What is the etymological origin of the term 'euthanasia' and what does it literally mean?

The term 'euthanasia' originates from the Greek words 'eu' (meaning 'well' or 'good') and 'thanatos' (meaning 'death'). Therefore, it literally translates to 'good death'.

How is euthanasia generally defined in contemporary usage, and what is a key characteristic often omitted in simple definitions?

As of 2024, dictionary definitions of euthanasia primarily focus on the act of intentionally ending a life to eliminate pain and suffering. However, these simple definitions often do not specify whether the person whose life is ended agrees to the procedure or is proactive in the situation.

What definition of euthanasia was provided by the British House of Lords select committee on medical ethics?

The British House of Lords select committee on medical ethics defined euthanasia as 'a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering'.

How is euthanasia understood in the Netherlands and Belgium, and how does Dutch law categorize it?

In the Netherlands and Belgium, euthanasia is understood as 'termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient.' Dutch law, however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' specifically but includes the concept under the broader definition of 'assisted suicide and termination of life on request'.

What are the three main classifications of euthanasia based on patient consent?

Euthanasia is classified into three types based on patient consent: voluntary euthanasia, which is performed with the patient's explicit consent; non-voluntary euthanasia, which occurs when the patient's consent is unavailable (e.g., due to coma or a persistent vegetative state); and involuntary euthanasia, which is performed without consent or against the patient's will.

What is the legal status of involuntary euthanasia globally?

Involuntary euthanasia, defined as ending a life without consent or against the patient's will, is illegal in all countries and is typically considered murder.

What was the definition of euthanasia proposed in 1974, and what were its perceived shortcomings?

In 1974, euthanasia was defined as 'the painless inducement of a quick death.' This definition was criticized for being too broad, as it could potentially encompass actions like killing someone for personal gain or accidental deaths that are quick and painless, which are not typically considered euthanasia.

How does the Oxford English Dictionary define euthanasia, and what criticism does this definition face?

The Oxford English Dictionary defines euthanasia as 'the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma.' This definition is criticized because it could potentially include scenarios where a person is killed for personal gain, such as inheritance, which would generally be classified as murder rather than euthanasia.

What role does intentionality and motive play in defining euthanasia according to various commentators?

Commentators like Michael Wreen and Heather Draper emphasize that the agent's motive is crucial in defining euthanasia. The motive must be for the benefit of the person being euthanized, aiming for a 'merciful death' or acting in the patient's best interests, distinguishing it from simple intentional killing.

What are the six key elements in Michael Wreen's definition of euthanasia?

Michael Wreen's six-part definition states that Person A committed an act of euthanasia if and only if: (1) A killed B or let B die; (2) A intended to kill B; (3) A's intention was at least a partial cause of the action; (4) the causal path from intention to action was generally in accordance with A's plan; (5) A's killing of B was a voluntary action; and (6) A's motive was the good of the person killed.

What is the stance of the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) Ethics Task Force regarding non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia?

The EAPC Ethics Task Force, in a 2003 discussion, stated that medicalized killing of a person without their consent, whether non-voluntary or involuntary, is murder, not euthanasia. They asserted that euthanasia can only be voluntary.

When was the term 'euthanasia' first used in a medical context, and by whom?

The term 'euthanasia' was first used in a medical context by Francis Bacon in the 17th century. He used it to refer to an easy, painless death, distinguishing between spiritual preparation for death and the physician's role in alleviating physical suffering at the end of life.

What historical figures from ancient Greece and Rome supported or opposed the practice of euthanasia?

In ancient Greece and Rome, figures like Socrates, Plato, and Seneca the Elder supported euthanasia. However, Hippocrates appears to have opposed it, writing that he would not prescribe a deadly drug to please someone or give advice that might cause death.

How did the concept of 'alleviation of death' relate to euthanasia in the early modern period?

In the early modern period, figures like Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx expanded on Francis Bacon's ideas, suggesting that doctors had a moral duty to ease the suffering of death through support and medication. This concept of 'alleviation of death' focused on making the dying process more comfortable.

What was the stance of Thomas Aquinas on euthanasia?

Thomas Aquinas opposed euthanasia, arguing that the practice contradicted the natural human instinct for survival.

What historical debate in 17th-century England concerned customs used to hasten death?

In 1678, Caspar Questel's publication 'De pulvinari morientibus non-subtrahend' initiated a debate on customs used to hasten death, such as removing a pillow. Questel argued against these practices, deeming them contrary to divine and natural laws.

How did Samuel Williams' 1870 proposal contribute to the contemporary euthanasia debate?

Samuel Williams proposed using chloroform to deliberately hasten the death of terminally ill patients, sparking the modern euthanasia debate. His proposal, published in 'Essays of the Birmingham Speculative Club,' suggested it should be a recognized duty of medical attendants, with patient consent and precautions against abuse.

What was the context of the early euthanasia movement in the United States during the Gilded Age?

The early US euthanasia movement coincided with the Gilded Age, a period of significant social and technological change, characterized by individualism, laissez-faire economics, and scientific rationalism. The development of the modern hospital system also played a role in the emergence of the debate.

Who were Robert Ingersoll and Felix Adler, and what were their contributions to the early euthanasia debate in the US?

Robert Ingersoll argued in 1894 that individuals suffering from terminal illnesses should have the right to end their pain through suicide. Felix Adler, from an Ethical Culture framework, similarly argued in 1891 that those in overwhelming pain should have the right to commit suicide, and that doctors could assist, making him one of the first prominent Americans to advocate for this.

What were the first legislative attempts to legalize euthanasia in the United States, and where did they occur?

The first legislative attempts to legalize euthanasia in the United States occurred in 1906. Henry Hunt introduced a bill in Ohio, and Ross Gregory introduced a similar, broader proposal in the Iowa legislature.

What was the nature of the proposed euthanasia legislation in Ohio in 1906?

The Ohio bill proposed allowing the administration of an anesthetic to end a patient's life, provided the patient was of lawful age and sound mind, suffering from a fatal injury, irrevocable illness, or great physical pain. It required physician consultation, informed consent witnessed by three people, and agreement from three physicians that recovery was impossible.

What distinguished the proposed euthanasia legislation in Iowa in 1906 from the Ohio proposal?

The Iowa legislation was broader, allowing euthanasia for individuals aged ten or older suffering from a fatal and extremely painful ailment, provided they were of sound mind and desired hastened death. It also permitted euthanasia for severely deformed infants and allowed guardians to request it for their wards, even imposing penalties on physicians who refused.

What connection has been suggested between the early euthanasia movement and eugenics?

Ian Dowbiggin, an opponent of euthanasia, argues that the early membership of the Euthanasia Society of America reflected eugenicist views, suggesting ideological links between the eugenics and euthanasia movements of the time.

What significant event in 1936 Britain coincided with legislative discussions on euthanasia?

In January 1936, King George V received a fatal dose of morphine and cocaine from his physician, Lord Dawson, to hasten his death due to cardio-respiratory failure. This event, kept secret for over 50 years, occurred concurrently with proposed legislation to legalize euthanasia in the House of Lords.

How did the Nazi regime utilize the concept of 'euthanasia'?

The Nazi regime used 'euthanasia' as a euphemism for a program of mass murder, known as Aktion T4, targeting individuals with disabilities, religious beliefs, or 'discordant individual values.' This program, which began with the killing of disabled infants and expanded to adults, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.

What fundamental difference did Robert Jay Lifton identify between the Nazi concept of 'euthanasia' and the Anglo-American concept?

Robert Jay Lifton contrasted the Nazi concept, influenced by Adolf Jost's 'The Right to Death,' with the Anglo-American concept. Lifton explained that the Nazi view emphasized the state's 'right to kill' to maintain the health of the social organism, whereas the Anglo-American view prioritizes the individual's 'right to die' as a fundamental human claim.

What was the significance of the 1949 New York State petition to legalize euthanasia?

The 1949 petition, signed by numerous Protestant and Jewish religious leaders, marked a significant public stance by religious figures advocating for euthanasia legalization. It also highlighted the opposition from the Catholic Church, which criticized the proposal as a 'suicide-murder pact' and a violation of the commandment 'Thou Shalt Not Kill'.

What were the main arguments presented by proponents of euthanasia, according to Ezekiel Emanuel?

Ezekiel Emanuel outlined four main arguments from euthanasia proponents: the right to self-determination, the idea that ending suffering is preferable to continued existence, the lack of a substantive moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia, and the belief that legalization will not lead to unacceptable consequences.

What were the primary arguments presented by opponents of euthanasia, according to Ezekiel Emanuel?

Ezekiel Emanuel identified four key arguments from euthanasia opponents: not all deaths are painful, alternatives like palliative care exist, the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is morally significant, and legalizing euthanasia could lead society down a 'slippery slope' with negative outcomes.

What were the leading reasons cited for seeking euthanasia in Oregon in 2013, and did pain rank among the top reasons?

In Oregon in 2013, pain was not among the top five reasons individuals sought euthanasia. The primary reasons cited were a loss of dignity and a fear of burdening others.

What is the general legal status of euthanasia in most countries, and how is it typically classified?

In most countries, euthanasia, particularly the active form, is considered criminal homicide. While passive euthanasia (withholding life support) is legal under certain circumstances in many places, active euthanasia is only legal or de facto legal in a few jurisdictions and is generally classified as unlawful killing.

How do the Netherlands and Belgium handle legalized voluntary euthanasia within their legal frameworks?

In the Netherlands and Belgium, where voluntary euthanasia is legalized, it is still technically considered homicide. However, it is not prosecuted or punished if the physician involved meets specific legal conditions and procedures.

What did the Supreme Court of India rule regarding passive euthanasia?

The Supreme Court of India legalized passive euthanasia, stating that the Constitution values liberty, dignity, autonomy, and privacy. This landmark judgment recognized the right of terminally ill patients to refuse or withdraw life-sustaining treatment.

What were the findings of a 2010 survey regarding US physicians' views on halting life-sustaining therapy and physician-assisted suicide?

A 2010 US survey found that 16.3% of physicians would consider halting life-sustaining therapy if demanded by family, even if premature, while 54.5% would not. Regarding physician-assisted suicide, 45.8% agreed it should be allowed in some cases, 40.7% disagreed, and 13.5% felt it depended on the circumstances.

What is the stance of the World Medical Association on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide?

In 2019, the World Medical Association issued a statement declaring its opposition to both euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.

What is the Roman Catholic Church's position on euthanasia and assisted suicide?

The Roman Catholic Church unequivocally condemns euthanasia and assisted suicide, considering intentional euthanasia, regardless of its form or motive, to be murder. This stance is firmly rooted in its teachings on the dignity of human life and the sanctity of creation.

What are the general views of Orthodox Churches and many Protestant denominations on euthanasia?

The Orthodox Church, along with other Eastern Orthodox Churches, opposes euthanasia, viewing it as murder. Similarly, many Protestant denominations, including the Assemblies of God, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the Southern Baptist Convention, also oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide.

Which Christian denominations take a more nuanced or partially favorable stance on euthanasia?

The Church of England accepts passive euthanasia under certain conditions but opposes active euthanasia. The United Church of Canada also accepts passive euthanasia and shows growing acceptance of active euthanasia following its partial legalization in Canada. The Waldensians hold a liberal view, allowing the decision to rest with individuals.

What is the general stance of Islam on euthanasia?

In Islam, euthanasia is generally considered contrary to Islamic law and holy texts. The early termination of life, whether through suicide or assisting suicide, is viewed as a crime, and both suicide and euthanasia are prohibited in most Muslim-majority countries.

What is the situation regarding euthanasia in Judaism?

Judaism presents a complex debate on euthanasia. While passive euthanasia has been declared legal under specific conditions by Israel's highest court and has gained some acceptance, active euthanasia remains illegal and is a subject of ongoing discussion with no clear consensus among legal, ethical, and theological perspectives.

What is the general view of Hinduism on euthanasia?

While there isn't a single absolute consensus, Hinduism generally regards euthanasia as a serious act that conflicts with core principles such as Dharma (duty), Karma (actions and consequences), and Ahimsa (non-violence).

What is the distinction between active and passive euthanasia?

Passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing medical treatments necessary to sustain life, such as life support. Active euthanasia, conversely, involves a direct intervention, like administering a lethal injection, to intentionally end a person's life.

What is the 'slippery slope' argument in the context of euthanasia debates?

The 'slippery slope' argument suggests that legalizing euthanasia, even under strict conditions, could gradually lead to broader acceptance and application, potentially resulting in unintended and unacceptable consequences, such as involuntary euthanasia or the devaluation of life.

What is the historical significance of the term 'euthanasia' as used by Francis Bacon?

Francis Bacon, in the 17th century, used the term 'euthanasia' in a medical context to describe an easy and painless death. He distinguished between 'euthanasia interior' (spiritual preparation for death) and 'euthanasia exterior' (making the end of life easier, potentially by shortening it).

How did the Nazi Euthanasia Program, Aktion T4, differ from the concept of euthanasia as understood in Anglo-American discourse?

The Nazi Euthanasia Program, Aktion T4, was a campaign of involuntary mass murder disguised as 'mercy killings.' It differed fundamentally from the Anglo-American concept, which emphasizes individual autonomy and the 'right to die,' by prioritizing the state's 'right to kill' for perceived social or biological benefit, often without consent and targeting vulnerable populations.

What is the legal status of physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, USA, and how does it differ from euthanasia?

Physician-assisted suicide is legal in Oregon under the Death with Dignity Act. It is distinct from euthanasia as defined in many contexts, as it involves a physician providing the means for a patient to end their own life, rather than the physician directly administering the lethal agent.

What is the principle of double effect, and how is it relevant to discussions about euthanasia?

The principle of double effect is an ethical concept that distinguishes between intended consequences and foreseen but unintended consequences of an action. In euthanasia discussions, it is often used to differentiate between intentionally causing death (active euthanasia) and providing pain relief that might unintentionally hasten death (palliative care), though the distinction itself is debated.

What is the role of palliative care in the context of end-of-life discussions?

Palliative care focuses on relieving the suffering of patients with serious illnesses, aiming to improve quality of life without intentionally hastening or postponing death. It emphasizes pain management, emotional support, and spiritual care, offering an alternative approach to discussions about end-of-life decisions.

What was the outcome of the 1949 New York State petition to legalize euthanasia?

Despite the petition being signed by numerous prominent religious leaders and sparking debate, it did not result in any legal changes regarding the legalization of euthanasia in New York State.

What is the general sentiment of health professionals regarding euthanasia and assisted suicide in the UK, based on recent polls?

Recent polls in the UK suggest a growing acceptance among health professionals. A 2017 poll reported in the British Medical Journal indicated that 55% of doctors believed assisted dying should be legal under defined circumstances, and a campaign group cites research showing 54% of general practitioners are supportive or neutral towards a law change.

Euthanasia Wiki: The Euthanasia Discourse: Historical, Ethical, and Legal Perspectives

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Definition

Etymology and Core Meaning

The term "euthanasia" originates from the Greek words eu (well, good) and thanatos (death), signifying a "good death." Historically, it referred to an easy, painless death. Modern definitions center on the intentional ending of a life to eliminate pain and suffering.^{^[1]}^{^[2]}

Contemporary Usage and Nuances

Current dictionary definitions emphasize the act of ending a life to prevent further suffering, without necessarily specifying the patient's consent. Legal definitions vary; for instance, Dutch law encompasses "assisted suicide and termination of life on request," while the British House of Lords defined it as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering."^{^[4]}^{^[3]}

Historical Context and Evolution

While the term appeared in ancient contexts (e.g., Emperor Augustus), its medical application gained prominence with Francis Bacon in the 17th century. The contemporary debate intensified in the late 19th century, evolving from philosophical discussions to legislative proposals in the early 20th century.^{^[23]}^{^[24]}^{^[39]}

Classification

Voluntary Euthanasia

This form is conducted with the explicit, informed consent of the patient. It is legal in several countries, including Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and parts of Australia. When a physician assists a patient in self-administering a lethal dose, the term "assisted suicide" is often used, which is legal in Switzerland and some US states.^{^[28]}

Non-voluntary Euthanasia

Occurs when the patient's consent cannot be obtained, such as in cases of coma or persistent vegetative states. While generally illegal, passive forms (withholding treatment) are permitted under specific conditions in many jurisdictions. Child euthanasia, while illegal globally, is decriminalized under strict circumstances in the Netherlands (Groningen Protocol).^{^[28]}

Involuntary Euthanasia

This involves ending a life without the patient's consent or against their expressed will. It is universally considered illegal and is classified as murder.^{^[28]}

Active vs. Passive

Euthanasia can be further categorized as active (direct intervention, e.g., lethal injection) or passive (withholding life-sustaining treatment). The distinction is often debated, particularly concerning the administration of pain relief that might unintentionally hasten death.^{^[29]}^{^[3]}

Historical Context

Ancient Roots and Early Modern Views

Practices resembling euthanasia existed in Ancient Greece and Rome, with figures like Socrates and Seneca supporting the concept. Hippocrates, however, appears to have cautioned against it. Francis Bacon revived the term in the 17th century, distinguishing between spiritual and physical aspects of a "good death."^{^[30]}^{^[24]}

Early US Movement

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of the euthanasia movement in the US, influenced by individualism and rationalism. Figures like Robert Ingersoll and Felix Adler advocated for voluntary euthanasia for the terminally ill. The first legislative attempt occurred in Ohio in 1906.^{^[39]}^{^[46]}

Nazi Euthanasia Program

The Nazi regime's "Aktion T4" program involved the systematic killing of hundreds of thousands of disabled individuals and others deemed "unfit." This campaign, often euphemistically termed "euthanasia," starkly contrasts with modern concepts emphasizing individual rights and mercy, highlighting the dangers of state-controlled killing.^{^[49]}^{^[50]}

1930s Britain and Post-War Developments

The Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society was founded in Britain in 1935. The death of King George V in 1936, hastened by morphine, occurred amidst legislative proposals for euthanasia. Post-war, the debate continued, marked by significant events like the 1949 New York State petition and ongoing ethical discussions.^{^[47]}^{^[54]}

Ethical Debate

Arguments For Euthanasia

Proponents often emphasize the principle of self-determination, asserting an individual's right to choose the timing and manner of their death. They argue that euthanasia can be a compassionate response to unbearable suffering, especially when palliative care is insufficient. Furthermore, they challenge the moral significance of the active/passive distinction and argue that legalization does not necessarily lead to negative societal consequences.^{^[55]}

Arguments Against Euthanasia

Opponents raise concerns about the sanctity of life, the potential for abuse, and the "slippery slope" argument—that legalization could lead to broader, unacceptable applications. They highlight the availability of palliative care and effective pain management as alternatives. The moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia is often considered significant, and some disability rights groups express opposition due to concerns about societal devaluation of life.^{^[55]}

Motivations and Societal Impact

Studies indicate that motivations for seeking euthanasia or assisted suicide extend beyond physical pain to include loss of dignity and fear of burdening others. Public opinion varies, with significant support in many developed nations, though concerns persist regarding potential societal impacts and the protection of vulnerable populations.^{^[56]}

Legal Status

Global Variations

The legality of euthanasia varies significantly worldwide. Active voluntary euthanasia is legal in countries like Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, and Spain, often under strict conditions. Passive euthanasia (withholding treatment) is more widely accepted. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and certain US states.^{^{[note 1]}}^{^[63]}

Legal Definitions and Homicide

In many legal systems, euthanasia is considered a form of homicide, though it may not be prosecuted if specific legal criteria are met (e.g., in the Netherlands and Belgium). The distinction between euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide is legally significant in some jurisdictions, such as Oregon.^{^[65]}^{^[70]}

Landmark Indian Ruling

The Supreme Court of India has legalized passive euthanasia, recognizing the constitutional rights to liberty, dignity, and privacy. This landmark decision allows for the withdrawal of life support under specific conditions.^{^[77]}

Religious & Professional Views

Christian Perspectives

Major Christian denominations, including Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, broadly condemn euthanasia as morally wrong and contrary to the sanctity of life. Some Protestant denominations hold similar views, while others, like the Church of England and the United Church of Canada, permit passive euthanasia under certain circumstances but remain cautious about active forms.^{^[83]}^{^[94]}

Islamic Perspective

Euthanasia is generally considered contrary to Islamic law and teachings, which prohibit suicide and assisting in suicide. While interpretations on ceasing life support vary, direct termination of life is typically viewed as a crime.^{^[98]}

Jewish Perspective

Judaism presents a complex and debated stance. While passive euthanasia has gained some legal acceptance under specific conditions in Israel, active euthanasia remains illegal, with ongoing discussions across legal, ethical, and theological domains.^{^[99]}

Hindu Perspective

Hinduism generally views euthanasia as conflicting with principles of Dharma, Karma, and Ahimsa (non-violence), though consensus is not absolute. The emphasis remains on duty and the consequences of actions.^{^[100]}

Professional Sentiments

Surveys indicate divided opinions among healthcare professionals. While a significant portion supports or remains neutral towards legalizing assisted dying under specific circumstances, major medical organizations like the World Medical Association officially oppose euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.^{^[79]}^{^[82]}

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References

Philippe Letellier, chapter: History and Definition of a Word, in Euthanasia: Ethical and Human Aspects By Council of Europe

Helge Dvorak: Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft. Vol. I, Sub-vol. 4, Heidelberg, 2000, pp. 40â41.

The Moncton Transcript. "Ministers Ask Mercy Killing." 6 January 1949.

Carmen TomÃ¡s Y Valiente, La regulaciÃ³n de la eutanasia en Holanda, Anuario de Derecho Penal y Ciencias Penales â NÃºm. L, Enero 1997

Carmen TomÃ¡s Y Valiente, La regulaciÃ³n de la eutanasia en Holanda, Anuario de Derecho Penal y Ciencias Penales â NÃºm. L, Enero 1997

Why the Church of England Supports the Current Law on Assisted Suicide. Dr Brendan McCarthy Archbishops' Council Church House, London 2015

Submission to The Special Joint Committee on Physician-Assisted Dying. Rev. Jordan Cantwell Moderator of The United Church of Canada. 2016

Islamic Perspectives, Euthanasia (Qatl al-raá¸¥ma). Abulfadl Mohsin Ebrahim. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America 2007 Volume 4.

Death and Euthanasia in Jewish Law: Essays and Responses. W Jacob and M. Zemer. Pitsburg and Tel Aviv. Rodef Shalom Press. 1995

A full list of references for this article are available at the Euthanasia Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This content has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence model and is intended for academic and informational purposes only. It is based on data derived from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia, and may not reflect the most current information or a comprehensive global perspective.

This is not legal or medical advice. The information presented here should not substitute professional legal, medical, or ethical consultation. Readers are strongly advised to consult with qualified professionals for guidance on matters related to end-of-life decisions, legal frameworks, or medical conditions. Reliance on any information provided herein is solely at the user's own risk.

The creators of this page are not liable for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information provided.

The Euthanasia Discourse

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Definition ℹ️

🇬🇷 Etymology and Core Meaning

⚖️ Contemporary Usage and Nuances

⏳ Historical Context and Evolution

Classification ⚖️

👤 Voluntary Euthanasia

❓ Non-voluntary Euthanasia

🚫 Involuntary Euthanasia

💉 Active vs. Passive

Historical Context 📜

🏛️ Ancient Roots and Early Modern Views

🇺🇸 Early US Movement

🇩🇪 Nazi Euthanasia Program

🇬🇧 1930s Britain and Post-War Developments

Ethical Debate 🗣️

👍 Arguments For Euthanasia

👎 Arguments Against Euthanasia

📊 Motivations and Societal Impact

Legal Status 🏛️

🗺️ Global Variations

⚖️ Legal Definitions and Homicide

🇮🇳 Landmark Indian Ruling

Religious & Professional Views ⛪☪️✡️🕉️

✝️ Christian Perspectives

☪️ Islamic Perspective

✡️ Jewish Perspective

🕉️ Hindu Perspective

🧑‍⚕️ Professional Sentiments

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Definition

Etymology and Core Meaning

Contemporary Usage and Nuances

Historical Context and Evolution

Classification

Voluntary Euthanasia

Non-voluntary Euthanasia

Involuntary Euthanasia

Active vs. Passive

Historical Context

Ancient Roots and Early Modern Views

Early US Movement

Nazi Euthanasia Program

1930s Britain and Post-War Developments

Ethical Debate

Arguments For Euthanasia

Arguments Against Euthanasia

Motivations and Societal Impact

Legal Status

Global Variations

Legal Definitions and Homicide

Landmark Indian Ruling

Religious & Professional Views

Christian Perspectives

Islamic Perspective

Jewish Perspective

Hindu Perspective

Professional Sentiments

Teacher's Corner

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