What were the primary belligerents in the Great Sioux War of 1876?

The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was fought between an alliance of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne tribes and the United States.

What was the principal cause of the Great Sioux War of 1876?

The principal cause of the Great Sioux War was the United States government's desire to gain ownership of the Black Hills, which had been guaranteed to the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, following the discovery of gold and subsequent settler encroachment.

What was the significance of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 in the context of the Great Sioux War?

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 established the Great Sioux Reservation, which included the Black Hills for the exclusive use of the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne. It also designated the Powder River Country as their hunting grounds and forbade white trespassers, provisions that were violated and became a major point of contention leading to the war.

Which U.S. Presidents served during the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877?

The Great Sioux War took place under the presidencies of Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes.

What was the outcome of the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877?

The United States achieved victory in the Great Sioux War. This resulted in the annexation of Sioux land and the permanent establishment of Indian reservations through the Agreement of 1877.

How did the Cheyenne tribes relate to the Black Hills and Powder River Country prior to the war?

The Cheyenne migrated west to the Black Hills and Powder River Country before the Lakota, introducing them to horse culture around 1730. By the late 18th century, the Lakota expanded west of the Missouri River, forming alliances with the Cheyenne and Arapaho to control buffalo hunting grounds, with the Black Hills becoming an important resource area for the Lakota.

What was the U.S. Army's perspective on the Cheyenne's role in Plains warfare?

The text suggests that the U.S. Army may not have fully realized the unity of the Cheyenne, as they used various names for them. The Army destroyed seven Cheyenne camps before 1876 and three more that year, indicating a significant focus on engaging them, more so than other tribes during this period. The Cheyenne are also noted for achieving a highly centralized tribal organization and authority.

What was the U.S. government's initial approach to the Black Hills issue with the Lakota in 1875?

In May 1875, Sioux delegations met with President Ulysses S. Grant and other officials in Washington D.C. The U.S. leaders proposed paying the tribes $25,000 for the land and relocating them to Indian Territory, a proposal the delegates refused.

What was the U.S. government's response when diplomatic efforts to acquire the Black Hills failed?

Following the failure of diplomatic efforts, the U.S. government, through Secretary of the Interior Zachariah Chandler, turned the matter over to the War Department. On February 8, 1876, General Sheridan ordered military operations to commence against the "hostiles," initiating the Great Sioux War.

What was the initial military action taken by the U.S. Army in the Great Sioux War?

The first strike was launched by General Crook, who dispatched Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds with six companies of cavalry. They attacked a village of about 65 lodges on March 17, 1876, burning it but retreating under fire, leading to Reynolds' court-martial. This village was actually Northern Cheyenne, not Crazy Horse's band as initially believed.

Describe the three columns of the U.S. Army's summer campaign in 1876.

The summer campaign of 1876 involved three columns: the Dakota Column, commanded by General Alfred Terry (including Custer's Seventh Cavalry), which marched from Fort Abraham Lincoln; the Montana Column, commanded by Colonel John Gibbon, which departed from Fort Ellis; and General Crook's column, which departed from Fort Fetterman. The plan was for these columns to converge on the Lakota hunting grounds.

What was the outcome of the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17, 1876?

In the Battle of the Rosebud, General Crook's column made contact with the northern bands. While Crook claimed a victory, most historians consider it a tactical draw or a victory for the Indians, as they effectively checked Crook's advance. Afterward, Crook remained in camp for several weeks, effectively removing his column from the fighting.

What happened to Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and the Seventh Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

On June 25, 1876, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the Seventh Cavalry encountered a large village and were severely beaten in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Nearly 270 men, including Custer, were killed, with his immediate command of five cavalry companies being annihilated without survivors.

How did General Crook's column conduct its operations after the Battle of the Rosebud?

After the Battle of the Rosebud, General Crook's column, reinforced by the Fifth Cavalry, moved out but did not find a large village. Running short on supplies, they turned south, undertaking the "Horsemeat March" towards mining settlements to find food. During this march, an advance company stumbled upon and attacked a small village at Slim Buttes.

What was the "Sell or Starve" rider attached to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876?

The "Sell or Starve" rider, attached to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876, cut off all rations for the Sioux unless they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States. This measure was a response to the U.S. defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

What changes did the U.S. Army implement in its tactics after the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

Following Custer's defeat, the Army increased troop levels at Indian agencies, seized horses and weapons from friendly bands to prevent them from reaching hostile groups, and arrested leaders like Red Cloud and Red Leaf, holding them responsible for failing to turn in individuals from resisting bands.

Describe Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie's campaign against the Northern Cheyenne.

Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie led his Fourth Cavalry in the Powder River Expedition. On November 25, 1876, his forces defeated a Northern Cheyenne village in the Dull Knife Fight in Wyoming Territory, destroying their lodges and confiscating their horses, which led to the Cheyenne's surrender and subsequent relocation to Indian Territory.

What were the conditions faced by the Northern Cheyenne after being relocated to Indian Territory?

Upon arrival in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), the Northern Cheyenne faced difficult conditions, including inadequate rations, the absence of buffalo near the reservation, and malaria. These hardships prompted some, led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife, to attempt an exodus back north in the fall of 1877.

What was Colonel Nelson A. Miles' strategy during the winter of 1876-1877?

Colonel Nelson A. Miles established Cantonment on Tongue River (later Fort Keogh) and operated from there throughout the winter. His strategy involved continuous campaigning deep within Lakota Territory, fighting bands like Crazy Horse's at the Battle of Wolf Mountain and pushing many Northern Cheyenne and Lakota to surrender or flee into Canada.

What was the purpose of the Agreement of 1877?

The Agreement of 1877 officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations, marking a significant legal shift in land ownership and control following the military campaigns of the Great Sioux War.

What diplomatic efforts were undertaken by the U.S. during the winter of 1876-1877?

During the winter, several diplomatic efforts were made. These included delegations led by George Sword, Spotted Tail, and Red Cloud, who traveled north to persuade the "hostile" bands to surrender at the agencies. Colonel Miles also initiated a peace effort from Fort Keogh.

What was the outcome of the peace delegations sent to the "hostile" bands?

While some bands, like those led by Touch the Clouds and Roman Nose, agreed to surrender at the Spotted Tail Agency, and Crazy Horse's father indicated readiness to surrender, the delegations did not secure a universal surrender. Crazy Horse himself was not present at all meetings but eventually surrendered in May 1877.

How did Crazy Horse die?

Crazy Horse surrendered in May 1877 and was taken to Camp Robinson. On September 4, 1877, fearing he would break away, Army personnel attempted to arrest him. During a struggle to escape, he was fatally bayoneted by a soldier in the guard house.

What happened to Sitting Bull and his followers after the war?

Sitting Bull led a large contingent across the border into Canada. While initially refusing to surrender, he eventually agreed to do so at the behest of Jean-Louis Legare. In 1880-1881, most of the Lakota from Canada surrendered at Fort Keogh and Fort Buford and were transferred to the Standing Rock Agency.

How did the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877 differ from Red Cloud's War a decade earlier?

During Red Cloud's War in the 1860s, Lakota leaders enjoyed wide support from their bands for fighting. In contrast, by 1876-1877, nearly two-thirds of the Lakota had settled at Indian agencies, accepting rations and subsistence, and these agency bands did not support or participate in the fighting.

What was the "alternative view" some Native Americans hold regarding the focus of the Great Sioux War?

While American military and historians traditionally place the Lakota at the center of the conflict, some Native Americans believe the Cheyenne were the primary target of the American campaign, and they sometimes refer to the war as "The Great Cheyenne War."

What was the role of Indian scouts and allies for the U.S. Army during the war?

The U.S. Army utilized hundreds of Indian scouts and civilians as allies. Tribes like the Shoshone, Crow, Pawnee, and Arikara assisted the U.S. Army, often due to their own conflicts with the Lakota and Cheyenne, whom they viewed as trespassers on their treaty lands.

What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Native American combatants in the Great Sioux War?

Native American combatants had advantages in mobility and knowledge of the terrain. However, they were part-time warriors, often weakened by winter conditions, and spent significant time hunting buffalo. Their weaponry varied from modern rifles to older firearms and bows and arrows, and ammunition was scarce. They also traditionally fought for individual prestige rather than collective strategic objectives.

What were the primary weapons and equipment used by the U.S. Army soldiers?

U.S. Army cavalry soldiers were armed with .45 caliber, single-action revolvers and the Springfield model 1873 rifle. This rifle was a single-shot, breech-loading firearm that provided soldiers with a significant advantage in range over most firearms used by the Native Americans.

What was the impact of the "sell or starve" rider on the Lakota bands?

The "sell or starve" rider, enacted in August 1876, aimed to force the Sioux to cede the Black Hills by cutting off their rations. This policy created immense pressure on the Lakota, contributing to the divisions within the tribe and influencing the decisions of many bands to surrender or seek peace.

What happened to the Northern Cheyenne after the Dull Knife Fight in November 1876?

Following their defeat in the Dull Knife Fight, the Northern Cheyenne, with their lodges and supplies destroyed and horses confiscated, surrendered. They were pressured to relocate to the Southern Cheyenne reservation in Indian Territory, which they eventually agreed to do.

What was the significance of the "Horsemeat March" undertaken by General Crook's forces?

The "Horsemeat March" was undertaken by General Crook's column in the fall of 1876 as they ran short on supplies. The march was towards mining settlements to procure food, and during this period, an advance company stumbled upon and attacked a small village at Slim Buttes.

How did the U.S. government formally annex Sioux land after the war?

The U.S. government formally annexed Sioux land and established Indian reservations through the Agreement of 1877, which was enacted on February 28, 1877.

What was the political impact of the deep divisions within the Lakota following the war?

The deep political divisions within the Lakota, stemming from the differing stances on the war and treaty adherence, continued into the early reservation period. These divisions significantly affected native politics for several decades and influenced the following of movements like the Ghost Dance, which found many adherents among the non-agency bands who had fought in the Great Sioux War.

What role did the discovery of gold play in the conflict?

The discovery of gold in the Black Hills in 1874, confirmed by the Custer Expedition, was a primary driver for the U.S. government's desire to acquire the land. This discovery motivated prospectors to encroach on Native American territory, violating the Fort Laramie Treaty and escalating tensions that led to the war.

What was the fate of the Northern Cheyenne who attempted to return north in 1877?

A portion of the Northern Cheyenne, led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife, attempted to return north in the "Northern Cheyenne Exodus" of 1877. Although they succeeded in reaching the north, the band led by Dull Knife was captured and imprisoned. After escaping, many were killed in the "Fort Robinson massacre," though eventually, the Northern Cheyenne were granted a reservation in Montana.

What was the "Custer Expedition" of 1874?

The "Custer Expedition" was dispatched by the government in 1874 to examine the Black Hills. The Lakota were alarmed by this expedition, and news of their discovery of gold was telegraphed nationally before Custer's column even returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln.

What was the "Newton-Jenney Geological Expedition"?

The Newton-Jenney Geological Expedition, conducted the year after the Custer Expedition in 1875, confirmed the presence of valuable mineral resources in the Black Hills, further fueling the desire of prospectors and the U.S. government to acquire the territory.

What was the "Red Cloud Agency" and its role in the war?

The Red Cloud Agency was a location where Lakota bands, including those led by Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, were based. It played a role in diplomatic efforts, with delegations departing from it to negotiate with "hostile" bands. The Army also increased troop levels at agencies like Red Cloud and arrested leaders there following the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

What was the "Spotted Tail Agency"?

The Spotted Tail Agency was another location where Lakota bands, particularly the Brulé led by Spotted Tail, were situated. It served as a point of surrender for some bands during the war, and delegations from other agencies met with "hostile" groups near it.

What was the "Tongue River Cantonment" and its significance?

The Tongue River Cantonment, later renamed Fort Keogh, was established by Colonel Nelson A. Miles in the fall of 1876. It served as a base for his winter campaigns against hostile Native American bands, pushing many to surrender or flee into Canada.

What was the "Battle of Wolf Mountain"?

The Battle of Wolf Mountain occurred in January 1877, where Colonel Nelson A. Miles fought Crazy Horse and other bands. This engagement was part of Miles' continuous campaigning aimed at forcing the surrender or displacement of hostile tribes.

What was the "Battle of Slim Buttes"?

The Battle of Slim Buttes took place on September 9, 1876, when an advance company from General Crook's column, seeking supplies, stumbled upon and attacked a small village. Crazy Horse led a counter-attack the following day, but it was repulsed.

What was the "Dull Knife Fight"?

The Dull Knife Fight occurred on November 25, 1876, in Wyoming Territory, where Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie and his Fourth Cavalry defeated a village of Northern Cheyenne. This engagement led to the Cheyenne's surrender and subsequent relocation.

What was the "Cattle Herd Skirmish"?

The Cattle Herd Skirmish is listed as one of the engagements within the context of the Great Sioux War, specifically related to the Big Horn Expedition.

What was the "Fort Reno Skirmish"?

The Fort Reno Skirmish is listed as one of the engagements within the context of the Great Sioux War, also referred to as the First Sioux War in one of the navboxes.

What was the "Battle of Warbonnet Creek"?

The Battle of Warbonnet Creek is listed as one of the engagements of the Great Sioux War, occurring after the Battle of the Little Bighorn and before the Battle of Slim Buttes.

What was the "Battle of Cedar Creek (1876)"?

The Battle of Cedar Creek, fought in 1876, is listed as one of the engagements of the Great Sioux War, occurring after the Battle of Slim Buttes and before the Dull Knife Fight.

What was the "Battle of Little Muddy Creek"?

The Battle of Little Muddy Creek is listed as one of the engagements of the Great Sioux War, occurring after the Battle of Wolf Mountain.

What was the "Mizpah Creek incidents"?

The Mizpah Creek incidents are listed as one of the engagements related to Native American battles in Montana, occurring in 1879.

What was the "Battle of Bear Paw"?

The Battle of Bear Paw, fought in 1877, is listed as one of the engagements related to Native American battles in Montana, occurring after the Battle of Canyon Creek.

Great Sioux War Of 1876 Wiki: The Great Sioux War: A Crucible of Conflict on the Northern Plains

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

War Overview

Defining the Conflict

The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, represents a significant series of military engagements and diplomatic efforts between the United States and an alliance of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne peoples. Occurring primarily in 1876 and 1877, this conflict was fundamentally driven by the United States' desire to acquire the Black Hills, a region of immense spiritual and material importance to the Native American tribes, following the discovery of gold and subsequent settler encroachment.

Temporal Scope

The war officially spanned from February 8, 1876, to May 5, 1877, encompassing a period of approximately one year, two months, and four weeks. This timeframe covers the major military campaigns and the eventual surrenders that marked the conclusion of large-scale hostilities.

Geographical Context

The primary theaters of operation were the territories of Montana, Dakota, and Wyoming, with significant actions also occurring in Nebraska and on the Crow Indian Reservation. These lands constituted the traditional hunting grounds and territories of the involved tribes.

Historical Context

Territorial Disputes

The Cheyenne migrated westward, introducing horse culture to the Lakota, who subsequently expanded their territory west of the Missouri River. By the late 18th century, alliances with the Cheyenne and Arapaho solidified Lakota control over the rich buffalo hunting grounds of the northern Great Plains. The Black Hills, in present-day western South Dakota, became a vital resource for lodge poles, plants, and small game.

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

Following Red Cloud's War, the Treaty of Fort Laramie established the Great Sioux Reservation, encompassing the western half of South Dakota, including the Black Hills, for the exclusive use of the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne. Crucially, it also designated a large "unceded territory" in Wyoming and Montana, the Powder River Country, as hunting grounds. The treaty explicitly forbade white trespassers, except for government officials, on these lands.

The Lure of Gold

The discovery of gold in the Black Hills by the Custer Expedition in 1874, and confirmed by the Newton-Jenney Geological Expedition in 1875, dramatically escalated tensions. Despite the treaty protections, prospectors, spurred by the Panic of 1873, began a mass invasion of the Black Hills, overwhelming the U.S. Army's attempts to enforce the treaty's boundaries.

Root Causes of Conflict

Economic Imperatives

The primary catalyst for the Great Sioux War was the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. This economic incentive fueled a relentless wave of prospectors and settlers, directly violating the terms of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. The U.S. government, facing pressure from its citizens and economic interests, prioritized access to these valuable resources over treaty obligations.

Treaty Violations and Diplomatic Failures

The U.S. government's inability or unwillingness to prevent settler encroachment on the Great Sioux Reservation undermined the integrity of the Fort Laramie Treaty. Diplomatic efforts, such as the delegations led by Spotted Tail and Red Cloud in 1875, failed to secure a peaceful resolution. The government's subsequent attempts to coerce the tribes into ceding the Black Hills or relocating to Indian Territory were met with firm refusal, escalating the path toward armed conflict.

Indigenous Resistance and Intertribal Dynamics

The Lakota and Northern Cheyenne viewed the Black Hills as sacred and integral to their way of life. Their refusal to cede the land was a defense of their sovereignty and ancestral territory. Furthermore, the expansion of Lakota influence into lands previously occupied by other tribes, such as the Crow and Shoshone, created existing intertribal tensions. These tribes often allied with the U.S. Army, viewing the Lakota and Cheyenne as intruders, thereby complicating the conflict's dynamics.

Belligerents and Leadership

United States Forces

The U.S. Army deployed significant resources, including elements from the 7th Cavalry, 5th Infantry, and other units. Key commanders included Lieutenant General Philip Sheridan, Major General Alfred Terry, Brigadier General George Crook, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, Colonel John Gibbon, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, and Colonel Nelson A. Miles. Allied forces included scouts and warriors from the Shoshone, Crow, Pawnee, and Arikara tribes, who often acted as auxiliaries.

Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Alliance

The primary indigenous combatants were the Lakota Sioux (including bands like the Oglala, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Sans Arc, and Two Kettles) and the Northern Cheyenne, often joined by Arapaho warriors. Prominent leaders included Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Dull Knife, Little Wolf, and Two Moons. While estimates vary, the number of warriors engaged could range from 900 to over 2,000 at peak engagements.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Indigenous forces possessed superior knowledge of the terrain and mobility but were part-time warriors constrained by seasonal hunting needs and limited ammunition. Their weaponry varied, with many relying on bows and arrows alongside firearms. The U.S. Army benefited from superior numbers, organization, and weaponry, including the Springfield Model 1873 rifle, though many soldiers were inexperienced recruits.

Major Military Campaigns

Reynolds' Winter Campaign (1876)

Initiated by General Crook, this early campaign saw Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds attack a village of Northern Cheyenne and Oglala Sioux on March 17, 1876. While the village was initially overrun and burned, the U.S. troops suffered losses and were forced to retreat, with many captured horses later recovered by the indigenous forces.

Summer Expeditions (1876)

A coordinated three-pronged strategy was launched: Terry's Dakota Column (including Custer's 7th Cavalry), Gibbon's Montana Column, and Crook's column from Fort Fetterman. The plan was to converge on the Lakota hunting grounds. This strategy led directly to the pivotal engagements of the Rosebud and the Little Bighorn.

Mackenzie's and Miles' Campaigns (1876-1877)

Following the Little Bighorn defeat, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie led a successful campaign against the Northern Cheyenne in the Dull Knife Fight (November 1876), leading to their surrender and subsequent forced relocation. Colonel Nelson A. Miles conducted continuous operations from Fort Keogh, engaging various bands and contributing to the eventual surrender of many Lakota and Cheyenne.

Key Engagements

Battle of the Rosebud (June 17, 1876)

General Crook's column engaged a large force of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. While Crook claimed a victory, most historians consider it a tactical draw or a strategic success for the indigenous forces, as it effectively halted Crook's advance and prevented his column from reinforcing Custer's command later that month.

Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25-26, 1876)

Perhaps the most famous engagement, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry were decisively defeated by a combined Lakota and Cheyenne force led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. Custer and his immediate command of five companies were annihilated, marking a significant victory for the allied tribes but ultimately galvanizing the U.S. response.

Battle of Slim Buttes (September 9-10, 1876)

An advance company from General Crook's column, while seeking supplies, encountered a small village at Slim Buttes. They attacked and looted the village, prompting a counter-attack by Crazy Horse the following day, which was ultimately repulsed. This engagement occurred during Crook's arduous "Horsemeat March."

Dull Knife Fight (November 25, 1876)

Colonel Mackenzie's Fourth Cavalry decisively defeated a Northern Cheyenne village in Wyoming Territory. The destruction of their lodges and supplies, along with the confiscation of their horses, led to the surrender of the Northern Cheyenne, who were subsequently pressured to relocate to Indian Territory.

Consequences and Aftermath

U.S. Victory and Indigenous Surrender

Despite initial setbacks like the Little Bighorn, the U.S. military's sustained campaigns, coupled with the destruction of villages and supplies, eventually forced the surrender of most Lakota and Northern Cheyenne bands. The "Sell or Starve" rider, enacted by Congress in August 1876, further pressured tribes by cutting off rations unless they ceded the Black Hills and ceased hostilities.

Establishment of Reservations

The Agreement of 1877 officially annexed Sioux lands and permanently established Indian reservations. This marked a significant loss of territory and autonomy for the Lakota and Cheyenne, confining them to designated lands and fundamentally altering their traditional way of life.

Internal Divisions and Lasting Impact

The war exacerbated political divisions within the Lakota nation, separating those who surrendered and accepted agency life from those who continued resistance or fled. The harsh conditions and subsequent events, such as the Northern Cheyenne Exodus and the Fort Robinson massacre, underscored the devastating impact of the conflict. The legacy of the Great Sioux War continued to influence Native American politics and culture for decades, notably contributing to the rise of the Ghost Dance movement.

Key Agreements

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

This foundational treaty, signed after Red Cloud's War, granted the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne exclusive use of the Great Sioux Reservation, including the Black Hills, and established unceded hunting territories. Its subsequent violation by the U.S. government was a primary cause of the Great Sioux War.

"Sell or Starve" Rider (1876)

Attached to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876, this rider stipulated that all rations for the Sioux would cease unless they relinquished their claims to the Black Hills and terminated hostilities. This legislative measure served as a powerful coercive tool, forcing many tribes into compliance.

Agreement of 1877

Formally enacted on February 28, 1877, this agreement officially annexed Sioux lands and established the permanent boundaries of Indian reservations. It represented the legal culmination of the U.S. government's objectives in the Great Sioux War, solidifying its control over the disputed territories.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Great Sioux War Of 1876" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about great_sioux_war_of_1876 while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

footlights

phylogenetics

clinton romesha

post-reconstruction american race relations

savoy pictures

bengali hindus

charnvit kasetsiri

list of things named after barack obama

national health service

ankle

References

Kappler, Charles J. Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2. Washington, 1904, pp. 1008â1011. Treaty with the Crows, May 7, 1868.

Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the Blue Soldiers: Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860â90. Lincoln and London, 1982. P. 113.

Hoxie, Frederick E. Parading Through History: The Making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805â1935. Cambridge, 1995. p. 108 and map p. 99.

Medicine Crow, Joseph. From the Heart of the Crow Country: The Crow Indians' Own Stories. New York, 1992. Map facing p. xxi.

George Hyde, Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937)

Ewers, John C.: "Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains". Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct. 1975), pp. 397â410 [408].

Stands In Timber, John and Margot Liberty (1972): Cheyenne Memories. Lincoln and London. p. 170, note 13.

Calloway, Colin G.: "The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 1760â1850", Journal of American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (April 1982), pp. 25â47 [46].

White, Richard: "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", The Journal of American History, Vo. 65, No. 2 (Sep. 1987), pp. 319â343 [342].

Hoxie, Frederick E. (1995): Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805â1935. Cambridge, p. 106.

Medicine Crow, Joseph (1992): From the Heart of the Crow Country. The Crow Indians' Own Stories. New York. pp. 64, 84.

Dunlay, Thomas W. (1982). Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860â90. Lincoln and London. p. 132.

Calloway, Colin G.: "The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 1760â1850". Journal of American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (April 1982), pp. 25â47 [46].

Dunlay, Thomas W. (1982). Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860â90. Lincoln and London. pp. 112â114.

Medicine Crow, Joseph (1992): From the Heart of the Crow Country. The Crow Indians' Own Stories. New York. p. xi.

Donald Jackson, Custer's Gold: The United States Cavalry Expedition of 1874 (New Haven, 1966). Ernest Grafe and Paul Horsted, Exploring with Custer: The 1874 Black Hills Expedition (Golden Valley Press, 2002).

H. Newton, W. P. Jenney, et al., Report on the Geology & Resources of the Black Hills of Dakota (Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1880).

James C. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968).

M. John Lubetkin, Jay Cooke's Gamble: The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006).

Textor, Lucy E. Official Relations between the United States and the Sioux Indians, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1896, p. 120

Bray, Kingsley, "Teton Sioux: Population History, 1655â1881" Nebraska History, Summer 1994, p. 175

Grinnell, George Bird. The Fighting Cheyennes Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1915, 1955, p. 302

Ewers, John C.: Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of IndianâWhite Warfare on the Northern Great Plains. Western historical Quarterly, Vol. 6, No, 4 (Oct. 1975), pp. 397â410, p. 408.

Stands in Timber, John and Margot Liberty: Cheyenne Memories. Lincoln and London. 1972, p. 170, note 13.

John S. Gray, Centennial Campaign: The Sioux War of 1876 (Fort Collins, CO: The Old Army Press, 1976) pp. 23â29.

Sheridan endorsement, February 4, 1876, National Archives.

Grant Short Bull Interview, July 13, 1930, in Eleanor H. Hinman (ed.) "Oglala Sources on the Life of Crazy Horse", Nebraska History v. 57 no. 1 (Spring 1976) p. 34.

Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of the Interior, January 31, 1876; Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War, February 1, 1876; Colonel Drum to Gen. Terry and Gen. Crook, February 8, 1876, National Archives

J. W. Vaughn, The Reynolds Campaign on Powder River (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961).

United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians (Ct. Cl. 1979), 601 F.2d 1157, 1161

A full list of references for this article are available at the Great Sioux War of 1876 Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Historical Context and AI Generation

This document was generated by an Artificial Intelligence, synthesizing information from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the provided source material, the content is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

This is not historical consultation. The information presented is based on a snapshot of data and may not encompass all nuances or interpretations of the historical events. Always consult primary sources and scholarly works for comprehensive historical understanding. The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information provided.

The Great Sioux War

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

War Overview 📜

⚔️ Defining the Conflict

⏳ Temporal Scope

🌍 Geographical Context

Historical Context 🏛️

🗺️ Territorial Disputes

📜 The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

💎 The Lure of Gold

Root Causes of Conflict 💥

💰 Economic Imperatives

⚖️ Treaty Violations and Diplomatic Failures

🛡️ Indigenous Resistance and Intertribal Dynamics

Belligerents and Leadership 👤

🇺🇸 United States Forces

🏹 Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Alliance

⚖️ Strengths and Weaknesses

Major Military Campaigns 🚀

❄️ Reynolds' Winter Campaign (1876)

☀️ Summer Expeditions (1876)

🍂 Mackenzie's and Miles' Campaigns (1876-1877)

Key Engagements 📍

🌹 Battle of the Rosebud (June 17, 1876)

⭐ Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25-26, 1876)

⛰️ Battle of Slim Buttes (September 9-10, 1876)

⚔️ Dull Knife Fight (November 25, 1876)

Consequences and Aftermath ⚖️

🏆 U.S. Victory and Indigenous Surrender

🏞️ Establishment of Reservations

💔 Internal Divisions and Lasting Impact

Key Agreements 🤝

📜 Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

💰 "Sell or Starve" Rider (1876)

✍️ Agreement of 1877

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Historical Context and AI Generation

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

War Overview

Defining the Conflict

Temporal Scope

Geographical Context

Historical Context

Territorial Disputes

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

The Lure of Gold

Root Causes of Conflict

Economic Imperatives

Treaty Violations and Diplomatic Failures

Indigenous Resistance and Intertribal Dynamics

Belligerents and Leadership

United States Forces

Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Alliance

Strengths and Weaknesses

Major Military Campaigns

Reynolds' Winter Campaign (1876)

Summer Expeditions (1876)

Mackenzie's and Miles' Campaigns (1876-1877)

Key Engagements

Battle of the Rosebud (June 17, 1876)

Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25-26, 1876)

Battle of Slim Buttes (September 9-10, 1876)

Dull Knife Fight (November 25, 1876)

Consequences and Aftermath

U.S. Victory and Indigenous Surrender

Establishment of Reservations

Internal Divisions and Lasting Impact

Key Agreements

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

"Sell or Starve" Rider (1876)

Agreement of 1877

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Historical Context and AI Generation