What is the primary objective of the Hanfu Movement?

The Hanfu Movement is a grassroots cultural movement in Mainland China aimed at reviving or revitalizing Han Chinese fashion, aesthetics, and cultural identity. This is achieved through the public wearing of pre-Qing dynasty traditional clothing of the Han Chinese, known as hanfu.

When did the Hanfu Movement begin, and what event is credited with its emergence?

The Hanfu Movement started around 2003. Its emergence is credited to Zhang Congxing, a Singaporean Chinese journalist, who wrote an article about Wang Letian, a man from Zhengzhou photographed wearing a homemade shenyi, a type of robe.

How has social media influenced the Hanfu Movement?

Social media platforms, initially online forums and later sites like Bilibili, Instagram, and Douyin, have significantly accelerated the Hanfu Movement's resurgence. These platforms allow youth to easily share their experiences, showcase dress fittings, and propagate the trend through photo sharing, design comparisons, and historical discussions.

What are the main motivations behind the Hanfu Movement's popularity, particularly among younger generations?

The movement's popularity is driven by a combination of factors, including a desire to reconnect with cultural heritage, the classical elegance and unique aesthetics of Hanfu, and the growing national pride associated with China's rise as a global power. It also serves as a way to express support for national rejuvenation and a more authentic representation of Chinese culture.

What does the term "hanfu" literally mean, and how has its usage evolved historically?

The term "hanfu" literally translates to "Clothing of the Han People." While not commonly used in ancient times, the term can be found in historical records spanning the Han, Tang, Song, Ming, Qing dynasties, and the Republican era. Modern experts and enthusiasts generally use it to broadly refer to indigenous Chinese clothing in general.

What are the symbolic meanings attributed to key design elements of Hanfu originating from the Zhou dynasty ritual tradition?

According to Zhou dynasty ritual traditions, the left collar covering the right symbolizes the perfection of human nature through culture and the triumph of spiritual power and ethical teaching over instinctual or bodily forces. The expansive cutting and board sleeve represent harmony between nature and human creative power, and the use of a girdle signifies the cultural constraints designed to limit human desire and prevent immoral acts.

What specific types of Hanfu are most commonly promoted by the movement, and what broader call exists regarding clothing styles?

The apparel most often promoted by the movement are ceremonial attires based on styles worn by royalty, aristocrats, scholar-officials, and soldiers from eras like the Han and Tang dynasties. However, there are also calls to promote more commoners' clothing that is suitable for modern daily life, work, and sports.

How did the Hanfu Movement begin as a subculture?

The movement began as a subculture among historically conscious netizens who sought a nostalgic pastime. It evolved from these online communities into a nationwide trend, fostering a new clothing industry and attracting millions of young consumers.

What is the significance of the "Chinese Dream" in relation to the Hanfu Movement?

The Hanfu Movement is seen by some as a nationalistic salute to the "Chinese Dream" and the "Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation." It aims to draw historical sustenance from past golden ages of Chinese culture and philosophy, influencing surrounding regions.

What were the precursors to the modern Hanfu Movement?

Following the fall of the Qing dynasty in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, there were attempts to reintroduce Han Chinese clothing. For instance, traditional dress was adopted by the Hongxian Emperor, Yuan Shikai, during his 1915 coronation ceremony.

What practical difficulties did early Hanfu enthusiasts face, and how were they overcome?

In the early years of the movement, there were no stores selling Hanfu. Enthusiasts with the necessary skills created the garments themselves, producing them in small quantities and advertising through forums. The first online Hanfu store appeared around 2005.

What was the "Tifayifu" policy, and what impact did it have?

The Tifayifu, or "shaving hair and changing apparel" decree, was imposed by the Manchu authorities during the Qing dynasty. It mandated Manchu hairstyles (the queue) and clothing for Han men, leading to significant discontent, resistance, and suppression of Han cultural practices.

How did Han Chinese women and clergy differ in their adherence to Manchu clothing and hairstyle policies during the Qing dynasty?

Women, children, and clergy were generally exempted from the Tifayifu policy. Han Chinese women continued to wear Ming dynasty styles, and Taoist priests and Buddhist monks maintained their traditional attire and hairstyles, with Taoist priests often wearing a style of hanfu called "daopao."

What forms of resistance did the Tifayifu policy encounter?

The Tifayifu policy faced strong objection due to the cultural and filial significance of hair in Han tradition. Early resistance included figures like Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing refusing to comply. Later, Han rebels, including those in the Taiping Rebellion, grew their hair on the front of their heads as a symbol of defiance against the Qing.

What compromise did the Qing government eventually offer regarding the Tifayifu policy?

To alleviate discontent, the Qing government adopted compromise policies known as "shicong shibucong" (ten rules to obey, ten not to obey). These allowed women, children, deceased men, slaves, clergy, and theatrical actors to maintain Hanfu and customs, while living men, officials, scholars, and prostitutes were required to follow Manchu traditions.

How has the Hanfu Movement influenced overseas Chinese communities?

The movement has extended to the overseas Chinese diaspora, leading to the establishment of Hanfu Movement associations in various countries. These groups aim to promote Chinese culture, and younger generations in the diaspora are increasingly adopting Hanfu as a symbol of identity, often in preference to the cheongsam.

What is the debate surrounding the authenticity of Hanfu within the movement?

The debate centers on whether only exact replicas of ancient garments are authentic (purist view) or if styles based on ancient materials but incorporating modern aesthetics are also acceptable (reformist view). Reformists argue that limiting to strict replication would restrict the beauty and diversity of Hanfu.

What concerns exist regarding the quality and authenticity of Hanfu sold in the market?

Concerns have been raised about poor quality and inauthentic designs flooding the market, which can damage Hanfu's reputation and discourage the creation of original or accurate pieces. The prevalence of cheaper, inauthentic items, coupled with a lack of consumer knowledge, contributes to this issue.

What criticisms has Kevin Carrico leveled against the Hanfu Movement?

Kevin Carrico criticizes Hanfu as an "invented style of dress" with no historical basis under that specific name. He argues the movement is inherently racial, built on a narrative of Qing dynasty oppression aimed at destroying Han civilization, and fueled by conspiracy theories about secret Manchu plots.

What are the main arguments in defense of the Hanfu Movement against criticisms?

Defenders argue that Hanfu represents a moderate and positive form of Chinese nationalism, symbolizing traditional aesthetics and heritage. They also point to the persistence of traditional clothing among ethnic minorities in China and the cultural significance of traditional attire in other East Asian countries like Japan and Korea as precedents.

What was the estimated market size and growth of the Hanfu industry in recent years?

By 2020, the Hanfu market size was estimated at 6.36 billion yuan (US$980 million), with over 5.16 million enthusiasts, showing a significant increase from previous years. Projections for the end of 2021 estimated over 7 million enthusiasts and a market size exceeding nine billion yuan (US$1.39 billion).

What is the symbolic meaning of the left collar covering the right in Hanfu?

The left collar covering the right in Hanfu symbolizes the perfection of human nature through culture and the triumph of spiritual power and ethical teaching over instinctual or bodily forces.

What does the expansive cutting and board sleeve of Hanfu represent?

The expansive cutting and board sleeve of Hanfu represent the harmony and concord between nature and human creative power, reflecting a balance in traditional Chinese philosophy.

How does the use of a girdle in Hanfu signify cultural values?

The girdle used to fasten Hanfu signifies the cultural constraints within Han society designed to limit excessive human desire, thereby preventing the commission of immoral acts and promoting ethical conduct.

What was the context of the "Hongxian Emperor" wearing traditional Han Chinese dress?

The Hongxian Emperor, who was former President Yuan Shikai, wore traditional Han Chinese dress during his coronation ceremony in 1915, an attempt to legitimize his short-lived imperial reign.

What is the "Hanwang" website, and what was its purpose?

"Hanwang" was a website launched by Hanfu proponents to promote "traditional Han clothing" and served as an online hub for the burgeoning movement in the 2000s.

What was the significance of the first physical Hanfu store, "Chong Hui Han Tang"?

Opened in Chengdu, Sichuan province, in 2006, "Chong Hui Han Tang," meaning "Coming back to the Han and Tang Dynasties," was the first physical store dedicated to Hanfu, marking a step towards commercialization and wider accessibility of the clothing.

What political proposals related to Hanfu were made in 2007?

In 2007, proposals were made to define Hanfu as China's national uniform and to replace the current Western-style academic dress with Hanfu-style attire. Additionally, advocates proposed Hanfu as the official clothing for the Chinese team in the 2008 Summer Olympics, though this was rejected.

What was the "Xitang Hanfu Culture Week," and when did it begin?

The Xitang Hanfu Culture Week is an annual event that began in 2013 in the city of Xitang, Zhejiang province. It has since become a significant gathering for Hanfu enthusiasts, attracting tens of thousands of participants.

What is the "Travelling with Hanfu" project?

Launched in 2014, the "Travelling with Hanfu" project was a collaboration between photographer Dang Xiaoshi and actor Xu Jiao. They shared photos online, which garnered significant public attention and helped popularize the movement.

How did the Qing dynasty's Tifayifu policy impact non-Han subjects?

The Tifayifu policy, mandating Manchu hairstyles and attire, was also imposed on various non-Han ethnic groups under Qing rule. While some groups already followed similar customs, others were forced to adopt these changes, sometimes leading to resistance or redundancy depending on their existing traditions.

What is the "shicong shibucong" policy?

Advocated by Jin Zhijun after surrendering to the Qing, the "shicong shibucong" policy represented a compromise. It outlined specific categories of people and situations where Manchu customs (like the queue and clothing) were mandatory, and others where traditional Han customs were permitted.

How did the Qing dynasty's compromise policies affect the preservation of Hanfu traditions?

The compromise policies allowed certain groups, including women, children, clergy, and actors, to maintain Hanfu and their customs. Furthermore, traditional Ming dynasty Hanfu robes were preserved in the Confucius Mansion, alongside Qing imperial robes, indicating a degree of cultural continuity for specific lineages.

What is the "Guzhuang (costume)" mentioned in the "See also" section?

Guzhuang refers to fantasy-based Chinese costumes that are inspired by ancient Chinese clothing, suggesting a modern interpretation or adaptation of historical styles for creative purposes.

What is the difference between "contemporary hanfu" and "ancient hanfu" according to some movement participants?

"Ancient hanfu" refers to historically accurate replicas of garments from past dynasties, often based on archaeological artifacts. "Contemporary hanfu," embraced by reformists, includes styles that are based on ancient materials and principles but may incorporate modern design elements for practicality or aesthetic appeal.

What does the term "tongpao" signify within the Hanfu Movement?

"Tongpao" is a term used by Hanfu Movement participants to refer to each other, literally translating to "wearing the same style of robe." It also serves as a pun for "tongbao," meaning "fellow compatriots," highlighting a sense of shared identity and community.

What specific criticism does Kevin Carrico level against the historical basis of Hanfu?

Kevin Carrico argues that "hanfu" is an "invented style of dress" with no historical basis under that specific name. He suggests that the concept has transitioned from a fictional tradition to a reality on modern streets.

How did the Qing dynasty's queue decree contribute to social unrest?

The queue decree, part of the Tifayifu policy, was met with significant resistance from Han Chinese who viewed cutting hair as contrary to filial piety. This led to conflicts and massacres, as the policy was enforced with increasing pressure by the Qing government.

What is the significance of the "Double Third Festival" in relation to the Hanfu Movement?

A proposal was made in 2021 to designate the Double Third Festival (the third day of the third month on the Chinese Calendar) as National Hanfu Day, highlighting the festival's potential cultural importance for the movement.

What are the "purists" and "reformists" within the Hanfu Movement advocating for?

Purists believe that only exact replicas of ancient garments guarantee authenticity, requiring reference to historical artifacts. Reformists, however, embrace modified styles, considering Hanfu authentic as long as it is based on ancient materials and follows general principles, thus allowing for contemporary adaptations.

What criticism is directed at the "tangzhuang" in the context of Chinese national identity?

Critics argue that the tangzhuang, often promoted by the Chinese Ministry of Culture and television industry, is Manchu-influenced clothing. They associate it with historical forced assimilation during the Qing conquest and the "century of humiliation," viewing it as less authentic than pre-Qing Han garments.

What is the historical context of "Lotus shoes" in relation to Hanfu?

While lotus shoes are most famously associated with foot-binding in later Chinese history, they are listed under Hanfu footwear. This suggests that while the practice itself is controversial, the shoe style might have roots or variations that were integrated into Hanfu ensembles at different times.

What is the significance of the "Mandarin square" in Chinese textile decoration?

A Mandarin square, or *buyao*, was an embroidered badge worn on the robes of civil and military officials during the Ming and Qing dynasties, indicating rank. While not strictly Hanfu in the Qing context, its historical significance in Chinese official attire is relevant to the broader study of Chinese clothing.

What is the "Yunjian" accessory?

"Yunjian," meaning "cloud shoulder," is a type of decorative shoulder piece or collar accessory worn with Hanfu, adding an element of elegance and layering to the garment.

What is the "Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)"?

Xiangnang is a fragrant sachet, often carried as a portable accessory with Hanfu. It was used to hold incense or herbs, providing a pleasant scent and serving as a decorative item.

What is the "Hezi" garment in Hanfu?

Hezi is an undergarment or inner layer worn with Hanfu, typically a cross-collared tunic that was fastened at the waist, serving as a base layer for the main robes.

What is the "Baidiequn" in Hanfu?

Baidiequn, meaning "hundred-butterfly skirt," is a type of skirt worn with Hanfu, likely characterized by intricate patterns or pleats, possibly featuring butterfly motifs, adding decorative richness to the attire.

What is the "Yudai (fish bag)" accessory?

Yudai, or "fish bag," is a type of pouch or sachet, often shaped like a fish, used as a portable accessory with Hanfu. It could hold small personal items and served as a decorative element.

What is the "Huadian (make-up)" in the context of Hanfu?

Huadian refers to a type of facial makeup, often small decorative patterns or flowers applied to the forehead or cheeks, popular in historical Chinese periods and associated with the aesthetic of Hanfu.

What is the "Yuanlingshan" in Hanfu?

Yuanlingshan is a type of Hanfu garment characterized by a round collar and wide sleeves, often worn as an upper garment or robe, representing a common style across various dynasties.

What is the "Tieli" garment in Hanfu?

Tieli is a type of robe or garment mentioned in the context of Hanfu, likely originating from or influenced by nomadic cultures, reflecting the diverse influences on Chinese clothing throughout history.

Hanfu Movement Wiki: The Hanfu Renaissance: Threads of Tradition

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

What is the Hanfu Movement?

Cultural Resurgence

The Hanfu Movement is a grassroots cultural phenomenon in Mainland China focused on reviving and revitalizing Han Chinese fashion, aesthetics, and cultural identity. It centers on the public wearing of traditional Han ethnic clothing, known as hanfu, which predates the Qing dynasty.

Origins and Growth

Emerging around 2003, the movement began as a subculture among historically conscious netizens seeking elegance. It rapidly evolved, fueled by social media and a growing appreciation for traditional aesthetics, particularly among young women, transforming into a nationwide trend with a burgeoning industry.

Drivers and Motivations

Key drivers include a burgeoning national pride linked to China's rise, a desire for national rejuvenation, and the expression of cultural identity. Participants often view Hanfu as a more authentic representation of Chinese culture compared to Manchu-influenced attire, connecting it to national aspirations and historical continuity.

Historical Context

Pre-Qing Dynasty Attire

Hanfu encompasses a wide array of clothing styles worn by Han Chinese people throughout various dynasties, characterized by features like cross-collars, flowing sleeves, and the use of belts. These styles evolved significantly over millennia, reflecting changes in society, philosophy, and aesthetics.

Manchu Rule and Tifayifu

The Manchu-led Qing dynasty imposed cultural changes, including the "Tifayifu" (shaving hair and changing apparel) policy, which mandated Manchu hairstyles and clothing for Han men. This policy faced significant resistance and led to the near disappearance of traditional Han male attire from public life, though Han women largely retained Ming dynasty styles.

Early Revival Attempts

Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, there were several attempts to reintroduce Han Chinese clothing. These included adoption by revolutionary groups and the brief use of traditional Han attire by Yuan Shikai during his imperial coronation in 1915, indicating an early desire to reconnect with historical dress.

Aesthetic Appeal

Classical Elegance

Hanfu is celebrated for its classical elegance and distinctive aesthetic qualities. The flowing lines, intricate designs, and symbolic elements contribute to its visual appeal, making it attractive for personal expression and cultural representation.

Social Media Synergy

The movement's popularity has been significantly amplified by social media platforms. The ease of creating flattering photographs in Hanfu has fostered a strong visual culture online, encouraging participation and sharing among enthusiasts, particularly the younger generation.

Fashion and Identity

While rooted in history, modern Hanfu often incorporates contemporary fashion sensibilities. This blend allows for greater wearability in daily life and appeals to a fashion-conscious audience, reinforcing its role as a marker of cultural identity and personal style.

Cultural Significance

Ritual and Symbolism

Traditional Hanfu carries deep cultural and symbolic meaning, reflecting ancient Chinese philosophies. Elements like the left collar crossing over the right signify the triumph of culture over instinct, while the overall design emphasizes harmony and the regulation of desire.

National Identity

In the context of China's modern development, the Hanfu Movement serves as a means to reconnect with and express Han Chinese national identity. It is seen by many as a way to reclaim cultural heritage suppressed during certain historical periods and to assert a distinct cultural narrative.

Community and Connection

The movement fosters a strong sense of community among participants, who often refer to each other as tongpao (fellow robe-wearers). This shared identity strengthens social bonds and collective engagement with traditional culture.

Movement Timeline

Early Seeds (Pre-2000s)

Attempts to revive Han clothing occurred after the fall of the Qing dynasty. Yuan Shikai's 1915 coronation featured traditional attire, signaling early interest in reclaiming historical dress.

The Spark (2000s)

The modern movement began around 2003 with Wang Letian wearing a homemade shenyi. Media coverage and online discussions ignited widespread interest, leading to the formation of communities and early online stores.

Mainstream Growth (2010s)

Events like the Xitang Hanfu Culture Week and collaborations like "Travelling with Hanfu" increased visibility. The market expanded significantly, attracting millions of consumers and fostering a dedicated industry.

Continued Expansion (2020s)

The movement continues to grow, with projections indicating millions of enthusiasts and substantial market value. Proposals for a National Hanfu Day highlight its increasing cultural and social recognition.

Debates and Discussions

Authenticity Debates

Discussions persist regarding the definition of authentic Hanfu. Purists advocate for strict adherence to historical artifacts, while reformists embrace contemporary interpretations and modifications, emphasizing adaptability and modern aesthetics.

Nationalism and Politics

Concerns exist about potential Han nationalism influencing the movement. While proponents emphasize cultural pride and heritage, critics raise issues of historical accuracy, ethnic representation, and potential political undertones.

Market Quality Concerns

The proliferation of mass-produced, sometimes inauthentic Hanfu has raised concerns about quality and historical accuracy. This trend can impact the perception of Hanfu and discourage the creation of more historically faithful designs.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Hanfu Movement" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about hanfu_movement while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

pinacoteca del castello sforzesco

miscarriage of justice

alms

1999 big ten men's basketball tournament

bass sound

2022 8 hours of bahrain

References

ãåæ è§å²ãç¬¬34æï¼ä¸å½å°åºææ²¡æå¤§æ±æä¸»ä¹ ["Viewing History from the Railing" Issue 34: Does China have Han chauvinism?]

"Han follow suit in cultural renaissance", Asian Times Online

"Should China Adopt Hanfu as Its National Costume? ", Beijing Review, 10 July 2007

Kevin Carrico, A State of Warring Styles

A full list of references for this article are available at the Hanfu Movement Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not a guide to cultural appropriation or a definitive historical text. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for scholarly research or professional cultural consultation. Always refer to primary sources and academic analyses for a comprehensive understanding. The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Hanfu Renaissance

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

What is the Hanfu Movement? 👘

🏮 Cultural Resurgence

✨ Origins and Growth

👑 Drivers and Motivations

Historical Context ⏳

📜 Pre-Qing Dynasty Attire

⚔️ Manchu Rule and Tifayifu

🌱 Early Revival Attempts

Aesthetic Appeal ✨

🎨 Classical Elegance

📸 Social Media Synergy

💃 Fashion and Identity

Cultural Significance 🏯

📜 Ritual and Symbolism

🇨🇳 National Identity

🤝 Community and Connection

Movement Timeline 🗓️

🚀 Early Seeds (Pre-2000s)

🌱 The Spark (2000s)

📈 Mainstream Growth (2010s)

🚀 Continued Expansion (2020s)

Debates and Discussions ⚖️

❓ Authenticity Debates

🗣️ Nationalism and Politics

🤔 Market Quality Concerns

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is the Hanfu Movement?

Cultural Resurgence

Origins and Growth

Drivers and Motivations

Historical Context

Pre-Qing Dynasty Attire

Manchu Rule and Tifayifu

Early Revival Attempts

Aesthetic Appeal

Classical Elegance

Social Media Synergy

Fashion and Identity

Cultural Significance

Ritual and Symbolism

National Identity

Community and Connection

Movement Timeline

Early Seeds (Pre-2000s)

The Spark (2000s)

Mainstream Growth (2010s)

Continued Expansion (2020s)

Debates and Discussions

Authenticity Debates

Nationalism and Politics

Market Quality Concerns

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice