The European Parliament: A Pillar of Democratic Governance
An academic exploration of the EU's directly elected legislative body, detailing its history, powers, structure, and functions within the EU framework.
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Parliamentary Overview
Legislative Authority
The European Parliament (EP) stands as one of the two primary legislative bodies within the European Union framework, sharing this responsibility with the Council of the European Union. Its legislative enactments typically follow proposals initiated by the European Commission. Post the June 2024 elections, the Parliament comprises 720 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), representing an expansion from the previous 705.[2][3][6]
Global Electorate
With an electorate of approximately 375 million eligible voters projected for 2025, the European Parliament represents the second-largest democratic electorate globally, surpassed only by the Parliament of India.[4][5][6] This direct mandate underscores its significant democratic legitimacy.
Evolution and Influence
Established initially as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952, the Parliament's journey reflects the broader evolution of the European Union. Initially possessing only consultative functions, it has progressively gained legislative and budgetary powers through successive treaty revisions, transforming from a largely symbolic body into a significant legislative and supervisory institution.[16]
Historical Trajectory
Genesis: The Common Assembly
The Parliament's origins trace back to the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established in 1952. This initial body consisted of 78 members appointed from national parliaments, lacking legislative authority. Its early development was marked by gradual institutional growth, influenced by the Treaties of Rome and subsequent foundational agreements.[16][17]
Transition to Direct Elections
A pivotal moment in the Parliament's history was the advent of direct elections in 1979, granting it a direct democratic mandate from the citizens of the European Union. This shift fundamentally altered its role and influence within the EU's institutional architecture. Voter turnout, while experiencing a decline in earlier elections, saw a notable increase in 2019, surpassing 50% for the first time since 1994.[7]
Seat Location Dynamics
The Parliament's operational base has been a subject of negotiation and compromise. While plenary sessions are primarily held in Strasbourg, France, administrative functions are based in Luxembourg City, and committee meetings predominantly occur in Brussels, Belgium. This multi-location arrangement, formalized through treaty amendments, remains a point of ongoing discussion.[13][14]
Powers and Functions
Legislative Competencies
The Parliament shares legislative power with the Council of the EU. It participates in the ordinary legislative procedure, requiring its approval alongside the Council for the adoption of most EU legislation. While lacking the formal right of legislative initiative, which rests with the European Commission, the Parliament can formally request the Commission to propose legislation.[9][10]
Budgetary Control
The Parliament exercises significant budgetary authority, sharing equal powers with the Council in approving the EU budget. This control extends to overseeing the allocation and expenditure of funds, contributing to the financial accountability of the Union.[9]
Supervisory Role
A crucial function of the Parliament is its supervisory role over the European Commission. It approves the appointment of the Commission President and the College of Commissioners as a whole. Furthermore, it holds the power to adopt a motion of censure, compelling the entire Commission to resign, thereby ensuring executive accountability.[9]
Institutional Structure
Political Groups
MEPs organize themselves into transnational political groups based on ideological alignment, rather than nationality. As of the 10th European Parliament (post-2024 elections), the major political groups include:
Term and Composition
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are elected for a five-year term. The Parliament is structured around 22 specialized committees, each responsible for a specific policy area, preparing legislative work for the plenary sessions. The total number of seats is currently 720.[2]
Remuneration
Members of the European Parliament receive a monthly salary set at โฌ8,932.86, intended to provide a degree of financial independence and allow them to effectively carry out their duties.
Electoral Processes
Voting Systems
The electoral system for European Parliament elections is determined by each member state, although common principles apply. Predominantly, member states utilize party-list proportional representation. However, variations exist, including the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system in Ireland and Malta, and a first-past-the-post system in specific electoral districts within Belgium.[Electoral system]
Voting Age
The voting age for European Parliament elections is uniformly 18 years across most EU member states. Exceptions exist where the age is lowered to 16 in Malta, Belgium, Austria, and Germany, and to 17 in Greece.[8]
Election Cycles
Elections are held every five years, ensuring a regular cycle of democratic representation. The most recent election occurred from June 6-9, 2024, with the next scheduled for 2029.[Last election][Next election]
Operational Hubs
Strasbourg Seat
The official seat of the European Parliament is located in Strasbourg, France. This location hosts the majority of the Parliament's plenary sessions, typically convening for four days each month, as stipulated by treaty agreements.[13]
Brussels Activities
Brussels, Belgium, serves as the primary location for the Parliament's committee meetings and additional plenary sessions. This arrangement facilitates closer interaction with other key EU institutions, namely the European Commission and the Council of the EU, which are also based in Brussels.[14]
Administrative Centre
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, houses the Parliament's administrative offices and secretariats. This division of functions reflects historical agreements and ongoing institutional arrangements within the European Union.[14]
Foundational Treaties
Key Legislative Milestones
The powers and functions of the European Parliament have been significantly shaped by various EU treaties over time. These foundational documents have progressively enhanced the Parliament's legislative, budgetary, and supervisory roles.
Institutional Accountability
Commission Scrutiny
The Parliament rigorously scrutinizes the European Commission. Notable instances, such as the rejection of Rocco Buttiglione in 2004 and the forced resignation of the Santer Commission in 1999, demonstrate Parliament's willingness to assert its oversight powers, ensuring the Commission remains accountable to the democratically elected body.[38][36]
Legislative Assertiveness
Parliament has increasingly asserted its influence through legislative amendments. The significant revisions proposed for the Bolkestein directive in 2006 exemplified this trend, showcasing the Parliament's capacity to shape EU legislation and marking a shift in institutional power dynamics.[40]
Transparency and Reform
Recent years have seen efforts to modernize the Parliament's procedures and enhance transparency. Addressing issues like parliamentary reform, diversity within its ranks, and corruption scandals (e.g., the Qatar corruption scandal) are ongoing priorities, reflecting a commitment to institutional integrity.[51][55]
Contemporary Issues
Geopolitical Stance
The Parliament actively engages with contemporary geopolitical challenges. Its resolutions, such as the condemnation of Hamas's attacks on Israel in October 2023, reflect its role in shaping the EU's foreign policy discourse. Discussions regarding potential EU-Israel relations adjustments highlight the Parliament's influence on international affairs.[56]
Gender and Diversity
Efforts to improve gender balance and racial diversity within the Parliament are ongoing. While progress has been made, with women comprising approximately 40% of MEPs in the 2019-2024 term, initiatives continue to promote greater representation and inclusivity.[53]
Institutional Evolution
The Parliament's role continues to evolve, particularly concerning its relationship with the Commission and its influence on external action. The establishment of the European External Action Service (EEAS) and ongoing debates on economic and monetary policy demonstrate the Parliament's increasing significance in the EU's governance structure.[49]
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References
References
- Articles 225 and 241 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU
- Article 28 of the Treaty on European Union
- Corbett, Richard; Jacobs, Francis; Shackleton, Michael (2016). The European Parliament (9th ed.). London: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9564508-5-2. The same three co-authors have written every edition since the first in 1990.
- European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?, Awenig Mariรยฉ, 2019
- Hix &al (see further reading below), รยง1.4 ("The dataset: roll-call votes in the European Parliament"), p.29รขยย30.
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Academic Disclaimer
Important Notice
Esteemed colleagues, this document has been synthesized by an Artificial Intelligence, drawing exclusively from the provided source material for informational and educational purposes. While striving for academic rigor and accuracy based on the source, it may not encompass all nuances or the most current developments. The content is intended to supplement, not replace, primary source analysis and expert consultation.
This is not official governmental or legal advice. The information presented herein should not be considered a substitute for professional consultation regarding European Union law, governance, or political processes. Always refer to official EU documentation and consult qualified experts for specific guidance.
The creators of this educational resource assume no liability for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information provided.