What is Halifax Harbour and where is it located?

Halifax Harbour is a large, natural harbour situated on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, within the Halifax Regional Municipality.

What makes Halifax Harbour significant in terms of its physical characteristics?

Halifax Harbour is notable for being one of the largest and deepest ice-free natural harbours globally, which has been crucial to the city's existence and development.

What major historical event occurred in Halifax Harbour in 1917?

In 1917, Halifax Harbour was the site of the world's largest man-made accidental explosion, known as the Halifax Explosion, which occurred on December 6 when the SS Mont-Blanc detonated after a collision.

How was Halifax Harbour geologically formed?

The harbour was formed by a drowned glacial valley that was submerged due to sea level rise following glaciation.

What river empties into the upper part of Halifax Harbour?

The Sackville River empties into the upper end of the harbour, specifically into Bedford Basin.

What are the main geographic subdivisions of Halifax Harbour mentioned in the text?

The harbour includes the Northwest Arm, The Narrows (a constricted passage leading to Bedford Basin), and Bedford Basin itself, which is a large, sheltered bay.

What was the Mi'kmaq name for Halifax Harbour, and what does it translate to?

The Mi'kmaq First Nation, who historically occupied the territory, called the harbour Kjipuktuk, which was transliterated into English as Chebucto.

How is Halifax Harbour's strategic location described in relation to transatlantic routes?

The harbour is strategically positioned approximately one hour's sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard of North America and Europe, making it a key port of call.

What is the significance of Halifax Harbour's location for trade?

As the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections, it holds significant importance for trade.

Which island forms the northern limit of Halifax Harbour?

McNabs Island forms the northern limit of Halifax Harbour.

What is the largest island located entirely within Halifax Harbour's limits?

Georges Island is the largest island situated entirely within the harbour limits.

What geological feature is Georges Island, and what is it similar to on land?

Georges Island is a glacial drumlin, a type of landform created by glacial ice, similar to the drumlin found at Citadel Hill.

What is Deadman's Island known for, and why is it named as such?

Deadman's Island, a small peninsula in the Northwest Arm, is known as the burial location for prisoners of war from the War of 1812.

Which island is connected to the mainland by road and houses the Armdale Yacht Club?

Melville Island, a small island near Deadman's Island, is connected to the mainland by road and is home to the Armdale Yacht Club.

Although outside the defined harbour limits, which islands are often included in descriptions of the Halifax Harbour area?

Lawlor Island and Devils Island are frequently mentioned in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and its surrounding region, despite being outside the official limits.

How is the official harbour limit for navigational purposes defined?

The harbour limit is defined by a line running from Herring Cove on the west side of the main channel to the northern end of McNabs Island, and then across the Eastern Passage to Eastern Passage on the east side of the island.

What navigational aids are present in Halifax Harbour?

The harbour is marked by an extensive network of buoys and lighthouses, including the Sambro Island Lighthouse, which is noted as the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.

Which channel must deep-draught vessels use, and where is its west entrance point located?

Deep-draught vessels must use the main channel on the west side of McNabs Island, with the west entrance point located near Chebucto Head.

What is the Eastern Passage used for, and what is a challenge associated with it?

The Eastern Passage is used by shallow-draught vessels (less than 2.5 meters or 8.2 feet), but continuous silting makes the charted depths unreliable.

What is the requirement for large vessels navigating Halifax Harbour regarding pilots?

Large vessels are subject to compulsory pilotage, meaning they must have a harbour pilot board them at the pilot station off Chebucto Head.

Why is there a rule that only one vessel can transit The Narrows at a time?

This rule was implemented after the disastrous Halifax Explosion in 1917, which resulted from a collision between the French munitions ship SS Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian ship SS Imo in The Narrows, causing widespread destruction in Halifax and Dartmouth.

Where is the Royal Canadian Navy's major base located in relation to Halifax Harbour?

The Royal Canadian Navy's Maritime Forces Atlantic base is located along the western side of The Narrows, with an ammunition depot also present on the northeastern shore of Bedford Basin.

What are the two suspension bridges that cross The Narrows?

The two suspension bridges crossing The Narrows are the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, opened in 1955, and the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, opened in 1970.

What was the expectation for Halifax Harbour after Canada's Confederation in 1867?

After Confederation in 1867, boosters of Halifax expected federal support to establish the natural harbour as Canada's official winter port and a primary gateway for trade with Europe.

Why did Halifax struggle to become Canada's official winter port despite its advantages?

The new Intercolonial Railway took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canada's winter port, leading many Canadian exporters to use American ports like Boston or Portland.

When did large-scale port facilities begin construction at Ocean Terminals?

Construction of the large docking facilities at Ocean Terminals in Halifax's South End began just before World War I.

What agency administers and operates port properties in Halifax Harbour?

The Halifax Port Authority (HPA), a federally appointed agency, administers and operates various port properties on the harbour. It previously operated under the National Harbours Board but is now a locally run organization.

What types of facilities are operated by the Halifax Port Authority?

HPA facilities include the South End Container Terminal, Halifax Grain Elevator, Ocean Terminals, Piers 20-22 (which house the Halifax Seaport Farmers Market and the Pier 21 Museum), Richmond Terminals, Richmond Offshore Terminals, Fairview Cove Container Terminal, National Gypsum Wharf, Woodside Atlantic Wharf, Imperial Oil Wharves, Ultramar Oil Wharves, and the Eastern Passage Autoport.

How are HPA facilities serviced by rail?

All HPA facilities are serviced by Canadian National (CN) railway, which provides on-dock daily train service to major cities including Montreal, Toronto, Detroit, and Chicago. CN also operates the Halifax Intermodal Terminal adjacent to the Richmond Terminals.

Besides HPA facilities, what other significant port users have facilities in Halifax Harbour?

Other significant users include the Halifax Shipyard (operated by Irving Shipbuilding), MARLANT (operating HMC Dockyard and other facilities through CFB Halifax), the Canadian Coast Guard (which formerly operated CCG Base Dartmouth), and the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO).

What is the function of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography's docking facilities?

The Bedford Institute of Oceanography maintains docking facilities for various government scientific vessels. Its campus also houses Halifax Coast Guard Radio and the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) centre, which provides radar coverage of harbour activity.

Name some of the yacht clubs located on Halifax Harbour.

Yacht clubs on the harbour include the Armdale Yacht Club, Bedford Basin Yacht Club, Dartmouth Yacht Club, Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, Shearwater Yacht Club, St. Mary's Boat Club, and the Waegwoltic Club.

What is the role of the Halifax Shipyard?

The Halifax Shipyard, operated by Irving Shipbuilding, is a medium-sized vessel construction and repair yard that includes a graving dock and various shore-based operations.

What was the Dartmouth Marine Slips, and when did it cease operations?

The Dartmouth Marine Slips was a marine railway located in Dartmouth Cove that operated until 2003 before being replaced by high-rise residential development.

What has been the primary cause of pollution in Halifax Harbour?

Pollution in Halifax Harbour has historically resulted from two centuries of direct discharge of raw sewage into its waters.

What was the impact of sewage build-up on harbour beaches?

The accumulation of sewage led to health concerns in the 1990s, causing the closure of all harbour beaches.

What was the Harbour Solutions project, and when was it initiated?

The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in the year 2000, was a CA$400 million initiative aimed at addressing the problem of sewage treatment and disposal in the urban area, involving the construction of new treatment plants.

What was the status of harbour waters for swimming in July 2008, according to testing?

Testing in July 2008, with two of the three sewage treatment plants operational, indicated that the harbour waters were safe for swimming, leading to the reopening of municipal beaches like Black Rock Beach and Dingle Beach after a 30-year closure.

What significant event occurred regarding the Harbour Solutions project in early 2009?

In early 2009, swimming was no longer permitted in the harbour because the new sewage treatment plant flooded and stopped working, resulting in periodic breakdowns and the resumption of raw sewage discharge.

Have the harbour beaches been permanently reopened since the Harbour Solutions project?

Some beaches, like Black Rock Beach, reopened on July 4, 2010. However, the text notes that repeated breakdowns in the new system have resulted in swimming bans being regularly re-imposed and periodic resumption of raw sewage discharge.

What are the primary causes of shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour?

Shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour are primarily attributed to harbour accidents, although some ships were sunk by German U-boats during World War II near the harbour approaches.

Approximately how many shipwrecks have been mapped within Halifax Harbour?

Mapping of the harbour has revealed approximately 45 shipwrecks within its waters, with over 50 magnetic anomalies suggesting more shipwrecks near the mouth of the harbour, many buried under sediment.

What protection is afforded to historic shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour?

Historic shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour are protected under Nova Scotia's Special Places Act, which makes it illegal to remove artifacts without a permit.

What caused the sinking of the SS Havana on April 26, 1906?

The SS Havana sank after being rammed by the steamer Strathcona at night while it was anchored.

What event led to the destruction of the SS Mont-Blanc in Halifax Harbour?

The SS Mont-Blanc was destroyed when it blew up in the Halifax Explosion on December 6, 1917, following a collision with the SS Imo. Fragments of the ship still remain.

Which shipwreck resulted in the loss of 19 lives due to a collision in Bedford Basin?

The shipyard tug Erg sank on July 6, 1943, after a collision in Bedford Basin, resulting in the loss of 19 lives.

What caused the sinking of the ferry Governor Cornwallis?

The ferry Governor Cornwallis sank on December 22, 1944, due to a fire.

Which two ships were torpedoed by the German submarine U-1232 on January 14, 1945?

The ships torpedoed by the German submarine U-1232 on January 14, 1945, were the Athelviking and SS British Freedom.

What event on July 18, 1945, caused a barge to sink in Bedford Basin?

A barge sank in Bedford Basin as a result of the Bedford Magazine Explosion on July 18, 1945.

What is the significance of Sambro Island Lighthouse in North America?

Sambro Island Lighthouse, located at the harbour approaches, is the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.

What is the role of harbour pilots in Halifax Harbour?

Harbour pilots are essential for large vessels navigating Halifax Harbour, boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head to guide ships safely through the waters.

Halifax Harbour Wiki: Halifax Harbour: A Maritime Nexus of History and Commerce

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Overview

A Natural Maritime Hub

Halifax Harbour is a substantial natural harbour situated along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, within the Halifax Regional Municipality. Its existence is intrinsically linked to the city's development, owing to its status as one of the world's largest and deepest ice-free natural harbours. Historically, it served as a pivotal commercial port on the Atlantic seaboard prior to Canadian Confederation.

Site of a Historic Catastrophe

The harbour bears the indelible mark of the SS Mont-Blanc explosion on December 6, 1917. This catastrophic event, known as the Halifax Explosion, remains the largest man-made accidental explosion in history, profoundly impacting the city and its harbour.

Geological Origins

The harbour's formation is attributed to a submerged glacial valley that succumbed to sea-level rise following periods of glaciation. The Sackville River now converges with the harbour's upper reaches at Bedford Basin, its original course charted beneath the waters.

Geographical Features

Strategic Location

Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is strategically positioned approximately one hour's sailing time north of the Great Circle Route connecting the Eastern Seaboard of North America with Europe. This makes it a critical first inbound and last outbound port of call for transcontinental rail connections.

Key Waterways

The harbour encompasses several distinct geographical areas:

The Narrows: A constricted channel serving as the passage to Bedford Basin.
Bedford Basin: A large, sheltered bay forming the primary expanse of the harbour.
Northwest Arm: Another drowned river valley, now predominantly utilized for recreational boating.

Interactive Map

Explore the geographical layout of Halifax Harbour with this interactive map, highlighting its key features and surrounding areas.

Map of Halifax Harbour

Notable Islands

Georges Island

A prominent glacial drumlin located within the harbour limits, Georges Island shares geological similarities with Citadel Hill. It has historically served various roles and is a significant landmark.

McNabs Island

The largest island defining the harbour's boundary, McNabs Island marks the northern extent of the main harbour and separates it from the Eastern Passage.

Deadman's Island

Situated in the Northwest Arm, this small peninsula served as a burial site for prisoners of war from the War of 1812.

Melville Island

Adjacent to Deadman's Island and connected by road, Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and hosts the Armdale Yacht Club.

Historical Significance

Indigenous Heritage

The traditional territory of the Mi'kmaq First Nation, the harbour was known in their language as Kjipuktuk, transliterated into English as "Chebucto."

Post-Confederation Ambitions

Following Confederation in 1867, proponents envisioned Halifax Harbour as Canada's official winter port. Despite its strategic location, the Intercolonial Railway's indirect route and limited federal promotion hindered its development as a primary gateway for European trade. Significant port infrastructure at Ocean Terminals was only initiated before World War I.

The Halifax Explosion

On December 6, 1917, a collision between the SS Mont-Blanc and the SS Imo within the harbour resulted in the devastating Halifax Explosion. This event, the largest man-made accidental explosion in history, caused immense destruction to Halifax and Dartmouth and led to stringent navigation rules for The Narrows.

Navigational Aspects

Channel Management

Deep-draught vessels must utilize the main channel west of McNabs Island, with the entrance point near Chebucto Head. Shallow-draught vessels can use the Eastern Passage, though silting can affect charted depths. The harbour is equipped with an extensive network of buoys and aids to navigation, including the historic Sambro Island Lighthouse, the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.

Pilotage and Safety

Large vessels are subject to compulsory pilotage, with pilots boarding off Chebucto Head. Transit through The Narrows is restricted to one vessel at a time, a safety measure implemented after the 1917 explosion. The Royal Canadian Navy maintains significant facilities, including Maritime Forces Atlantic and an ammunition depot, necessitating strict adherence to security regulations.

Major Crossings

Two significant suspension bridges span The Narrows, facilitating land transportation across the harbour:

The Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, opened in 1955.
The A. Murray MacKay Bridge, opened in 1970.

Port Operations

Halifax Port Authority

The Halifax Port Authority (HPA) manages and operates numerous port properties. Its facilities are crucial for international trade and include:

South End Container Terminal
Halifax Grain Elevator
Ocean Terminals
Cruise Ship Pavilion and Pier 21 Museum
Richmond Terminals and Offshore Terminals
Fairview Cove Container Terminal
National Gypsum Wharf
Woodside Atlantic Wharf
Imperial Oil and Ultramar Oil Wharves
Eastern Passage Autoport

All HPA facilities are serviced by CN Rail, providing intermodal connections to major North American cities.

Other Maritime Facilities

Beyond HPA operations, the harbour hosts critical maritime infrastructure:

Halifax Shipyard: Operated by Irving Shipbuilding, specializing in vessel construction and repair.
CFB Halifax: Home to MARLANT, HMC Dockyard, and related naval facilities.
Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO): Maintains docking for government scientific vessels and houses the Halifax Marine Communications and Traffic Services centre.
Marinas: Numerous yacht clubs and marinas cater to recreational boating, including the Armdale Yacht Club, Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, and Dartmouth Yacht Club.

Environmental Concerns

Historical Discharge and Remediation

For two centuries, direct discharge of raw sewage into Halifax Harbour led to significant pollution. While tidal dispersal initially masked health concerns, by the late 20th century, sewage buildup necessitated the closure of harbour beaches. The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in 2000, represented a substantial CA$400 million effort to implement wastewater treatment infrastructure.

Ongoing Challenges

Despite the introduction of new treatment plants, the system has experienced periodic breakdowns, leading to intermittent swimming bans and the resumption of raw sewage discharge. While some beaches were reopened, the reliability of the wastewater management system remains a concern, impacting the harbour's ecological health and recreational use.

Shipwrecks and Maritime Incidents

A History of Losses

Halifax Harbour has been the site of numerous shipwrecks, both from maritime accidents and wartime events. Over 45 wrecks have been identified within the harbour, with more potential sites indicated by magnetic anomalies near the mouth. These historical sites are protected under Nova Scotia's Special Places Act, prohibiting artifact removal without a permit.

The Halifax Explosion's Legacy

The collision of SS Mont-Blanc and SS Imo in 1917 not only caused the catastrophic explosion but also resulted in the destruction and sinking of numerous vessels, contributing significantly to the harbour's maritime graveyard. Fragments from this event are still present.

Notable Incidents

Significant maritime losses include:

SS Havana (1906) - collision
Deliverance (1917)
SS Mont-Blanc (1917) - explosion
Kaaparen (1942) - convoy collision
Erg (1943) - collision in Bedford Basin, resulting in 19 fatalities
HMCS Clayoquot (1944)
SS British Freedom (1945) - torpedoed by U-1232
SS Athelviking (1945) - torpedoed by U-1232

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References

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This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical, geographical, or maritime consultation. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

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Halifax Harbour

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🌊 A Natural Maritime Hub

💥 Site of a Historic Catastrophe

🌍 Geological Origins

Geographical Features 🗺️

🧭 Strategic Location

🏞️ Key Waterways

🗺️ Interactive Map

Notable Islands 🏝️

🏛️ Georges Island

🌳 McNabs Island

💀 Deadman's Island

⚓ Melville Island

Historical Significance ⏳

🗣️ Indigenous Heritage

🇨🇦 Post-Confederation Ambitions

💥 The Halifax Explosion

Navigational Aspects 🧭

🚦 Channel Management

🚢 Pilotage and Safety

🌉 Major Crossings

Port Operations 🚢

🏢 Halifax Port Authority

🛠️ Other Maritime Facilities

Environmental Concerns 🏭

💧 Historical Discharge and Remediation

⚠️ Ongoing Challenges

Shipwrecks and Maritime Incidents ⚓

🚢 A History of Losses

💥 The Halifax Explosion's Legacy

📜 Notable Incidents

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Natural Maritime Hub

Site of a Historic Catastrophe

Geological Origins

Geographical Features

Strategic Location

Key Waterways

Interactive Map

Notable Islands

Georges Island

McNabs Island

Deadman's Island

Melville Island

Historical Significance

Indigenous Heritage

Post-Confederation Ambitions

The Halifax Explosion

Navigational Aspects

Channel Management

Pilotage and Safety

Major Crossings

Port Operations

Halifax Port Authority

Other Maritime Facilities

Environmental Concerns

Historical Discharge and Remediation

Ongoing Challenges

Shipwrecks and Maritime Incidents

A History of Losses

The Halifax Explosion's Legacy

Notable Incidents

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice