What is the fundamental definition of a green belt in the context of land-use planning?

A green belt, also known as a greenbelt, is a policy and land-use zone designation used in urban planning. It is designed to preserve areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land that surround or border urban areas. Essentially, it acts as an invisible boundary that prevents development and allows natural environments and wildlife to thrive.

How do green belts differ from concepts like greenways or green wedges?

While green belts are typically large areas of undeveloped land encircling urban areas, concepts like greenways and green wedges have a more linear character. These linear features may run through an urban area rather than around it, serving as corridors for nature or recreation.

What is the broader term used in the United States for undeveloped land around urban areas, which can include smaller spaces?

In the United States, the more general term used for undeveloped land around urban areas is 'green space' or 'greenspace.' This term can encompass even very small areas, such as a local park.

What are the primary stated objectives for establishing green belts in countries that implement such policies?

The stated objectives of green belt policies typically include protecting natural or semi-natural environments, improving air quality within urban areas, ensuring urban dwellers have access to the countryside for educational and recreational opportunities, and preserving the unique character of rural communities that might otherwise be absorbed by expanding suburbs.

Beyond their policy objectives, what are some direct benefits that green belts offer to people and wildlife?

Green belts offer several benefits, including providing accessible areas for activities like walking, camping, and biking close to populated areas. They also serve as contiguous habitat networks for plants, animals, and wildlife, contribute to cleaner air and water, and promote better land use within bordering cities.

How can the effectiveness of green belts vary, and what is a potential consequence of this variation?

The effectiveness of green belts can differ significantly depending on their specific location and the country implementing them. A common challenge is that they can be eroded by urban rural fringe uses. Sometimes, development may 'jump' over the designated green belt area, leading to the creation of 'satellite towns' that, despite being separated from the main city, function more like suburbs than independent communities.

Can you describe an early historical precedent for a green belt established by Muhammad?

Yes, in the 7th century, Muhammad established a green belt around Medina. This was achieved by prohibiting the further removal of trees within a 12-mile-long strip surrounding the city, aiming to preserve the natural environment.

What historical measure did Queen Elizabeth I of England implement to curb urban spread, and what were its limitations?

In 1580, Queen Elizabeth I banned new buildings within a 3-mile wide belt around the City of London. This was an attempt to prevent the spread of plague. However, the proclamation was not widely enforced, and it was possible to purchase dispensations, which diminished its effectiveness.

Where did the modern concept of green belts emerge, and what was a significant early example?

The modern concept of green belts largely emerged from continental Europe, where broad boulevards were increasingly used to separate new developments from historic town centers. A notable example is the Ringstraße in Vienna. The policy was later pioneered in the United Kingdom in response to significant rural flight.

Who is credited with first using the term 'green belt' in relation to London's growth, and when?

The term 'green belt' was first used in relation to the growth of London by Octavia Hill in 1875. Various proposals followed, with the London Society putting forward a significant plan in 1919.

What was the London Society's 'Development Plan of Greater London' proposal regarding a green belt?

In its 1919 'Development Plan of Greater London,' the London Society proposed a continuous belt, up to two miles wide, to prevent urban sprawl. This belt would serve as a boundary beyond which new development could occur.

How can green belts influence house prices in and around urban areas?

When established around economically prosperous cities, green belts can lead to considerable price premiums for homes within or near them. This is partly due to the guaranteed protection of views and recreational space. In areas where housing demand exceeds supply within the city, green belt homes compete directly, further driving up prices. They can also be more economically resilient, being popular with retirees and less attractive for short-term rentals of modest homes.

What are the benefits of peri-urban agriculture often found in green belt areas?

Peri-urban agriculture, which includes community gardening and farming within green belts, offers several benefits. These include positive effects on nutrition, physical fitness, self-esteem, and mental health. Furthermore, this type of agriculture can augment carbon sequestration, reduce the urban heat island effect, provide habitats for organisms, and help recycle urban greywater and wastewater, thus conserving water and reducing waste.

What criticism do economists like Mark Pennington and think tanks like the Institute of Economic Affairs level against green belts?

Critics such as Mark Pennington and organizations like the Institute of Economic Affairs argue that green belts significantly limit housing supply within designated zones, thereby exacerbating high housing prices and stifling competitive market forces. They contend that the benefits, such as recreational use, are often limited to a small fraction of the population and that green belts are not strongly causally linked to clean air and water.

How can green belts inadvertently contribute to increased urban sprawl, according to critics?

Critics argue that because green belts do not extend indefinitely, they can push development further away from the city core than might otherwise occur. This phenomenon, known as 'increasing urban sprawl,' can lead to longer commutes for residents, reduced access to public transport, and increased traffic through the green belt itself, potentially undermining the belt's intended purpose.

What are some examples of cities where green belts have been criticized for contributing to urban sprawl?

Examples commonly cited include the Ottawa suburbs of Kanata and Orleans in Canada. These areas are located outside the city's green belt and have experienced significant growth, leading to longer commutes and increased transportation demands through the green belt.

In what way might green belts serve as a land reserve for future transportation infrastructure?

There are instances where green belts have effectively acted as a land reserve for the future construction of freeways and highways. This can occur whether the infrastructure was planned from the outset or if newer administrations utilize available land left by predecessors.

When were green belts first established in England, and what was their primary initial purpose?

Green belts were established in England in 1955. Their primary initial purpose was to prevent the physical growth of large built-up areas and to stop neighboring cities and towns from merging into one another.

What are the main criticisms of green belts in the UK concerning housing development?

In the UK, green belts around major conurbations have been criticized as one of the primary protectionist barriers preventing the construction of new housing. Other contributing factors include planning restrictions, restrictive covenants, and developers engaging in land banking.

How did the New Towns Act in the UK help to mitigate the restrictions imposed by green belts?

The New Towns Act of 1946 and subsequent acts allowed for the planned, government-supported establishment of new towns. These new towns were developed beyond the existing green belts, providing new homes, infrastructure, businesses, and facilities, thereby offering an alternative to unchecked urban expansion within or immediately adjacent to the green belts.

What is the Adelaide Park Lands in Australia, and how does it function as a green belt?

Adelaide's Central Business District is completely encircled by the Adelaide Park Lands, which measure approximately 7.6 km². This unbroken ring of parkland functions as a green belt. Additionally, an expansive natural green belt in the Adelaide Hills acts as a growth boundary for the city and helps to cool it during hot months.

What is the 'Green Wedge Shire' near Melbourne, Australia, and what prevents high-density development there?

The Nillumbik Shire Council, located about 30 km northeast of Melbourne, is known as 'The Green Wedge Shire.' An agreement with the Victorian Government prevents high-density infrastructure from being built in this area, preserving its undeveloped character.

What national parks surround Sydney, Australia, and what other green space provides a partial green belt?

Sydney is bordered on three sides by national parks: the Royal National Park, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, and the Blue Mountains National Park. The fourth side is oceanfront. Additionally, the Western Sydney Parklands offer a partial north-south green belt through the suburban areas.

Describe the São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve in Brazil.

The São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve (GBBR) is an integral part of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve, established in 1994. It spans 73 municipalities, including the São Paulo metro and Santos areas, covering approximately 17,000 km² and housing about 23 million people. It contains over 6,000 km² of forests and other Atlantic Forest ecosystems, contributing valuable ecosystem services.

What is the Ottawa Greenbelt in Canada, when was it established, and what is its primary purpose?

The Ottawa Greenbelt is Canada's oldest green belt, established in 1956. Its primary purpose was to curb urban sprawl surrounding the nation's capital city, Ottawa. It is largely owned and managed by the National Capital Commission (NCC).

What is the Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt in Canada, and what key environmental features does it include?

The Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt is a large band of land, approximately 7,300 km², that encircles the Greater Toronto Area and Niagara Peninsula, extending to parts of the Bruce Peninsula. It encompasses significant environmental areas like the Oak Ridges Moraine, a vital aquifer, and the Niagara Escarpment, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

What legislation in Ontario, Canada, was enacted to protect the Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt from development?

In February 2005, the Ontario government enacted the Greenbelt Act. This legislation was specifically created to protect the greenspace of the Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt from all future development, with the exception of limited agricultural uses.

How does British Columbia's Agricultural Land Reserve function, and what is a limitation of its protection?

British Columbia's Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) is designed to protect agricultural land throughout the province from urban development, including mountainous terrain and areas around Vancouver. While this protection is strict, allowing urban development of ALR land only when no reasonable alternative exists, it does not protect non-agricultural land, such as hillsides, which can lead to significant hillside sprawl.

What is the Santo Domingo Greenbelt project in the Dominican Republic, and what are its objectives?

The Santo Domingo Greenbelt project surrounds the Distrito Nacional (National District) of Greater Santo Domingo. Its objectives are to protect the water and natural reserves of Santo Domingo and to regulate the expansion of settlements. It includes areas like the National Botanical Garden and several 'Mirador' parks.

What influence did the American national park model have on conservation in the Dominican Republic, particularly concerning the Del Este national park?

The American national park model influenced conservation efforts in the Dominican Republic. However, in the case of Del Este national park, the exclusion of coastal waters from the park's boundary designation allowed local communities to continue fishing and using the waters. This approach, while accommodating local needs, did not align with the conservation goals of collaborating American NGOs and led to local communities finding their own means of sustenance after the park's creation impacted their traditional fishing grounds.

How has Tehran's green belt evolved, and what environmental impacts has this had?

Tehran's green belt has significantly expanded over the decades. From 29 square kilometers in 1979, it grew to 530 square kilometers by 2017, with a corresponding increase in the number of parks. This expansion and afforestation have led to increased humidity and precipitation, cooling summer temperatures by up to 4°C.

What is the European Green Belt, and what does it represent?

The European Green Belt is a long ecological network stretching along the former Iron Curtain from the Barents Sea to the Adriatic and Black Seas. It serves as a significant ecological corridor and a symbol of European reconciliation and cooperation, connecting protected areas and habitats across the continent.

What term is commonly used in New Zealand for an urban green belt, and what is a notable example?

In New Zealand, the term 'Town Belt' is most commonly used for an urban green belt. The Dunedin Town Belt is a notable example, recognized as one of the world's oldest, planned during the Otago gold rush in the 1860s to surround the city center.

Where is Bangkok's Bang Krachao Green Area located, and what is its current significance?

Bangkok's Bang Krachao Green Area is situated within a curve of the Chao Phraya River. It is currently managed as a green area with controls on urbanization and is a popular destination for tourism and cycling.

When was the Capital Region Urban Plan developed in South Korea, and what key planning concepts did it incorporate?

The Capital Region Urban Plan was developed in 1965 by the Korean Planners Association. Influenced by the Greater London Plan of 1944, it incorporated the concepts of a Greenbelt and satellite towns along the development corridor between Seoul and Incheon.

What were the initial objectives for designating green belts around South Korean metropolitan areas like Seoul?

The initial objectives for South Korea's green belts, first introduced as 'Limited Development Areas' in 1971, included preventing urban sprawl around Seoul. Other key objectives were controlling northern areas for national security, eliminating illegal suburban shantytowns, curbing land speculation, protecting agricultural land, and preserving the environment and natural resources.

What are some of the benefits of green belts in South Korea, despite criticisms regarding land ownership?

Despite criticisms concerning the reduction of housing and property values for landowners within the greenbelt, these areas provide significant benefits. These include nature preservation, improved air quality, and the encouragement of greater efficiency in urban infrastructure and public services.

What are the approximate sizes of several major green belts in England?

Several major green belts in England have substantial areas. The Metropolitan Green Belt covers approximately 1,969 square miles (5,100 km²). The North West Green Belt and the South and West Yorkshire Green Belt each cover about 1,003 square miles (2,600 km²), while the West Midlands Green Belt encompasses roughly 888 square miles (2,300 km²).

Which U.S. states mandate the establishment of Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs) for their cities?

The U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Tennessee require their cities to establish Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs) as a planning measure.

Name a few notable U.S. cities that have implemented Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs).

Notable U.S. cities that have adopted UGBs include Portland, Oregon; the Twin Cities, Minnesota; Virginia Beach, Virginia; Lexington, Kentucky (which established the first U.S. greenbelt in 1958); and Miami-Dade County, Florida.

What is the significance of the Greenbelt Alliance in the San Francisco Bay Area?

The Greenbelt Alliance is an organization based in the San Francisco Bay Area that has been actively involved in establishing Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs). More than 20 cities in this region have adopted UGBs, partly due to the efforts of this alliance.

What are some examples of green belts or greenways found within New York City?

New York City features examples such as the Staten Island Greenbelt and the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway. These areas provide significant green space within the urban environment.

What is the Barton Creek Greenbelt, and where is it located?

The Barton Creek Greenbelt is a notable natural area located in Austin, Texas. It serves as a significant green space within the city, offering recreational opportunities and preserving natural habitats.

How does Ann Arbor, Michigan, approach the protection of agricultural land around the city?

Ann Arbor, Michigan, is acquiring conservation easements on agricultural land surrounding the city as a method of protection. While the initial city plan did not involve surrounding townships, at least four townships have since participated or initiated their own land protection efforts.

What is the Emerald Necklace in Boston, and how does it relate to the concept of a green belt?

The Emerald Necklace in Boston is a system of parks and parkways that nearly encircles central Boston. It is considered to be halfway between a green belt and a greenway, providing a significant green corridor within the metropolitan area, although the final planned link was never constructed.

What historical event led to the establishment of the Dunedin Town Belt in New Zealand?

The Dunedin Town Belt in New Zealand was planned and established during the rapid growth of the city in the 1860s, driven by the Otago gold rush. It is recognized as one of the world's oldest planned urban green belts.

What is the primary function of the *Commission de protection du territoire agricole du Québec* in Canada?

The *Commission de protection du territoire agricole du Québec* is responsible for preserving territory designated for agricultural activities in Quebec. Its role is to safeguard agricultural zones and promote their protection as a local priority, covering a substantial area across numerous municipalities.

What are the stated purposes of green belt policies in countries that implement them?

The stated purposes of green belt policies include protecting natural environments, improving urban air quality, providing urban dwellers with access to the countryside for recreation and education, and preserving the character of rural communities from being absorbed by urban expansion.

What is the potential downside of green belts regarding housing supply and affordability?

A significant criticism is that green belts can restrict the supply of housing in desirable areas, leading to increased competition and higher prices for existing homes. This scarcity can make housing less affordable for many people.

How can green belts contribute to environmental benefits within and around urban areas?

Green belts can contribute to environmental benefits by preserving natural habitats for wildlife, improving air and water quality, and providing space for peri-urban agriculture which can aid in carbon sequestration and reduce the urban heat island effect.

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The Concept of a Green Belt

Defining the Boundary

A green belt, or greenbelt, is a land-use planning policy designating areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding urban centers. These policy zones serve as a buffer, preventing the unchecked expansion of urban development and preserving natural landscapes.

Purpose and Function

Similar to greenways or green wedges, green belts aim to maintain distinct urban boundaries, protect natural environments, improve urban air quality, and provide residents with access to the countryside for educational and recreational purposes. They also help preserve the unique character of rural communities adjacent to urban areas.

Beyond Urban Limits

While the term "green belt" is specific, the broader concept of "green space" or "greenspace" is used in the United States to encompass any undeveloped area, from large tracts to small urban parks. Green belts, however, specifically refer to these encircling zones designed to manage urban growth.

Stated Objectives of Green Belt Policy

Environmental Preservation

A primary objective is to protect natural or semi-natural environments. This includes maintaining biodiversity by providing contiguous habitat networks for plants, animals, and wildlife, crucial for ecological balance.

Urban Environmental Quality

Green belts are intended to improve air quality within urban areas. The presence of vegetation helps filter pollutants and regulate temperature, potentially mitigating the urban heat island effect.

Recreational Access

They ensure that urban dwellers have access to the countryside, offering opportunities for walking, camping, biking, and other recreational activities. This connection to nature is vital for public health and well-being.

Preventing Urban Absorption

Green belts protect the unique character of rural communities that might otherwise be absorbed by expanding suburbs. This helps maintain distinct identities and prevents the homogenization of landscapes.

Historical Evolution of Green Belts

Ancient Precedents

The concept of demarcating undeveloped land around settlements has historical roots. In the 7th century, Muhammad established a green belt around Medina by prohibiting tree removal. Later, in 1580, Elizabeth I of England banned new buildings within a three-mile radius of the City of London to curb plague spread, though enforcement was inconsistent.

Modern Origins

The modern concept emerged from European practices, notably Vienna's Ringstrasse. In the UK, the term gained traction in the late 19th century, with proposals for London's green belt gaining support in the early 20th century. The policy was formally established in England in 1955 to prevent urban sprawl and merging of towns.

1955 (UK): Formal establishment of green belts to prevent urban sprawl and merging of built-up areas.
1965 (South Korea): Capital Region Urban Plan incorporated a Greenbelt, influenced by London's plans.
1994 (Brazil): São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve created.
2005 (Canada): Ontario government enacted the Greenbelt Act to protect greenspace around the Greater Toronto Area.
Early US Efforts: Lexington, Kentucky, established the first US greenbelt in 1958. New Deal programs created three greenbelt communities.

Critiques and Challenges

Housing Affordability and Prices

A significant criticism is that green belts, particularly around prosperous cities, can artificially inflate housing prices. By restricting supply within the designated zone, they increase demand and cost for properties both inside and adjacent to the belt, potentially exacerbating housing shortages.

Economic Argument: Critics argue that green belts limit housing supply, driving up prices and making homeownership less accessible.

Urban Sprawl and Commuting

Paradoxically, green belts can sometimes encourage urban sprawl beyond their boundaries. Development may "jump" over the green belt, leading to the creation of satellite towns that function as suburbs, increasing commute distances, traffic congestion, and reliance on private transportation.

Planning Paradox: The restriction of development can push growth further out, potentially increasing sprawl and transportation challenges.

Effectiveness and Alternatives

Critics question the actual effectiveness of green belts in preserving the countryside, noting that they can sometimes act as land reserves for future infrastructure like highways. Concerns are also raised about the limited use of green belts for recreation by the general population and the potential for other planning restrictions to be more impactful.

Limited recreational use by a fraction of the population.
Potential for acting as land reserves for future infrastructure.
Debatable causal link to clean air and water compared to other factors.
Resistance from landlords profiting from housing scarcity.
Loss of brownfield sites within urban areas due to inadequate green belt reduction or alternative development.

Global Green Belt Initiatives

Australia

Adelaide's Central Business District is encircled by the extensive Adelaide Parklands. Melbourne's Shire of Nillumbik is designated as "The Green Wedge Shire," preventing high-density development. Sydney is bordered by national parks and the Western Sydney Parklands.

Canada

The Ottawa Greenbelt, established in 1956, surrounds the capital. The Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt in Ontario protects a vast area around the Greater Toronto Area, including environmentally sensitive lands like the Oak Ridges Moraine and Niagara Escarpment.

United Kingdom

Green belts were formalized in England in 1955. They cover significant areas around major conurbations, aiming to prevent urban merging. Criticisms include their role in restricting housing supply and potentially contributing to sprawl beyond their boundaries.

Metropolitan Green Belt (approx. 5,100 km²)
North West Green Belt (approx. 2,600 km²)
South and West Yorkshire Green Belt (approx. 2,600 km²)
West Midlands Green Belt (approx. 2,300 km²)

United States

Several US states mandate Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs). Notable cities include Portland (Oregon), Lexington (Kentucky - first US greenbelt in 1958), and Virginia Beach. The New Deal created three specific greenbelt communities: Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greendale, Wisconsin.

Iran

Tehran has a significant green belt project, expanding its area considerably over decades. Afforestation efforts have reportedly improved humidity and reduced summer temperatures, with a goal to add 10 sq km annually.

South Korea

Green belts were introduced in 1971 to control urban sprawl around Seoul and other metropolitan areas. Objectives include national security, preventing land speculation, protecting agriculture, and environmental conservation, though initial boundary drawing lacked public input.

Related Concepts

Greenways

Linear corridors of undeveloped land, often following natural features like rivers or old railway lines, designed for conservation, recreation, or ecological connectivity within or around urban areas.

Urban Sprawl

The outward expansion of low-density development from urban centers into surrounding rural areas, often characterized by car dependency and fragmentation of natural habitats.

Peri-urban Agriculture

Farming activities located on the fringe of urban areas, which can augment carbon sequestration, mitigate urban heat island effects, and provide local food sources.

Land-Use Planning

The systematic regulation and management of land use within a given area, encompassing zoning, development controls, and conservation strategies to achieve specific societal goals.

Authority Control

Identifiers

These databases provide standardized identifiers for entities, facilitating consistent referencing and data management across various information systems.

GND: Gemeinsame Normdatei (German National Library)
FAST: Freely Accessible Searchable Thesaurus (Art & Architecture Thesaurus)
United States Library of Congress: Authorities and Standards
BnF: Bibliothèque nationale de France
Czech Republic National Library: Catalogue
Israel National Library: Authorities
Yale LUX: Library User Experience

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References

Bae, C. H. C. (1998). Korea's greenbelts: impacts and options for change. Pac. Rim. L. & Pol'y J., 7, 479.

Grupo Terra Dominicana: CinturÃ³n Verde. Terradominicana.blogspot.com (2004-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.

Iqbal, Munawwar (2005). Islamic Perspectives on Sustainable Development. p. 27. Published jointly by Palgrave Macmillan, University of Bahrain, and Islamic Research and Training Institute.

How Much Open Space is Enough?" St. Paul Pioneer Press (MN) â April 22, 2007 â A1 MAIN

Canadaâs first Greenbelt Fixing Boundaries: An International Review Of Greenbelt Boundaries. p. 27. Published jointly by Greg MacDonald, Ryerson University.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Green belt Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This content has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on data derived from publicly available sources, including Wikipedia, and may not reflect the most current information or nuances of the topic.

This is not professional advice. The information provided does not constitute expert advice in urban planning, environmental policy, or any related field. Readers should consult with qualified professionals for specific guidance related to land-use planning, environmental regulations, or community development.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented herein.

The Verdant Embrace

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Concept of a Green Belt ℹ️

🏞️ Defining the Boundary

🌿 Purpose and Function

🌳 Beyond Urban Limits

Stated Objectives of Green Belt Policy 🎯

🌳 Environmental Preservation

🌬️ Urban Environmental Quality

🚶 Recreational Access

🏘️ Preventing Urban Absorption

Historical Evolution of Green Belts ⏳

📜 Ancient Precedents

🏛️ Modern Origins

Critiques and Challenges ❓

💰 Housing Affordability and Prices

🚗 Urban Sprawl and Commuting

⚖️ Effectiveness and Alternatives

Global Green Belt Initiatives 🗺️

🇦🇺 Australia

🇨🇦 Canada

🇬🇧 United Kingdom

🇺🇸 United States

🇮🇷 Iran

🇰🇷 South Korea

Related Concepts 🔗

🌳 Greenways

📈 Urban Sprawl

🌱 Peri-urban Agriculture

⚖️ Land-Use Planning

Authority Control 🆔

🌐 Identifiers

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Concept of a Green Belt

Defining the Boundary

Purpose and Function

Beyond Urban Limits

Stated Objectives of Green Belt Policy

Environmental Preservation

Urban Environmental Quality

Recreational Access

Preventing Urban Absorption

Historical Evolution of Green Belts

Ancient Precedents

Modern Origins

Critiques and Challenges

Housing Affordability and Prices

Urban Sprawl and Commuting

Effectiveness and Alternatives

Global Green Belt Initiatives

Australia

Canada

United Kingdom

United States

Iran

South Korea

Related Concepts

Greenways

Urban Sprawl

Peri-urban Agriculture

Land-Use Planning

Authority Control

Identifiers

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

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Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice