture program?

Melina Mercouri, Greece's Minister of Culture, initiated the idea because she felt that culture was not receiving the same level of attention as politics and economics. She believed a project promoting European cultures within member states was necessary to foster unity.

How has the approach to city branding within the European Capital of Culture initiative changed over time?

After 35 years, the initiative has shifted from a top-down branding strategy to a more inclusive, bottom-up approach. This change is evident in the rise of innovative online projects and the increased involvement of diverse participants like volunteers, community activists, bloggers, and interpreters in shaping the creative landscape of designated cities.

Can you provide an example of a community-driven cultural initiative mentioned in the text?

In Galway, Ireland, a platform called Blue Tram was launched by Polish journalist Malgosia Doczyk. Inspired by previous ECOC experiences, this platform aims to foster creative exchange and collaboration among artists and residents.

What role did Tatyana Garkavaya play in promoting community-driven culture within the ECOC initiative?

Tatyana Garkavaya established a networking platform connecting creative professionals from various ECOC cities, such as Plovdiv 2019 and Galway 2020. Her initiative, Cultural Insights, also extends her academic research into overlooked narratives within local creative communities, amplifying the voices of artists often marginalized in mainstream dialogue.

What was the situation in Plovdiv 2019 regarding public engagement and official programming?

The official program for Plovdiv 2019 faced numerous scandals and a lack of public engagement. The official channels struggled to promote the event effectively and connect with local participants, leading to widespread disillusionment, which Garkavaya's platform aimed to counteract by providing a space for grassroots collaboration.

Which cities were the European Capitals of Culture for 2025?

The European Capitals of Culture for 2025 are Nova Gorica in Slovenia, paired with Gorizia in Italy, and Chemnitz in Germany.

What was unique about the designation of European Capitals of Culture in the year 2000?

The year 2000 was recognized as the millennium year, and the designation was handled specially to emphasize the enduring heritage and contribution of European cities to world culture. Nine cities were chosen, including two from countries that were soon to join the EU.

Which city held the title of European Capital of Culture in 1985?

Athens was the first European Capital of Culture in 1985.

Which city was the European Capital of Culture in 1990?

Glasgow held the title of European Capital of Culture in 1990.

Which cities shared the title of European Capital of Culture in 2002?

Bruges in Belgium and Salamanca in Spain were the European Capitals of Culture in 2002.

Which Italian and French cities were designated European Capitals of Culture in 2004?

Genoa, Italy, and Lille, France, were the European Capitals of Culture in 2004.

Which Norwegian city was a European Capital of Culture in 2008?

Stavanger, Norway, was a European Capital of Culture in 2008.

Which cities represented Austria and Lithuania as European Capitals of Culture in 2009?

Linz represented Austria, and Vilnius represented Lithuania as European Capitals of Culture in 2009.

Which German, Turkish, and Hungarian cities were designated European Capitals of Culture in 2010?

Essen (representing the Ruhr area) was the German ECOC, Istanbul was the Turkish ECOC, and Pécs was the Hungarian ECOC in 2010.

Which Baltic cities held the title of European Capital of Culture in 2011?

Tallinn, Estonia, and Turku, Finland, were the European Capitals of Culture in 2011.

Which cities in Portugal and Slovenia were European Capitals of Culture in 2012?

Guimarães was the European Capital of Culture for Portugal, and Maribor was for Slovenia in 2012.

Which cities in Slovakia and France held the title in 2013?

Košice was the European Capital of Culture for Slovakia, and Marseille was for France in 2013.

Which cities in Latvia and Sweden were designated European Capitals of Culture in 2014?

Riga was the European Capital of Culture for Latvia, and Umeå was for Sweden in 2014.

Which Belgian and Czech cities were European Capitals of Culture in 2015?

Mons, Belgium, and Plzeň, Czech Republic, were the European Capitals of Culture in 2015.

Which Spanish and Polish cities were designated European Capitals of Culture in 2016?

San Sebastián was the European Capital of Culture for Spain, and Wrocław was for Poland in 2016.

Which Danish and Cypriot cities were European Capitals of Culture in 2017?

Aarhus was the European Capital of Culture for Denmark, and Paphos was for Cyprus in 2017.

Which Dutch and Maltese cities held the title in 2018?

Leeuwarden was the European Capital of Culture for the Netherlands, and Valletta was for Malta in 2018.

Which Bulgarian and Italian cities were European Capitals of Culture in 2019?

Plovdiv was the European Capital of Culture for Bulgaria, and Matera was for Italy in 2019.

Which cities were designated European Capitals of Culture for 2020, with an extension into 2021 due to the pandemic?

Galway, Ireland, and Rijeka, Croatia, were designated European Capitals of Culture for 2020, with their terms extended into April 2021.

Which three cities were designated European Capitals of Culture for 2022?

The European Capitals of Culture for 2022 were Kaunas (Lithuania), Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg), and Novi Sad (Serbia).

Which cities served as European Capitals of Culture in 2023?

The European Capitals of Culture for 2023 were Veszprém (Hungary), Timișoara (Romania), and Elefsina (Greece).

Which cities were designated European Capitals of Culture for 2024?

The European Capitals of Culture for 2024 are Tartu (Estonia), Bad Ischl (Austria), and Bodø (Norway).

What is the purpose of the 'New Voices in Creative Capitals' section of the article?

This section highlights a shift in the European Capital of Culture initiative towards more community-driven culture. It showcases how online projects and grassroots collaborations are becoming increasingly important in shaping the cultural landscape of designated cities.

What is the significance of the map showing European Capitals of Culture?

The map visually represents the locations of past, current, and future European Capitals of Culture. It uses different colors (green for current, red for past, blue for future) to distinguish the status of these cities, providing a geographical overview of the initiative's reach.

What does the 'See also' section suggest related topics are?

The 'See also' section lists related cultural designations and initiatives, such as the American Capital of Culture, Arab Capital of Culture, European Green Capital Award, European Youth Capital, European Region of Gastronomy, and UK City of Culture.

What is the role of the 'Candidate cities' column in the list of European Capitals of Culture?

The 'Candidate cities' column lists other cities that bid for the title in the same year but were not selected. This provides context on the competitive nature of the selection process.

What is the 'European Capital of Culture' logo used for?

The logo is used by the European Commission to visually represent the European Capital of Culture designation.

What does the footnote regarding the UK's 2023 bid reveal about post-Brexit eligibility?

The footnote clarifies that after the UK's decision to leave the European Union, UK cities were no longer eligible to hold the title of European Capital of Culture after 2019. This led to the disqualification of bids for the 2023 title.

What is the framework for selecting Capitals of Culture from non-EU countries?

Starting from 2021, every third year, a capital can be chosen from countries that are candidates, potential candidates for EU membership, or members of the European Economic Area (EEA). This allows cities from countries like Norway, Iceland, or Turkey to participate.

What is the purpose of the 'Authority control' section at the end of the article?

The 'Authority control' section provides links to various databases (like GND, Library of Congress, Czech National Library) that catalog information about the European Capital of Culture initiative. This helps in standardizing and organizing data related to the topic.

Which cities are slated to be European Capitals of Culture in 2026?

Oulu in Finland and Trenčín in Slovakia are designated as European Capitals of Culture for 2026.

Which cities are scheduled to be European Capitals of Culture in 2027?

Évora in Portugal and Liepāja in Latvia are the designated European Capitals of Culture for 2027.

Which French and Czech cities will be European Capitals of Culture in 2028?

Bourges will be the European Capital of Culture for France, and České Budějovice will represent the Czech Republic in 2028.

Which cities are designated as European Capitals of Culture for 2029?

Kiruna in Sweden and Lublin in Poland are the designated European Capitals of Culture for 2029.

Which cities are currently shortlisted or designated for European Capital of Culture in 2030?

For 2030, Cyprus has shortlisted Larnaca and Limassol. Additionally, Lviv (Ukraine) and Nikšić (Montenegro) are candidates from non-EU countries for a 2030 designation.

What is the status of the European Capital of Culture designation for 2031?

For 2031, Malta has candidates Birgu and Victoria. Spain is also beginning its selection process for a 2031 designation.

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Concept

Defining the Initiative

A European Capital of Culture (ECoC) is a city designated by the European Union for a one-year period. During this year, the city hosts a series of cultural events with a significant pan-European dimension. This designation aims to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures, fostering an awareness of their shared history and values.

Benefits for Cities

Being designated as a European Capital of Culture offers substantial opportunities for a city. It can serve as a powerful catalyst for urban regeneration, significantly enhancing the city's image and raising its profile on an international scale. The initiative also drives considerable cultural, social, and economic benefits, creating a lasting legacy.

Collaborative Spirit

The program allows for multiple cities to share the title simultaneously, promoting cross-border collaboration and cultural exchange. This collaborative approach underscores the EU's commitment to cultural diversity and mutual understanding among its member states and associated countries.

Origins

The Vision of Mercouri and Lang

The concept originated in 1983 with Melina Mercouri, Greece's Minister of Culture, and her French counterpart, Jack Lang. Mercouri believed that culture was often overshadowed by politics and economics. She envisioned a project to promote European cultures within member states, fostering greater European unity. The initiative was initially named the "European City of Culture" and launched in 1985 with Athens as the first titleholder.

Evolution of the Title

Over the years, the program evolved. In 1999, the title was officially renamed "European Capital of Culture" (ECoC). This rebranding reflected the growing scope and ambition of the initiative, solidifying its role in promoting European identity and cultural dialogue.

Selection Process

Expert Evaluation

An international panel of cultural experts is responsible for evaluating the proposals submitted by cities. They assess these bids based on criteria established by the European Union, ensuring that selected cities demonstrate a strong cultural program and a clear vision for the year.

Eligibility and Scope

Typically, two capitals are chosen each year from EU member states. However, starting from 2021, and recurring every three years, a third capital is selected from countries that are candidates, potential candidates for EU membership, or part of the European Economic Area (EEA). This expansion broadens the initiative's reach across Europe.

Brexit Impact

The United Kingdom's decision to leave the EU impacted its participation. UK cities bidding for the 2023 title were disqualified after 2019, as they would no longer be eligible. This led to a shift in the selection process for that year.

Impact

Urban Transformation

A 2004 study, known as the "Palmer report," highlighted the significant role of the ECoC designation. It demonstrated that the title acts as a powerful catalyst for cultural development and profound transformation within the host city. The socio-economic impact and city branding are now key considerations in the selection process.

Fostering Innovation

The initiative encourages cities to develop innovative cultural projects and infrastructure. It provides a platform for local artists, cultural organizations, and communities to showcase their work and engage with European audiences, often leading to long-term cultural and creative growth.

New Voices in Culture

Shift to Community-Driven Culture

After more than three decades, the ECoC initiative has seen a notable shift from a top-down, city-branding approach towards more inclusive, bottom-up strategies. This evolution is evident in the rise of innovative online platforms and community-led projects that shape the creative landscape.

In Galway, Ireland, journalist Malgosia Doczyk launched the "Blue Tram" platform. Inspired by her previous involvement in ECoC initiatives in Sibiu (2007) and Wrocław (2016), this platform serves as a hub for creative exchange and collaboration among artists and residents, fostering a more participatory cultural environment.

Amplifying Local Narratives

In Plovdiv, Bulgaria (ECoC 2019), writer Tatyana Garkavaya established a networking platform to connect creative professionals across ECoC cities. Her initiative, "Cultural Insights," extends her academic research, focusing on uncovering and amplifying narratives from local creative communities often overlooked by mainstream programs. This approach proved particularly valuable in Plovdiv, where official ECoC programming faced challenges with public engagement.

Garkavaya's work highlighted grassroots collaboration and provided visibility for artists and designers. This contrasted with the official Plovdiv 2019 program, which encountered scandals and a perceived lack of public connection, demonstrating the importance of community-centric cultural initiatives.

List of Capitals

Historical Designations

Over the years, numerous cities across Europe have held the title of European Capital of Culture, each contributing uniquely to the continent's cultural dialogue. The following table details these designations:

European Capitals of Culture
Year	City	Country	Notes/Links	Candidate cities
1985	Athens	Greece
1986	Florence	Italy
1987	Amsterdam	Netherlands
1988	West Berlin	West Berlin	City under Western Allied occupation until 1990; territory was claimed by the Federal Republic of Germany. The name "European City of Culture" was used instead of "Capital" in order to not provoke the East German government.^[13]^[14]
1989	Paris	France
1990	Glasgow	United Kingdom	Glasgow Garden Festival
1991	Dublin	Ireland
1992	Madrid	Spain
1993	Antwerp	Belgium
1994	Lisbon	Portugal
1995	Luxembourg City	Luxembourg
1996	Copenhagen	Denmark
1997	Thessaloniki	Greece
1998	Stockholm	Sweden
1999	Weimar	Germany
2000	Avignon	France	The year 2000 was called the millennium year and treated in a special way, in order to emphasize the enduring heritage and contribution of European cities to world culture and civilization. Because of that, nine locations were chosen, including two cities of states that were to join the EU on 1 May 2004.^[15]
Bergen	Norway
Bologna	Italy
Brussels	Belgium
Helsinki	Finland
Kraków	Poland
Prague	Czech Republic
Reykjavík	Iceland
Santiago de Compostela	Spain
2001	Porto	Portugal
Rotterdam	Netherlands
2002	Bruges	Belgium
Salamanca	Spain
2003	Graz	Austria
2004	Genoa	Italy
Lille	France
2005	Cork	Ireland	Cork Caucus	Galway, Limerick, Waterford^[16]
2006	Patras	Greece
2007	Luxembourg City	Luxembourg
Sibiu	Romania
2008	Liverpool	United Kingdom		Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Newcastle and Gateshead (joint bid), Oxford^[17]
Stavanger	Norway
2009	Linz	Austria	Linz 2009
Vilnius	Lithuania
2010	Essen	Germany	Representing the whole Ruhr as Ruhr.2010.	Braunschweig, Bremen, Essen, Görlitz, Halle an der Saale, Karlsruhe, Kassel, Lübeck, Potsdam, Regensburg
Istanbul	Turkey
Pécs	Hungary
2011	Tallinn	Estonia
Turku	Finland	Turku 2011
2012	Guimarães	Portugal
Maribor	Slovenia
2013	Košice	Slovakia
Marseille	France	Marseille-Provence 2013	Bordeaux, Lyon, Toulouse^[18]
2014	Riga	Latvia
Umeå	Sweden
2015	Mons	Belgium	Mons 2015
Plzeň	Czech Republic
2016	San Sebastián	Spain	Donostia/San Sebastián 2016 (Donostia 2016)	Burgos, Córdoba, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Segovia, Zaragoza^[19]
Wrocław	Poland		Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Warsaw^[20]
2017	Aarhus	Denmark	Aarhus 2017	Sønderborg^[21]
Paphos	Cyprus	Pafos 2017	Limassol, Nicosia^[22]
2018	Leeuwarden	Netherlands		Eindhoven, Maastricht, The Hague, Utrecht^[23]
Valletta	Malta	Valletta 2018
2019	Matera	Italy	Matera 2019	Cagliari, Lecce, Perugia, Ravenna, Siena^[24]
Plovdiv	Bulgaria	Plovdiv 2019	Sofia, Varna, Veliko Turnovo^[25]
2020 – April 2021	Galway	Ireland	Galway 2020	Limerick, The Three Sisters (joint bid Waterford, Wexford, Kilkenny)^[26]
Rijeka	Croatia	Rijeka 2020	Dubrovnik, Osijek, Pula^[27]
2022	Esch-sur-Alzette	Luxembourg	Esch-sur-Alzette 2022
Kaunas	Lithuania	Kaunas 2022	Klaipėda^[28]
Novi Sad	Serbia	Novi Sad 2022 (Coronavirus postponement)
2023¹	Eleusis	Greece	Eleusis 2023 (Coronavirus postponement)	Kalamata, Rhodes^[29]
Timișoara	Romania	Timișoara 2023 (Coronavirus postponement)	Baia Mare, Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca^[30]
Veszprém	Hungary	Veszprém 2023	Debrecen, Győr^[31]
2024	Bad Ischl	Austria	Salzkammergut 2024	Dornbirn, St. Pölten^[32]
Bodø²	Norway	Bodø 2024	Banja Luka, Mostar^[33]
Tartu	Estonia	Tartu 2024	Kuressaare, Narva^[34]
2025	Chemnitz	Germany	Chemnitz 2025	Hannover, Hildesheim, Magdeburg, Nuremberg^[35]
Nova Gorica/Gorizia joint bid	Slovenia Italy	GO! 2025	Ljubljana, Piran, Ptuj^[36]
2026	Oulu	Finland	Oulu 2026	Savonlinna, Tampere^[37]
Trenčín^[38]	Slovakia	Trenčín 2026	Nitra, Žilina
2027	Évora	Portugal	Évora 2027	Aveiro, Braga, Ponta Delgada^[39]
Liepāja	Latvia	Liepāja 2027	Daugavpils, Valmiera^[40]
2028	Bourges^[41]	France	Bourges 2028	Clermont-Ferrand, Montpellier, Rouen, Saint-Denis
České Budějovice^[42]	Czech Republic	České Budějovice 2028	Broumov, Brno, Liberec
2029	Kiruna^[44]	Sweden	Kiruna 2029	Uppsala^[45]
Lublin^[46]	Poland	Lublin 2029	Bielsko-Biała, Katowice, Kołobrzeg^[47]
2030	TBA December 2025^[48]	Cyprus		Shortlisted cities:^[48] Larnaca, Limassol Other applicants: Nicosia^[49]
TBA² autumn 2025^[52]	TBA		Lviv, Nikšić^[53]
2031	TBA bids until 26 September 2025^[54]	Malta		Birgu, Victoria^[55]
TBA bids until 31 December 2025^[56]	Spain		potential candidates:^[57] Burgos, Cáceres, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Toledo
2032	TBA	Bulgaria
TBA	Denmark		potential candidate: Næstved^[58]
2033	TBA	Netherlands		potential candidate: Heerlen^[59]
TBA	Italy		potential candidates: Turin,^[60] Pesaro/Urbino,^[61] Viterbo^[62]
TBA	TBA²
2034	TBA	France
TBA	Czech Republic
TBA	Skopje²	North Macedonia
2035	TBA	Bulgaria
TBA	Denmark
2036	TBA	Netherlands		potential candidate: Heerlen^[59]
TBA	Italy		potential candidates: Turin,^[60] Pesaro/Urbino,^[61] Viterbo^[62]
TBA	TBA²
2037	TBA	France
TBA	Czech Republic
TBA	Skopje²	North Macedonia
2038	TBA	Bulgaria
TBA	Denmark
2039	TBA	Netherlands		potential candidate: Heerlen^[59]
TBA	Italy		potential candidates: Turin,^[60] Pesaro/Urbino,^[61] Viterbo^[62]
TBA	TBA²
2040	TBA	France
TBA	Czech Republic
TBA	Skopje²	North Macedonia
2041	TBA	Bulgaria
TBA	Denmark
2042	TBA	Netherlands		potential candidate: Heerlen^[59]
TBA	Italy		potential candidates: Turin,^[60] Pesaro/Urbino,^[61] Viterbo^[62]
TBA	TBA²
2043	TBA	France
TBA	Czech Republic
TBA	Skopje²	North Macedonia
2044	TBA	Bulgaria
TBA	Denmark
2045	TBA	Netherlands		potential candidate: Heerlen^[59]
TBA	Italy		potential candidates: Turin,^[60] Pesaro/Urbino,^[61] Viterbo^[62]
TBA	TBA²

Related Initiatives

European Union Programs

The European Capital of Culture initiative is part of a broader framework of EU cultural programs designed to promote European identity and cooperation. Several related initiatives exist:

American Capital of Culture – Awarded by an NGO.
Arab Capital of Culture – Promotes Arab culture.
European Green Capital Award – Focuses on environmental achievements.
European Youth Capital – Recognizes youth engagement.
European Region of Gastronomy – Celebrates culinary heritage.
UK City of Culture – A national designation within the United Kingdom.
University Network of the European Capitals of Culture – An academic association.

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References

Kiran Klaus Patel, ed., The Cultural Politics of Europe: European Capitals of Culture and European Union since the 1980s (London: Routledge, 2013)

Plovdiv 2019. Growing #Together Our Volunteer Legacy p. 120-121, 131 https://plovdiv2019.eu/data/fms/Plovdiv2019_2.pdf

A full list of references for this article are available at the European Capital of Culture Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date. The European Capital of Culture initiative is a dynamic program, and details may change.

This is not official advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting official European Union cultural program documentation or seeking expert advice regarding cultural policy or city planning.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Europe's Cultural Tapestry

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Concept ℹ️

🌍 Defining the Initiative

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🤝 Collaborative Spirit

Origins 📜

💡 The Vision of Mercouri and Lang

🔄 Evolution of the Title

Selection Process ⚙️

🧑‍⚖️ Expert Evaluation

🌍 Eligibility and Scope

🇬🇧 Brexit Impact

Impact 📈

🏙️ Urban Transformation

💡 Fostering Innovation

New Voices in Culture 🗣️

👥 Shift to Community-Driven Culture

✍️ Amplifying Local Narratives

List of Capitals 🏛️

📅 Historical Designations

Related Initiatives 🔗

🏛️ European Union Programs

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Concept

Defining the Initiative

Benefits for Cities

Collaborative Spirit

Origins

The Vision of Mercouri and Lang

Evolution of the Title

Selection Process

Expert Evaluation

Eligibility and Scope

Brexit Impact

Impact

Urban Transformation

Fostering Innovation

New Voices in Culture

Shift to Community-Driven Culture

Amplifying Local Narratives

List of Capitals

Historical Designations

Related Initiatives

European Union Programs

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

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Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice