What is the fundamental definition of forced assimilation?

Forced assimilation is defined as the involuntary cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups. It involves a government compelling these groups to adopt the language, national identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, lifestyle, and often the religion and ideology of a larger, dominant culture.

How does forced assimilation differ from ethnic cleansing or genocide?

Unlike ethnic cleansing, forced assimilation does not involve the outright destruction of the local population, nor does it necessarily force them to leave a specific area. Instead, the core difference is that the assimilation of the population is made mandatory, aiming to absorb them into the dominant culture rather than eliminate them physically.

What is another term used by scholars to describe forced assimilation?

Scholars who study genocide and nationalism also refer to forced assimilation as 'mandatory assimilation,' emphasizing the compulsory nature of the process.

Under what circumstances has mandatory assimilation sometimes been implemented as a policy?

Mandatory assimilation has sometimes been adopted as a policy by new or contested nations, particularly during or in the aftermath of a war, as a means to consolidate power and create a unified national identity.

Can you provide historical examples of forced assimilation policies in Europe mentioned in the text?

Historical examples of forced assimilation in Europe include both German and French policies in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, as well as the Swedish conquests of the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, and Halland, where the local populations were subjected to forced assimilation decades after the conquests.

What was an instance of forced assimilation in Southeast Asia during World War I?

During World War I, the Siam government in Thailand implemented forced assimilation policies against ethnic Teochews in Bangkok, which continued until the 1973 uprising. This aimed to integrate the Chinese immigrants into Thai society.

How does forced assimilation manifest during colonization?

Forced assimilation often manifests through the establishment of various types of colonies, such as plantation, occupation, or settler colonies, and tends to occur during the process of colonization. This process can also persist into the postcolonial era, influencing the cultural landscape long after formal colonial rule ends.

What broader historical events often intersect with forced assimilation?

Forced assimilation frequently intersects with broader historical events like enslavement, forced immigration, or foreign conquest. These events create conditions where one society can impose its culture on another, often through violence or coercion.

What is the difference between full and partial forced assimilation?

Full forced assimilation involves the complete adoption of another society's language, religion, and social practices, leading to full integration into the dominant society. Partial forced assimilation, however, entails adopting some aspects of the dominant society's culture (language, religion, social norms) but without gaining equivalent privileges, thus maintaining hierarchical relationships between the dominant and subordinate groups.

Why might a state with a strong emphasis on homogeneous national identity resort to extreme measures against minority cultures?

A state that places extreme emphasis on a homogeneous national identity may view ethnic or linguistic minorities, especially those from historical adversaries, as a threat to its territorial integrity. This perception can lead to harsh measures to 'exterminate' minority cultures, sometimes even escalating to physical elimination through expulsion or genocide, as minorities might seek independence or reunification with their motherland.

What historical period saw the rise of Euro-Christian nationalism and its impact on national boundaries?

The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century witnessed the rise of Euro-Christian nationalism. This ideology asserted the right to a homeland for each nation based on a common heritage of race, religion, and language, leading to efforts to realign national boundaries to match this concept of 'one people, one nation.'

Which indigenous groups in Japan were subjected to forced assimilation?

The Ainu and Ryukyuan people in Japan were subjected to forced assimilation policies. These policies aimed to integrate them into the dominant Japanese culture, often at the expense of their unique traditions and languages.

How did Thailand attempt to assimilate its Chinese immigrants?

Thailand sought to assimilate its many Chinese immigrants by imposing conditions for Thai citizenship. These conditions included renouncing all loyalty to China, learning to speak Thai, changing their names, and sending their children to Thai schools, effectively forcing a cultural shift.

What policies has the Chinese government implemented against its Uyghur minority?

The Chinese government has detained at least one million members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority in mass detention camps in Xinjiang, referred to as 'reeducation camps.' These camps are designed to alter the political thinking, identities, and religious beliefs of the detainees, representing a severe form of forced assimilation.

What assimilation policies are Tibetan minority children in China experiencing?

Approximately one million Tibetan minority children in China are experiencing the effects of Chinese government policies aimed at culturally, religiously, and linguistically assimilating the Tibetan people. This is primarily carried out through a residential school system, which separates children from their traditional upbringing.

Which ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan have been subjected to forced assimilation?

Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan, including Talyshis, Lezghins, Kurds, Tats, and Georgian-Ingilois, have been subjected to forced assimilation into Azerbaijani Turkic identity and ethnic discrimination by the Azerbaijani government since the Soviet era.

How did Azerbaijan's census policy contribute to the disappearance of minority communities?

Azerbaijan's census policy played a role in the disappearance of minority communities by leaving several minorities of different languages unregistered. For instance, the 1959 and subsequent censuses did not mention the Talysh, effectively making them disappear from official records and facilitating their assimilation.

What specific challenges did Lezgins face in Azerbaijan regarding assimilation?

Lezgins in Azerbaijan faced assimilation policies, including the resettlement of 105,000 Azeri refugees from the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict onto Lezgin lands and forced conscription into the conflict. These actions exacerbated tensions over land, employment, language, and the lack of internal autonomy.

What was the impact of the 'Vergonha' on the number of Occitan speakers in France?

The 'Vergonha' significantly reduced the number of Occitan speakers in France, from 39% of the French population in 1860 to just 7% in 1993, demonstrating the effectiveness of the forced assimilation policy.

What is France's current stance on regional or minority languages, according to the text?

To this day, France has refused to ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and native non-French languages continue to be denied official recognition. This means groups like Occitans, Basques, Corsicans, Catalans, Flemings, Bretons, Alsatians, and Savoyards lack explicit legal rights to conduct public affairs in their regional languages within their homelands.

What actions by the Russian government during the invasion of Ukraine are considered forced assimilation?

During the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian government has forcibly relocated thousands of Ukrainian children to Russia and facilitated their adoption by Russian families. This process is considered a violation of the forced assimilation prohibition of the Genocide Convention.

What was Turkey's official state policy regarding Kurds for several decades?

For several decades, Turkey's official state policy involved the denial of Kurds as an ethnic group, instead alleging that they were a subgroup of Turks. The words 'Kurd' and 'Kurdistan' were omitted by state institutions, and Kurds were referred to as 'Mountain Turks' (Dağ Türkleri) during the 20th century.

How did the Turkish government enforce the denial of Kurdish identity and language?

The Turkish government enforced the denial of Kurdish identity and language through various means: merchants were fined for speaking Kurdish, students were punished for speaking Kurdish in school, and Turkish language boarding schools were established in the 1960s to separate students from their Kurdish relatives and Turkify the population. While Kurdish languages are now permitted, Kurds are still not officially recognized as an ethnic group.

What was the 'Turkish History Thesis' regarding the origin of Kurds?

According to the Turkish History Thesis, it was denied that a Kurdish nation had ever existed, and instead, it was alleged that the Kurds had migrated from Turanic Central Asia in the past. This narrative served to support the policy of denying Kurdish distinctiveness.

Do descendants of enslaved Africans still face challenges related to forced assimilation?

Yes, many communities descending from enslaved Africans formed unique traditions and linguistic dialects that continue to face discrimination and attempts at forced assimilation today. This highlights the long-lasting impact of historical injustices.

Which other groups in the U.S. and Canada faced forced assimilation through language bans and prejudice?

French and Spanish speaking peoples populating the U.S. and Canada also faced assimilation through language bans, violence, and extreme prejudice by anglophones into and throughout the 20th century. This demonstrates a broader pattern of linguistic and cultural suppression.

What Australian government policies constituted forced assimilation and genocide against Indigenous Australians?

As part of its genocide of Indigenous Australians, the Australian government enacted policies of forced assimilation, most notably the removal of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families throughout the twentieth century, a practice known as the 'Stolen Generations.'

What does religious assimilation often include?

Religious assimilation often includes the (frequently forced) conversion or secularization of religious members of a minority group. This means compelling individuals to adopt the dominant religion or abandon religious practices altogether.

What restrictions did Jews in Europe face from the Middle Ages until the mid-19th century?

From the Middle Ages until the mid-19th century, most Jews in Europe were subjected to forced assimilation tactics, including being compelled to live in small towns called shtetls and being restricted from entering universities or high-level professions. These restrictions limited their social and economic mobility and reinforced their minority status.

What religious assimilation policy was implemented in the Kingdom of Hungary?

In the Kingdom of Hungary, most ethnic Romanians, Croatians, Czechs, and other non-Hungarians were forcibly converted to Catholicism. Those who resisted this conversion were typically arrested, illustrating a severe form of religious forced assimilation.

What is the broader context of the Sami people's experience with forced assimilation?

The Sami people, an indigenous Finno-Ugric people inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, were victims of forced assimilation tactics by the governments of these countries during the 19th and first half of the 20th century. This involved efforts to suppress their traditional culture and languages.

How has the situation of the Sami people changed regarding their culture and languages today?

Today, the culture and languages of the Sami people are no longer suppressed but are instead promoted, legally protected, and taught in schools. This represents a significant shift from the historical policies of forced assimilation they endured.

What is the meaning of the term 'cultural assimilation' in the context of this article?

Cultural assimilation, in this context, refers to the process by which a minority group adopts the customs, values, and behaviors of a dominant culture. When this process is 'forced,' it means the minority group has no choice but to conform.

What role does language play in forced assimilation policies?

The enforced use of a dominant language in legislation, education, literature, and worship is a key component of forced assimilation. By suppressing native languages and promoting the dominant one, governments aim to erode the cultural identity of minority groups.

How can forced assimilation persist into the postcolonial era?

Forced assimilation can persist into the postcolonial era when the cultural and societal institutions established during colonization continue to exert influence, or when the dominant culture's norms remain entrenched, making it difficult for previously colonized groups to fully revive their indigenous practices.

What is the significance of a state being 'deprived of the ability to preserve its cultural or societal institutions' in the context of forced assimilation?

When a society is deprived of the ability to preserve its cultural or societal institutions and customs, it becomes vulnerable to forced assimilation. This deprivation can lead to either full or partial assimilation, as the mechanisms for cultural transmission and maintenance are dismantled.

How did the concept of 'one people, one nation' influence European history in relation to minorities?

The concept of 'one people, one nation' in European history, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, led to the perception of ethnic or linguistic minorities as a danger to a state's territorial integrity. This often resulted in policies aimed at weakening or eliminating minority cultures to achieve national homogeneity.

What was the primary goal of the Turkish language boarding schools established in the 1960s?

The primary goal of the Turkish language boarding schools established in the 1960s was to separate Kurdish students from their families and communities, thereby facilitating their Turkification and assimilation into the dominant Turkish culture.

What is the connection between forced assimilation and the 'Stolen Generations' in Australia?

The 'Stolen Generations' in Australia refers to the forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families throughout the twentieth century. This policy was a direct manifestation of forced assimilation, aimed at integrating Indigenous children into white Australian society and was part of a broader genocide of Indigenous Australians.

What is 'linguistic discrimination' in the context of forced assimilation?

Linguistic discrimination, as a component of forced assimilation, involves penalizing or discouraging the use of minority languages while promoting the dominant language. Examples include fines for speaking Kurdish in Turkey or humiliation for speaking non-French languages in France.

How does 'cultural genocide' relate to forced assimilation?

Cultural genocide is a concept closely related to forced assimilation, as it involves the systematic destruction of a group's culture, including its language, traditions, and religious practices, without necessarily eliminating the people themselves. Forced assimilation can be a primary tool or outcome of cultural genocide.

What is 'ethnocide' and how does it connect to forced assimilation?

Ethnocide refers to the deliberate destruction of the culture of an ethnic group. Forced assimilation is a direct mechanism through which ethnocide is carried out, as it aims to erase a group's distinct cultural identity by compelling them to adopt the culture of a dominant group.

What is 'identity cleansing' in the context of forced assimilation?

Identity cleansing, as a concept related to forced assimilation, involves the systematic effort to erase or suppress the distinct identity of a group. This can include changing names, suppressing languages, and altering religious beliefs, all of which are tactics used in forced assimilation to homogenize populations.

What is 'Magyarization' and where was it practiced as a form of forced assimilation?

Magyarization refers to the process of forced assimilation into Hungarian culture and identity. It was practiced in the Kingdom of Hungary, where ethnic Romanians, Croatians, Czechs, and other non-Hungarians were forcibly converted to Catholicism and subjected to other assimilationist policies.

Forced Assimilation Wiki: Cultural Erasure: An Examination of Forced Assimilation Policies

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Overview

Defining Forced Assimilation

Forced assimilation represents the involuntary cultural absorption of religious or ethnic minority groups. It compels these groups to adopt the language, national identity, social norms, customs, traditions, values, and often the religion and ideology of a dominant, typically larger, cultural community. This process is distinct from ethnic cleansing, as it does not necessarily involve the physical destruction or expulsion of the local population, but rather the mandatory transformation of their cultural identity.

Historical Context and Manifestations

This mode of assimilation frequently arises through conquest, colonization, or in the aftermath of wars, often persisting into postcolonial eras. It is characterized by the systematic deprivation of a society's ability to maintain its cultural and societal institutions. Historical examples include the forced assimilation efforts by German and French authorities in Alsace and Lorraine, and the Swedish government's policies in Scania, Blekinge, and Halland following their conquests.

Degrees of Assimilation

Forced assimilation can manifest in varying degrees:

Full Assimilation: Involves the complete adoption of the dominant society's language, religion, and social practices, leading to full integration.
Partial Assimilation: Entails the adoption of certain aspects of the dominant culture (e.g., language, some social norms) without granting the subordinate group equivalent privileges or full integration. This perpetuates hierarchical relationships between the dominant and subordinate societies.

The enforced use of a dominant language in legislation, education, literature, and worship is a key tactic of forced assimilation.

Ethnic Dimensions

Homogeneity and State Identity

States that prioritize a homogeneous national identity often perceive ethnic or linguistic minorities as threats to their territorial integrity. This perception can lead to extreme measures aimed at eradicating minority cultures, sometimes escalating to physical elimination through expulsion or even genocide. The weakening or disappearance of numerous ethnic minorities has been a direct consequence of such state policies.

The Rise of Nationalism

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the ascent of Euro-Christian nationalism, which championed the concept of a "right to homeland" for nations sharing a common heritage in terms of race, religion, and language. This ideology contrasted sharply with earlier political structures where rulers governed diverse peoples across conquered or inherited lands. Much of European history during this period reflects attempts to align national borders with this "one people, one nation" ideal, often at the expense of minority cultures.

Regional Cases: Asia

Japan and Korea

In both Japan and Korea, the assertion of a single-nation identity compelled ethnic minorities to conceal their national heritage for centuries. This often resulted in their assimilation. Notable examples include the Ainu and Ryukyuan peoples in Japan, who were subjected to forced assimilation policies. Similarly, migrants of Peninsular Japonic and Tungusic peoples in Korea faced similar pressures.

Thailand's Chinese Immigrants

During World War I and extending until the 1973 uprising, the Siamese government in Thailand implemented policies to assimilate its significant Chinese immigrant population. Thai citizenship was contingent upon renouncing loyalty to China, adopting the Thai language, changing names to Thai ones, and enrolling children in Thai schools. This illustrates a comprehensive approach to mandatory cultural absorption.

Cambodian Genocide and Cham Muslims

During the Cambodian genocide, the Khmer Rouge regime systematically persecuted Cham Muslims. This persecution initially involved forced assimilation tactics, which later escalated to direct violence, including mass killings and the destruction of their villages, highlighting the extreme consequences that can follow failed assimilation efforts.

China's Minorities

China's policies have led to significant forced assimilation impacts on its Muslim Uyghur and Tibetan minorities. At least one million Uyghurs have been detained in "reeducation camps" in Xinjiang, aimed at altering their political thinking, identities, and religious beliefs. Concurrently, approximately one million Tibetan children are affected by government policies, primarily through a residential school system, designed to culturally, religiously, and linguistically assimilate them.

Regional Cases: Europe

Azerbaijan's Ethnic Minorities

Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan, including Talyshis, Lezghins, Kurds, Tats, and Georgian-Ingilois, have faced forced assimilation into Azerbaijani Turkic identity and ethnic discrimination since the Soviet era. This has involved policies aimed at uniting all minorities into a single Azerbaijani people, often through census manipulation and the suppression of distinct cultural expressions.

France and the "Vergonha"

France historically practiced forced assimilation of Occitans and other ethnic minorities whose native language was not French, such as Alsatians, Basques, and Catalans. This process, known as "Vergonha" (shame), spanned the 19th and 20th centuries. It involved official exclusion, humiliation in schools, and media rejection of native tongues, drastically reducing the number of Occitan speakers. France continues to resist ratifying the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, denying official recognition to many regional languages.

Russia and Ukrainian Children

As part of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian government has forcibly relocated thousands of Ukrainian children to Russia, facilitating their adoption by Russian families. This action is considered a violation of the Genocide Convention's prohibition against forced assimilation. The International Criminal Court has issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Russian Children's Rights Commissioner Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova for their alleged roles in this war crime.

Regional Cases: Mideast

Turkey and the Kurds

For several decades, the denial of Kurds as a distinct ethnic group was an official state policy in Turkey. Kurds were instead categorized as "Mountain Turks," and the terms 'Kurd' and 'Kurdistan' were omitted by state institutions. During the 20th century, merchants were fined for speaking Kurdish, and students were punished in schools. The 1960s saw the establishment of Turkish language boarding schools specifically designed to separate Kurdish children from their families and Turkify the Kurdish population. While Kurdish languages are now permitted, Turkey still does not officially recognize Kurds as a distinct ethnic group.

Regional Cases: Americas

Enslaved Africans

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, enslaved Africans across North America, South America, and the Caribbean were systematically forced to abandon their native languages, religions, and cultural practices. This brutal process aimed at complete cultural erasure. Descendants of these groups often formed unique traditions and linguistic dialects, which continue to face discrimination and ongoing attempts at forced assimilation.

Indigenous Peoples in North America

In the United States and Canada, forced assimilation policies were extensively applied to indigenous peoples, primarily through the establishment of American Indian boarding schools and Canadian Indian residential school systems. These institutions aimed to "kill the Indian in the child" by forcibly removing children from their families and cultures, suppressing their languages, and imposing dominant societal norms. Similar assimilation pressures, including language bans and prejudice, were also faced by French and Spanish-speaking populations in these regions.

Wartime Internment and Pressure

During World War I and World War II, individuals of Japanese, German, and Italian descent in the United States and Canada experienced significant societal and political pressure to abandon their native languages and cultural practices. This pressure escalated to internment in concentration camps for many Japanese Americans and Canadians, as well as some German and Italian Americans and Canadians, underscoring how national crises can fuel forced assimilation efforts.

Regional Cases: Oceania

Australia's Stolen Generations

As part of a broader genocide against Indigenous Australians, the Australian government implemented policies of forced assimilation throughout the 20th century. A central component of these policies was the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, a tragic period known as the "Stolen Generations." These children were placed in institutions or with non-Indigenous families, with the explicit aim of assimilating them into white Australian society and severing their ties to their cultural heritage.

Religious Assimilation

Forced Conversion and Secularization

Religious assimilation often involves the forced conversion or secularization of minority group members. This can manifest through direct coercion, legal mandates, or systemic pressures that make it difficult or impossible to practice one's original faith. The goal is to integrate individuals into the dominant religious or secular framework of the state or society.

Historical Persecution of Jews in Europe

Throughout the Middle Ages and up to the mid-19th century, Jewish communities in Europe faced extensive forced assimilation pressures. They were often confined to small towns (shtetls) and subjected to severe restrictions, including prohibitions from entering universities or pursuing high-level professions. These measures aimed to marginalize and control Jewish populations, implicitly encouraging their conversion or cultural abandonment.

Hungary's Magyarization Policies

In the Kingdom of Hungary, a policy of Magyarization included the forced conversion of most ethnic Romanians, Croatians, Czechs, and other non-Hungarians to Catholicism. Those who resisted conversion often faced arrest, demonstrating a direct and coercive approach to religious assimilation as part of a broader nationalistic agenda.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Forced Assimilation" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about forced_assimilation while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

interest

british museum

william morrow and company

sub-orbital spaceflight

sage publishing

bus stop

eucharist

henry holt and company

athens

epoxy

References

Embrick, RodrÃguez & SÃ¡enz 2015, p. 226.

Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand: Third Edition, Cambridge UP, 2014, p. 130.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Forced assimilation Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional historical, sociological, or legal advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for scholarly research, expert consultation, or legal counsel regarding human rights, cultural studies, or international law. Always refer to primary sources, peer-reviewed academic literature, and consult with qualified professionals for specific research or legal inquiries. Never disregard professional academic or legal advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Cultural Erasure

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 📚

🔄 Defining Forced Assimilation

📜 Historical Context and Manifestations

⚖️ Degrees of Assimilation

Ethnic Dimensions 👥

🚩 Homogeneity and State Identity

🌐 The Rise of Nationalism

Regional Cases: Asia 🌏

🇯🇵🇰🇷 Japan and Korea

🇹🇭 Thailand's Chinese Immigrants

🇰🇭 Cambodian Genocide and Cham Muslims

🇨🇳 China's Minorities

Regional Cases: Europe 🇪🇺

🇦🇿 Azerbaijan's Ethnic Minorities

🇫🇷 France and the "Vergonha"

🇷🇺 Russia and Ukrainian Children

Regional Cases: Mideast 🕌

🇹🇷 Turkey and the Kurds

Regional Cases: Americas 🌎

⛓️ Enslaved Africans

🏫 Indigenous Peoples in North America

wartime Wartime Internment and Pressure

Regional Cases: Oceania 🇦🇺

💔 Australia's Stolen Generations

Religious Assimilation ⛪

✝️ Forced Conversion and Secularization

✡️ Historical Persecution of Jews in Europe

🇭🇺 Hungary's Magyarization Policies

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Defining Forced Assimilation

Historical Context and Manifestations

Degrees of Assimilation

Ethnic Dimensions

Homogeneity and State Identity

The Rise of Nationalism

Regional Cases: Asia

Japan and Korea

Thailand's Chinese Immigrants

Cambodian Genocide and Cham Muslims

China's Minorities

Regional Cases: Europe

Azerbaijan's Ethnic Minorities

France and the "Vergonha"

Russia and Ukrainian Children

Regional Cases: Mideast

Turkey and the Kurds

Regional Cases: Americas

Enslaved Africans

Indigenous Peoples in North America

Wartime Internment and Pressure

Regional Cases: Oceania

Australia's Stolen Generations

Religious Assimilation

Forced Conversion and Secularization

Historical Persecution of Jews in Europe

Hungary's Magyarization Policies

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice