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The Five Eyes Concord

An in-depth exploration of the intelligence alliance shaping global security and information exchange.

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What is the Five Eyes?

The Alliance

The Five Eyes (FVEY) is a prominent intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These nations are signatories to the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a foundational treaty governing joint cooperation in signals intelligence (SIGINT).

Member Nations

The alliance is composed of five key Anglosphere nations, each contributing unique intelligence capabilities and perspectives:

  • Australia
  • Canada
  • New Zealand
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Working Language

The primary working language facilitating communication and data sharing within the Five Eyes alliance is English. This common linguistic ground streamlines operational coordination and intelligence dissemination among member states.

Type of Alliance

FVEY is classified as an intelligence alliance, focusing on the collection, analysis, and sharing of intelligence information. Its roots trace back to wartime cooperation and have evolved into a sophisticated, enduring partnership in the post-war era.

Member Agencies

Australia

Key Australian agencies involved in intelligence sharing include:

  • Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) - Human intelligence
  • Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) - Signals intelligence
  • Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) - Security intelligence
  • Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation (AGO) - Geospatial intelligence
  • Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO) - Defence intelligence

Canada

Canadian contributions are made by:

  • Canadian Forces Intelligence Command (CFINTCOM) - Defence, geo, human intelligence
  • Communications Security Establishment (CSE) - Signals intelligence
  • Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) - Human and security intelligence
  • Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) - Security intelligence

New Zealand

New Zealand's intelligence apparatus includes:

  • Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security (DDIS) - Defence intelligence
  • Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) - Signals intelligence
  • New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (NZSIS) - Human and security intelligence

United Kingdom

The UK's intelligence services participating in FVEY are:

  • Defence Intelligence (DI) - Defence intelligence
  • Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) - Signals intelligence
  • Security Service (MI5) - Security intelligence
  • Secret Intelligence Service (MI6, SIS) - Human intelligence

United States

The United States is represented by several major intelligence bodies:

  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - Human intelligence
  • Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) - Defence intelligence
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - Security intelligence
  • National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) - Geospatial intelligence
  • National Security Agency (NSA) - Signals intelligence

Historical Foundations

Wartime Genesis

The informal origins of the Five Eyes alliance began with secret meetings between British and American code-breakers at Bletchley Park in February 1941, even before the United States' formal entry into World War II. These early collaborations facilitated the sharing of highly sensitive intelligence, including breakthroughs in decrypting German Enigma and Japanese Purple codes.

Formalization and Expansion

The alliance was formalized post-war through the UKUSA Agreement, initially between the UK and US in 1946. This agreement laid the groundwork for extensive cooperation in signals intelligence. Over subsequent decades, the alliance expanded, incorporating Canada in 1948, and Australia and New Zealand in 1956, solidifying the structure of the modern Five Eyes.

The UKUSA Agreement, signed in 1946, established a framework for the United States' National Security Agency (NSA) and the United Kingdom's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) to cooperate on signals intelligence. This secret treaty became the bedrock of FVEY's intelligence sharing, evolving over time to include other member nations and adapt to new technological landscapes.

Cold War Intelligence

During the Cold War, FVEY members significantly enhanced their intelligence-gathering capabilities, particularly targeting the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc nations. The development of surveillance networks like ECHELON in the 1960s enabled the monitoring of global communications, providing critical insights into adversary activities and geopolitical developments.

Intelligence Operations & Capabilities

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)

A cornerstone of FVEY operations is Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), which involves the interception and analysis of electronic signals. This includes communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT). The alliance leverages vast global infrastructure to collect and process these signals.

Human Intelligence (HUMINT) & GEOINT

Beyond SIGINT, FVEY members engage in Human Intelligence (HUMINT) through espionage and informant networks, and Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) by analyzing imagery and geographic data. This multi-domain approach provides a comprehensive intelligence picture.

ECHELON and Global Surveillance

The ECHELON surveillance network, an extension of the UKUSA Agreement, evolved into a global system capable of intercepting vast amounts of private and commercial communications, including telephone calls, faxes, emails, and data traffic. Its reach extends to satellite transmissions and public switched telephone networks.

ECHELON's capabilities, developed over decades, were designed to monitor adversaries during the Cold War but expanded to encompass global communications. Information collection mechanisms associated with FVEY include programs like PRISM, which gathers data from major tech firms, and Upstream collection systems that intercept data directly from communication infrastructure.

War on Terror

Following the September 11 attacks, Five Eyes members significantly amplified their surveillance activities as part of the global "war on terror." This period saw increased focus on monitoring internet communications and counter-terrorism efforts, often involving intelligence sharing related to international terrorism and cyber threats.

Contemporary Dynamics & Challenges

Competition with China

Since 2018, the Five Eyes alliance has increasingly focused on geopolitical competition with China. Incidents such as the arrest of Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou and discussions around 5G network security highlight the alliance's coordinated approach to addressing perceived threats from Beijing.

Hong Kong and Geopolitics

The alliance has issued joint statements criticizing China's actions in Hong Kong, including disqualifying elected legislators. New Zealand's stance on expanding the alliance's remit has led to discussions about balancing national interests with collective security objectives within FVEY.

Recent Engagements

The alliance continues to adapt to evolving global security landscapes. A notable event was the first known public meeting of Five Eyes intelligence chiefs at Stanford University's Hoover Institution in 2023, addressing topics from national security threats to international incidents.

Privacy and Oversight

Privacy Concerns

The extensive surveillance capabilities of the Five Eyes have raised significant concerns regarding privacy and civil liberties. Revelations by Edward Snowden in the 2010s exposed programs like PRISM and XKeyscore, detailing how FVEY members collect and share data on their own citizens and those abroad.

Domestic Espionage Sharing

Reports suggest that member agencies may engage in "subcontracting dirty work" by spying on each other's citizens and sharing the collected information. This practice has led to legal scrutiny and debates about the adequacy of domestic legal frameworks governing intelligence sharing.

Edward Snowden described the Five Eyes as "a supra-national intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries," highlighting concerns about accountability and the potential for unchecked surveillance activities.

Legal and Oversight Frameworks

While FVEY nations assert that intelligence sharing adheres to domestic laws and international legal standards, controversies persist. Investigations by bodies like the European Parliament and national legislative committees have examined the legality and oversight of these intelligence operations.

Broader Intelligence Networks

Nine Eyes

An expanded intelligence-sharing group that includes the Five Eyes members plus Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Norway. This network broadens the scope of cooperation beyond the core FVEY nations.

Fourteen Eyes

Known formally as SIGINT Seniors Europe (SSEUR), this group comprises the Nine Eyes members along with Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. It represents a significant expansion of intelligence collaboration across Europe and North America.

Five Eyes Plus & Other Collaborations

Beyond formal groupings, FVEY engages in issue-specific agreements and partnerships, sometimes termed "Five Eyes Plus," with nations like France, Germany, Japan, and South Korea. These collaborations focus on shared security interests, such as countering specific state actors or addressing regional threats.

References

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  • ^ "Five Eyes". United States Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  • ^ PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet. United States Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  • ^ Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community. Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. 2012-12. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
  • ^ CANZUK: Fantasy or potential reality?: CANZUK anyone?. Diplomat & International Canada. Spring 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  • ^ Five Eyes and the Perils of an Asymmetric Alliance – AIIA. Australian Institute of International Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  • ^ Echelon: Big brother without a cause?. BBC News. 6 July 2000. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  • ^ Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon. BBC News. 29 May 2001. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  • ^ Snowden-Interview: Transcript. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  • ^ Exclusive: US and UK struck secret deal to allow NSA to 'unmask' Britons' personal data. The Guardian. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  • ^ British spy agency taps cables, shares with U.S. NSA – Guardian. Reuters. 21 June 2013. Archived 2014-01-25 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  • ^ 5-nation spy alliance too vital for leaks to harm. AP News. 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
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  • ^ Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence. The Guardian. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ Allied code-breakers co-operate – but not always. The Guardian. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  • ^ Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon. BBC News. 29 May 2001. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ British diplomats tried to suppress details of SIS role in Iran coup. The Daily Telegraph. 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ Secrets Of History: The C.I.A. in Iran—A special report. How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79). The New York Times. 16 April 2000. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  • ^ Declassified Documents Reveal CIA Role In 1953 Iranian Coup. NPR. 1 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
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  • ^ Inside Echelon. Heise Online. 25 July 2000. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  • ^ MI6 and the death of Patrice Lumumba. BBC. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  • ^ CIA Releases Files On Past Misdeeds. The Washington Post. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  • ^ CIA details Cold War skulduggery. BBC. 26 June 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  • ^ Canberras furtive aid in overthrowing Allende. The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  • ^ Spymaster stirs spectre of covert foreign activities. The Australian. 20 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  • ^ Questions over Australian involvement in Chile coup. Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  • ^ The Other 9/11. Special Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  • ^ The traitor. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  • ^ How France helped us win Falklands war. The Daily Telegraph. 13 March 2002. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  • ^ Canberra spy link to MI6 alleged. The Independent. 23 February 1994. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  • ^ Norsk lyttestasjon viktig brikke i Falklandskrigen. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 May 2002.
  • ^ Tiananmen Square: the long shadow. Financial Times. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  • ^ On the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system), (2001/2098(INI)). European Parliament: Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System. 11 July 2001.
  • ^ NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program. The Washington Post. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  • ^ Ex-Code Analyst Explains His Aim. The New York Times. 19 July 1972. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  • ^ Somebody's Listening. New Statesman. 12 August 1988.
  • ^ duncancampbell.org. Duncan Campbell.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  • ^ An Appraisal of the Technology of Political Control. European Parliament. Archived from the original on 17 April 1999. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ European Parliament resolution on Echelon. European Parliament. 16 March 2000. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ Echelon and the European Parliament. European Parliament. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ Lawmakers Raise Questions About International Spy Network. The New York Times. 27 May 1999. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ Echelon Chronology. Heise Online. 1 June 2001. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  • ^ Blix secrets shared with NZ – reports. The New Zealand Herald. 29 February 2004. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  • ^ Australian spy circle tied to UN bugging. The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 February 2004. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  • ^ UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'. BBC. February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'. BBC. February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ Revealed: US dirty tricks to win vote on Iraq war. The Observer. 2 March 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  • ^ Katharine Gun: Ten years on what happened to the woman who revealed dirty tricks on the UN Iraq war vote?. The Guardian. 3 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  • ^ Documents shed light on CIA, Gadhafi spy ties. CNN. 3 September 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  • ^ Libya: Gaddafi regime's US-UK spy links revealed. BBC. 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  • ^ How Libya Seems to Have Helped the CIA with Rendition of Terrorism Suspects. Time. 2 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  • ^ Files show MI6, CIA ties to Libya: reports. The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  • ^ Libya: secret dossier reveals Gaddafi's UK spy links. The Daily Telegraph. 3 September 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  • ^ NZ way down the WikiLeaks queue. Fairfax New Zealand. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  • ^ UK gathering secret intelligence via covert NSA operation. The Guardian. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  • ^ Australia gets 'deluge' of US secret data, prompting a new data facility. The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  • ^ Snowden reveals Australia's links to US spy web. The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  • ^ Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ. The Guardian. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  • ^ Americans pay GCHQ £100m to spy for them, leaked NSA papers from Edward Snowden claim. The Independent. 2 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  • ^ How we know the NSA had access to internal Google and Yahoo cloud data. The Washington Post. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  • ^ NSA-Dokumente: US-Geheimdienst sammelte systematisch Daten von fast jedem zweiten Afghanen. Der Spiegel. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  • ^ ICJ orders Australia to stop spying on East Timor. ABC News. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  • ^ Meng Wanzhou: Canada arrests Huawei executive on US charges. BBC News. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  • ^ Five Eyes alliance vs China: the battle for the future of global tech. South China Morning Post. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  • ^ US restricts tech exchanges with China amid Huawei row. Reuters. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  • ^ Five Eyes vs China: the battle for the future of global tech. South China Morning Post. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  • ^ Huawei: UK bans Chinese firm from 5G network. BBC News. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  • ^ Huawei: UK bans Chinese firm from 5G network. BBC News. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  • ^ Five Eyes allies condemn China's disqualification of Hong Kong lawmakers. Reuters. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  • ^ Nanaia Mahuta: NZ won't let Five Eyes dictate China relations. RNZ. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  • ^ Australia concerned by NZ's approach to China. The New Zealand Herald. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  • ^ Jacinda Ardern defends NZ's approach to China after Five Eyes criticism. Stuff.co.nz. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  • ^ China praises NZ for putting national interests first over Five Eyes. Global Times. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  • ^ NZ's new government promises closer cooperation with Five Eyes partners. The Economist. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  • ^ NZ's new government promises closer cooperation with Five Eyes partners. The Economist. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  • ^ NZ's foreign policy shift: Diversifying from China. The Economist. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  • ^ NZ's foreign policy shift: Diversifying from China. The Economist. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  • ^ China to monitor employees travelling to Five Eyes countries. Global Times. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  • ^ China to monitor employees travelling to Five Eyes countries. Global Times. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  • ^ Five Eyes condemn Hong Kong election changes. Reuters. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  • ^ Five Eyes condemn Hong Kong election changes. Reuters. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  • ^ China criticises Five Eyes for interfering in Hong Kong affairs. Global Times. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  • ^ China criticises Five Eyes for interfering in Hong Kong affairs. Global Times. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  • ^ Five Eyes intelligence chiefs meet publicly for first time. Associated Press. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  • ^ Five Eyes intelligence chiefs meet publicly for first time. ABC News. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  • ^ FBI Director Wray attends Five Eyes meeting. FBI. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  • ^ We do not spy on each other. We just ask. The Washington Post. 2013.
  • ^ US and UK struck secret deal to allow NSA to 'unmask' Britons' personal data. The Guardian. 20 November 2013.
  • ^ Liberty director quoted on intelligence sharing. The Guardian. 2013.
  • ^ FVEY nations maintain legal intelligence sharing. The Guardian. 2013.
  • ^ [96]
  • ^ CSIS illegally enlisted FVEY allies in surveillance. CBC News. 2013.
  • ^ Canadian court rebukes CSIS for outsourcing surveillance. The Globe and Mail. 2013.
  • ^ CSIS surveillance practices under scrutiny. CTV News. 2013.
  • ^ NZSIS and GCSB funding inquiries. RNZ. 2014.
  • ^ EU Parliament report on intelligence agencies. European Parliament. 2014.
  • ^ NSA maintains legal intelligence collection on EU. Reuters. 2014.
  • ^ UK Parliament committee report on GCHQ and PRISM. Intelligence and Security Committee. 2013.
  • ^ NSA's Foreign Affairs Directorate partnerships. Snowden leaks.
  • ^ Five Eyes and related intelligence alliances. BBC.
  • ^ Nordic countries in intelligence sharing. Copenhagen Post.
  • ^ Israel's potential membership in Five Eyes. News reports.
  • ^ Singapore as a key third party. Snowden leaks.
  • ^ Collaboration with non-member states. News reports.
  • ^ Collaboration with non-member states. News reports.
  • ^ France's proposed "Six Eyes" alliance. L'Obs. 2009.
  • ^ Germany's interest in joining Five Eyes. New York magazine. 2013.
  • ^ Germany's interest in joining Five Eyes. New York magazine. 2013.
  • ^ US Congress pushes for German entry into Five Eyes. Reports.
  • ^ "Five Eyes Plus 3" initiative against China and Russia. Reports.
  • ^ "Five Eyes Plus 3" initiative against China and Russia. Reports.
  • ^ Five Eyes plus Japan and South Korea share North Korea intel. Reports.
  • ^ SIGINT Seniors Europe (SSEUR) document. Snowden leaks.
  • ^ Privacy International report on intelligence agreements.
  • ^ Privacy International report on intelligence agreements.
  • ^ Maximator intelligence alliance. Reports.

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References

References

A full list of references for this article are available at the Five Eyes Wikipedia page

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