How did the concept of broadcast licensing originate?

The need for broadcast licensing arose in the early 20th century as radio broadcasters sought ways to fund their services. Initially, some countries relied on advertising, while others implemented a compulsory subscription model, requiring households with radio sets to purchase a licence. The United Kingdom was the first country to introduce a compulsory public subscription via a licence, originally called a 'wireless licence', to fund the BBC.

How did the introduction of television affect broadcast licensing?

With the advent of television, some countries established separate television licences. Others increased their existing radio licence fees to cover the costs of television broadcasting, renaming them 'TV licences' or 'receiver licences'. Today, most countries use a single licence fee to fund both public radio and television broadcasting.

What are some alternative funding models for public broadcasters besides licence fees?

Some countries have opted for alternative funding models to address licence fee evasion. These include direct funding from general taxation, or integrating the fee collection with other utility bills, such as electricity. Additionally, some national public broadcasters generate revenue through advertising.

What is the general trend regarding television licensing in the Americas compared to Europe?

Television licensing is relatively rare in the Americas, primarily being confined to British Overseas Territories. In contrast, a significant majority of countries in Europe, along with about half of those in Asia and Africa, utilize television licences to fund their public television services.

What was the historical context for radio licence fees in Australia?

In Australia, radio licence fees were introduced in the 1920s to fund private broadcasters who were not allowed to sell advertising. When the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) was formed in 1932, licence fees were used to fund its broadcasts, while private stations could generate revenue through advertising and sponsorship. Television licence fees were added in 1956 when the ABC began television transmissions.

When and why were television licence fees abolished in Australia?

All television and radio licence fees in Australia were abolished on September 18, 1974, by the Whitlam government. This decision was based on the near-universal adoption of television and radio, making direct government grants a fairer funding method. The ABC has since been funded by government grants and its own commercial activities.

How is public broadcasting funded in Canada?

Canada's public broadcasting, primarily through the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), shifted from licence fees to a 15% excise tax on television equipment in 1953. This tax was later phased out, and the CBC's funding now primarily comes from parliamentary appropriations.

What is the current status of television licensing in Denmark?

Denmark abolished its media licence fee in 2022. Previously, a fee was charged for any device capable of receiving broadcast television, funding both Danmarks Radio (DR) and TV 2's regional services. Funding for DR is now provided through general taxation, while TV 2 is funded by advertising revenue.

How has Finland's approach to funding public broadcasting evolved?

Finland replaced its household-based television fee in 2013 with the Yle public broadcasting tax. This tax is a progressive income tax, capped at a certain amount per person annually, and exempts individuals with low incomes or those under a specific age. Previously, the television fee was the primary funding source for Yleisradio (Yle).

What led to the abolition of the television licence fee in France?

France abolished its public broadcasting contribution fee in 2022. This fee had funded Radio France and France Télévisions. The abolition was part of a broader effort to help citizens manage the cost of living crisis, with funding now coming directly from the French Treasury.

Describe the German television licence system and its funding allocation.

Germany charges a monthly licence fee (€18.36 as of recent data) for all apartments, regardless of whether television or radio is actually used. This fee is collected by the Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio and funds public broadcasters like ZDF, Deutschlandradio, and the nine regional ARD broadcasters. A portion of the revenue also supports private broadcasters and community radio stations.

How is the television licence fee collected and utilized in Greece?

In Greece, the television licence fee is collected through electricity bills and is charged to every electricity account, including businesses. The income generated funds the state broadcaster, Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT). ERT was temporarily closed in 2013, leading to a suspension of licence fees, but resumed operations and fee collection in 2015.

What is the current situation regarding television licensing in Ireland?

As of recent data, the television licence fee in Ireland costs €160 annually and applies per premises, requiring separate licences for holiday homes or vehicles with televisions. Certain groups, including those over 70, individuals on disability allowance, and the blind, are exempt or have their licences paid by the state. The fee funds approximately 50% of RTÉ's revenue, with the remainder coming from advertising.

How is the television licence fee structured in Italy?

In Italy, a television licence fee is charged to households with a television, regardless of use, and to public premises with television or radio receivers. The fee was reduced and incorporated into electricity bills in 2016 to combat evasion, with the current fee being €90.00 per year. This fee constitutes a significant portion of RAI's income.

What is the history and current status of television licensing in the Netherlands?

The Netherlands abolished its television licence fee around 2000 due to high collection costs. The funding for public broadcasting was shifted to an increase in income tax and extended commercial breaks on public television. Public broadcasting is now funded by government subsidies and advertising.

What was the system for television licensing in Norway before its abolition?

Before being abolished in January 2020, Norway required a television licence fee of approximately 3000 Norwegian kroner annually per household. This fee was the primary income source for Norsk Rikskringkasting (NRK). Since 2020, NRK is funded through general taxation.

How is public broadcasting funded in Poland, and what challenges has the system faced?

Poland's public broadcasting is funded by a monthly licence fee, with separate rates for television and radio. One licence is required per household, with exemptions for individuals over 75. However, Poland has faced significant challenges with licence fee evasion, with a large percentage of households not paying. This has led to the government providing grants to public media.

What is the current funding model for public broadcasting in Portugal?

Portugal's public broadcaster, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP), is financed through the 'Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual' (Broadcasting Contribution Tax), which is collected via electricity bills. This replaced government grants after the 2010-2014 financial crisis. RTP1 has limited advertising, while RTP2 and public radio stations are commercial-free.

How does Switzerland fund its public broadcasting services?

Switzerland funds its public broadcasting services, primarily SRG SSR, through a mandatory annual licence fee of CHF 335 for single households. This fee is collected by Serafe AG. Businesses pay based on their annual turnover. The majority of the collected fees go to SRG SSR, with the remainder supporting smaller regional broadcasters.

What is the television licence situation in the United Kingdom?

In the United Kingdom, a television licence is required for each household that watches or records live broadcasts, including on-demand content via services like BBC iPlayer. Evasion of the licence fee is a criminal offence. The fee primarily funds the BBC's domestic radio, television, and internet services, covering about 75% of their cost.

What are the costs for colour and black and white television licences in the UK?

As of April 2025, the cost of a television licence in the United Kingdom is £174.50 per year for a colour television licence and £58.50 per year for a black and white television licence.

How is the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) funded?

The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) is funded by a reintroduced licence fee, which households pay annually between GH₵36 and GH₵60 for using one or more televisions. This fee was reinstated in 2015.

What is the funding mechanism for the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)?

The Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) receives 60% of its income from an annual licence fee of Rs 1,800, collected as part of electricity bills. The remaining funds come from television and radio commercials. Private broadcasting introduced in 2002 has put pressure on MBC's commercial revenues.

How is the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation funded?

The Namibian Broadcasting Corporation is funded by a licence fee, which was N$204 (approximately €23) in 2001. This fee is collected from television owners.

What is the structure of the television licence fee in South Africa?

In South Africa, the annual television licence fee is R265, or R312 if paid monthly. A concessionary rate is available for individuals over 70, disabled persons, and war veterans receiving social welfare. The fee partially funds the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), which also relies heavily on advertising revenue.

What are the licence fees for terrestrial and satellite broadcasts in Japan?

In Japan, the annual licence fee for terrestrial television broadcasts is ¥14,205, and for satellite broadcasts, it is ¥24,740. There is a slightly lower fee for monochrome TVs, and fees are also marginally less in Okinawa Prefecture. These fees fund the national broadcaster, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK).

What challenges has NHK faced regarding its licence fee collection in Japan?

NHK has faced significant challenges with licence fee collection, with non-payment described as 'epidemic' following scandals involving the broadcaster. Reports indicate that there are no fines or sanctions for non-payment, and a political party, the NHK Party, was founded with the sole policy of encrypting NHK's broadcast signal to ensure only viewers pay.

How is the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) funded?

The Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) is funded by a combination of a television licence fee, which is Rs 420 annually and collected via monthly electricity bills, and advertising revenue.

What is the purpose and current status of the television licence fee in South Korea?

The television licence fee in South Korea, set at ₩30,000 per year, is collected for the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and the Educational Broadcasting System (EBS). It has remained at this level since 1981 and now constitutes less than 40% of KBS's income and less than 8% of EBS's income. The fee's purpose is to support public broadcasting and the production of public interest programs.

Which European countries have abolished their television licence fees?

Several European countries have abolished their television licence fees, including Belgium (Flemish region and Brussels in 2001, Walloon region in 2018), Denmark (2022), Estonia (never implemented), France (2022), Hungary (residential fees paid from state budget since 2002), Iceland (2007), Latvia (debated but not legislated), Liechtenstein (abolished in 1999), Malta (2011), Netherlands (around 2000), North Macedonia (2017), Norway (2020), Romania (2017), Slovakia (abolished July 2023), Sweden (replaced by a new fee in 2019), and Turkey (abolished in 2022).

What was the rationale behind abolishing licence fees in some European countries?

The abolition of television licence fees in some European countries has been driven by various factors, including high collection costs, a desire to simplify tax systems, and a shift towards funding public broadcasting through general taxation or advertising revenue. For instance, the Netherlands abolished the fee due to excessive collection costs, while Denmark and France cited cost of living concerns.

What is the current funding model for public broadcasting in Estonia?

Estonia's public television channels (ETV, ETV2, and ETV+) are funded solely by national government grants. Commercials were removed from public broadcasting in 2002 to avoid harming commercial broadcasters, and a licence fee system was considered but rejected due to public opposition.

How is public broadcasting funded in Iran?

Iran has never levied television licence fees. Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the state broadcaster, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), became the sole broadcaster, as private broadcasting is illegal. IRIB is funded by the government and advertising.

What is the funding situation for public broadcasters in Latvia?

Public broadcasters in Latvia, Latvijas Radio and Latvijas Televizija, ceased airing commercials from January 1, 2021, and are now fully funded by the national budget. While the introduction of a television licence has been debated, it has not been legislated, partly due to the government's preference for direct funding control.

What is the history of television licensing in Luxembourg?

Luxembourg has never required a television licence. This lack of a licence requirement allowed multinational stations to operate there. Until 1993, Luxembourg did not have a national public broadcaster, and it still does not have a public television broadcaster. Radio 100,7 is funded by the Ministry of Culture and sponsorships.

How are public broadcasters funded in Monaco?

Monaco has never imposed a broadcasting licence fee on listeners or viewers. Both Radio Monte-Carlo and Télévision Monte-Carlo, established in the mid-20th century, have been funded commercially without charge to the audience.

What is the approach to public broadcasting funding in Nigeria?

Nigeria does not use television licences for funding public broadcasting. The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) operates two networks, NTA 1 (partly government-funded, partly advertising) and NTA 2 (wholly advertising-funded). State television stations are also funded by their respective governments.

What is the funding model for public television and radio in the Philippines?

Television licensing has never been implemented in the Philippines. State-owned television (PTV and IBC) and radio stations (PBS) are funded directly through the government's annual budget and advertising revenue.

How is Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) funded in Spain?

Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE), the Spanish public broadcaster, is funded by government grants and taxes paid by private nationwide television broadcasters and telecommunications companies. Previously, TVE broadcast commercials until 2009, while RNE removed advertising in 1986.

What was the television licence system in Taiwan?

Between 1959 and the 1970s, Taiwan required all radio and TV receivers to have a licence with an annual fee of NT$60. This measure was intended to prevent influence from mainland China's channels. The system was later withdrawn.

What was the historical context of television licensing in Thailand?

The Radio Broadcasting and Television Act of 1955 in Thailand established a lifetime licence fee of 200 baht for owning radio and television sets or parts. However, this fee was abolished in 1959 as television and radio quickly became essential sources of information.

Which countries have never had a television or broadcasting licence system?

Several countries have never implemented television or broadcasting licence fees. These include Andorra, Brazil, Chile, China, Estonia, Iran, Latvia, Luxembourg, Monaco, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, United States, Uruguay, and Vietnam. In these nations, public broadcasting is typically funded through government budgets, advertising, or private donations.

How is public broadcasting funded in the United States?

Public broadcasting in the United States, represented by networks like PBS and NPR, is funded through general taxes, donations from individuals (memberships), and charitable organizations. While there is no direct television licence fee, federal funding is provided through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), supplemented by underwriting spots from sponsors and pledge drives.

What methods are used to detect television licence evasion?

In jurisdictions with television licensing, detection of evasion can involve simple observation of television lights and sounds from a property. More sophisticated methods, such as the use of 'television detector vans' employing various detection techniques, have been employed, although the specifics of this technology are often kept confidential due to legal regulations.

What are the arguments in favour of television licence fee funding?

Advocates of television licence fee funding argue that it allows programming to be enjoyed without interruptions from advertisements. This model is seen as potentially leading to a higher quality of content, as broadcasters are not solely reliant on advertising revenue. It also ensures that public service broadcasting remains accessible without direct commercial influence on programming.

What are the main criticisms of television licensing systems?

Critics often point out that television licensing can be a regressive form of taxation, disproportionately affecting lower-income households. Unlike advertising costs, which are indirectly paid through product prices based on consumption, licence fees are often a flat rate. There are also debates about the fairness and necessity of such fees in an era with numerous alternative media sources.

How has the internet impacted television licensing systems?

The internet allows for the easy access of television and radio programmes across national borders. While this presents opportunities for international audiences to engage with content, countries with TV licensing systems often struggle to adapt their rules for potential global viewers, leading to difficulties in collecting fees from international users.

What was the outcome of the 2018 Swiss referendum on scrapping the TV licence fee?

In a 2018 referendum, Swiss voters overwhelmingly rejected the proposal to scrap the TV licence fee, with 71.6% voting against abolition. The campaign, known as 'No Billag', aimed to eliminate the fee, but parliament advocated for a 'no' vote, and the proposal was defeated in all cantons. Following the vote, the fee was subsequently reduced.

What is the difference between a television licence and a broadcast licence?

A television licence, or broadcast receiving licence, is typically paid by individuals or households for the right to receive broadcasts or own receiving equipment. In contrast, a broadcast licence is granted to entities that wish to transmit or broadcast content, regulating the operation of the station itself.

How do licence fees contribute to the funding of public service media?

Licence fees are a primary source of funding for many public service media organizations worldwide. This income allows them to operate independently of commercial pressures, enabling them to focus on producing diverse programming, including educational content, news, and cultural programming, that might not be commercially viable.

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What is a Television Licence?

Definition

A television licence, also known as a broadcast receiving licence, is a mandatory payment required in numerous countries for the reception of television broadcasts or the possession of a television set. In certain jurisdictions, this licence extends to cover the ownership of radio receivers or the reception of radio broadcasts. These fees function as a form of hypothecated tax, specifically earmarked to finance public broadcasting services.

Funding Public Broadcasting

In countries that implement licensing systems, the collected fees are instrumental in funding public broadcasting entities. This model ensures a degree of financial independence from commercial advertising and government direct appropriations, allowing public broadcasters to focus on programming that serves the public interest, educational content, and diverse cultural expressions.

Variations and Evolution

The structure, cost, and scope of television licences vary significantly worldwide. Historically, some nations introduced separate television licences, while others integrated them into existing radio licence frameworks. The trend has seen many countries either abolish these fees, shifting to general taxation or other funding models, or adjust them based on technological changes and economic conditions.

Historical Context

Early Radio Funding

The necessity for funding public broadcasting emerged with the advent of radio in the early 20th century. Early broadcasters relied on either advertising revenue or a compulsory subscription model. The United Kingdom pioneered the compulsory licence fee, initially termed a "wireless licence," to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). This model established a precedent for financing public media services.

Transition to Television

With the introduction of television, licensing systems adapted. Some countries established distinct television licences, while others expanded their radio licence frameworks to encompass television reception. This evolution reflected the growing importance and reach of television as a medium for information and entertainment.

Global Adoption and Change

The television licensing model gained traction globally, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. However, challenges such as licence fee evasion and the administrative costs of collection led many nations to reconsider their approaches. This has resulted in a diversification of funding mechanisms, including direct government funding, advertising, and hybrid models.

Global Landscape

Prevalence and Distribution

Television licensing is a prevalent funding mechanism for public service broadcasters in approximately two-thirds of European countries and half of those in Asia and Africa. Conversely, it is less common in the Americas, primarily being observed in British Overseas Territories. The specific requirements and costs associated with these licences exhibit considerable variation across different nations.

Economic Impact

The revenue generated from licence fees significantly contributes to the operational budgets of public broadcasters, enabling them to maintain programming standards and fulfill their public service mandates. However, the efficiency of collection and the potential for evasion remain ongoing considerations for policymakers.

Trends and Reforms

Recent years have witnessed a trend towards the abolition or reform of television licence fees in several countries. This shift is often driven by a desire to simplify tax collection, reduce administrative burdens, or adapt to evolving media consumption habits. Alternative funding models, such as direct taxation or a combination of revenue streams, are increasingly being adopted.

Television Licences in Europe

Historical Significance

Europe has a long history of television licensing, with many countries adopting the model early on to support national public service broadcasters like the BBC, ORF, and others. These fees were crucial for maintaining a broadcast landscape distinct from purely commercial interests.

Current Status and Costs

While many European nations continue to operate licensing systems, there is significant variation in fees and collection methods. For instance, Austria and Finland have fees tied to households regardless of ownership, while countries like Germany have a standardized household fee. The UK maintains separate fees for colour and black-and-white reception.

Abolition Trends

Several European countries have recently abolished their television licence fees. Denmark, France, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, and Sweden are notable examples where the licence has been replaced by funding through general taxation or other state revenue mechanisms, reflecting a broader policy re-evaluation.

Detailed Country Data

The implementation and cost of television licences vary widely across Europe. For example, monthly fees range from approximately €0.81 in Albania to over €26 in Switzerland. Some countries, like Belgium, have abolished licences in specific regions, while others, such as Croatia and Poland, continue to maintain them, albeit with ongoing discussions about their future.

European Television Licence Fees (Approximate Monthly)
Country	Required?	Price (EUR)	Notes
Albania	Yes	€0.81	Part of electricity bill
Austria	Yes	€15.30–€20.00	Household tax, renamed ORF-Beitragsservice
Belgium	No	-	Abolished in Brussels/Flanders (2001), Wallonia (2018)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Yes	€3.83	Collected via telephone bills
Bulgaria	No	-	Fee in law, never implemented
Croatia	Yes	€10.62	1.5% of previous year's average net salary
Cyprus	No	-	Abolished late 1990s
Czech Republic	Yes	€7.75	€2460/year total for TV & Radio
Denmark	No	-	Abolished in 2022
Estonia	No	-
Finland	Yes	Up to €13.33	Replaced by Yle tax (income-based)
France	No	-	Abolished in 2022
Germany	Yes	€18.36	Per household, regardless of ownership
Greece	Yes	€3.00	Paid via electricity bills; ERT reopened 2015
Hungary	Yes (Nominal)	-	Funded from state budget since 2002
Iceland	No	-	Abolished in 2007; replaced by poll tax
Ireland	Yes	€13.33	€160/year; concessions available
Italy	Yes	€7.50	€90/year; incorporated into electricity bills
Latvia	No	-
Liechtenstein	No	-	Abolished in 1999
Lithuania	No	-
Luxembourg	No	-
Malta	No	-	Abolished in 2011
Monaco	No	-
Montenegro	No	-	Abolished in 2008
Netherlands	No	-	Abolished around 2000
North Macedonia	No	-	Abolished in 2017
Norway	No	-	Abolished in 2020
Poland	Yes	€6.14	PLN 27.30 in 2025; high evasion rates
Portugal	Yes	€3.02 + VAT	Charged via electricity bills
Romania	No	-	Abolished in 2017
Russia	No	-
Serbia	Yes	€2.97	349 RSD/month
Slovakia	No	-	Abolished in 2023
Slovenia	Yes	€14.02	Per household for TV & Radio
Spain	No	-
Sweden	No	-	Abolished in 2019
Switzerland	Yes	€26.08	CHF 335/year; significant fines for non-payment
Turkey	No	-	Abolished in 2022
Ukraine	No	-
United Kingdom	Yes	€16.34 (Colour) / €5.48 (B&W)	£174.50 / £58.50 per year; evasion is a criminal offence

Television Licences in Africa

Ghana

In Ghana, the licence fee was reintroduced in 2015 to fund the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC). Fees range from GH₵36 to GH₵60 annually, depending on the number of televisions in use within a household. This model aims to provide a stable revenue stream for public broadcasting.

Mauritius

Mauritius charges an annual licence fee of Rs 1,800 (approximately €29), collected via electricity bills, to fund the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC). This fee constitutes about 60% of MBC's income, with the remainder from commercials.

Namibia

Namibia's licence fee, around N$204 (approximately €23) in 2001, funded the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). While the fee structure has evolved, the principle of using licence fees to support national public broadcasting remains a key aspect of media funding in the country.

South Africa

South Africa has an annual television licence fee of R265 (approximately €23), with a concessionary rate for seniors, disabled persons, and war veterans. This fee partially supports the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), supplementing its income from advertising.

Television Licences in Asia

Japan

Japan's licence fee system funds Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK). Annual fees are ¥14,205 for terrestrial and ¥24,740 for satellite broadcasts. Non-payment has been a notable issue, leading to discussions about encryption and alternative collection methods.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, a television licence fee of Rs 420 annually is collected monthly via electricity bills, contributing to the funding of Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) alongside advertising revenue.

South Korea

South Korea levies a fee of ₩30,000 annually for the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Educational Broadcasting System (EBS). Collected with electricity bills, this fee supports public interest programming, though it now represents a smaller portion of KBS's overall income.

Abolished Licences

Australia

Australia abolished its radio and television licence fees in 1974. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is now funded through government grants and its own commercial activities.

Canada

Canada phased out its individual radio and television licence fees by 1953. Funding for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) shifted to parliamentary appropriations after an initial excise tax on television equipment.

Singapore

Singapore abolished its television and radio licence fees in 2011, citing their diminishing relevance. The Infocomm Media Development Authority now manages media funding through other means.

Sweden

Sweden replaced its television licence fee in 2019 with a general public service fee, a tax based on income. This marked a significant shift in how public broadcasting is funded.

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References

Act on Radio and Television Fees - Section 6(1), Amount of Fees (in Czech) Retrieved on 25 May 2025

1974â75 Budget speech by the Hon Frank Crean, APH Hansard, 17 September 1974, p1290, introduced through the Broadcasting and Television Act 1974 (Cth)

"Regulations: 18. Amateur Experimental Licenses",The Canadian Gazette, 27 June 1914, page 4546.

"Regulations: 97. Amateur Experimental Certificate",The Canadian Gazette, 27 June 1914, page 4550.

Mary Vipond, Listening In: The First Decade of Canadian Broadcasting 1922â1932, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992, pages 22â23.

Kitley, P. (2000). Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia. Ohio University Center for International Studies.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Television licence Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This content has been generated by an AI model and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. It is based on data extracted from Wikipedia and may not reflect the most current information or nuances of television licensing regulations worldwide. The accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the information cannot be guaranteed.

This is not financial or legal advice. The information provided on this website should not be considered a substitute for professional consultation regarding tax obligations, media law, or broadcasting regulations. Always consult official sources and qualified professionals for advice specific to your situation.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Broadcasting's Foundation

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What is a Television Licence? ℹ️

💰 Definition

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⚖️ Variations and Evolution

Historical Context 📜

📻 Early Radio Funding

📺 Transition to Television

🌐 Global Adoption and Change

Global Landscape 🌍

📊 Prevalence and Distribution

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Television Licences in Europe 🇪🇺

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🗂️ Detailed Country Data

Television Licences in Africa 🌍

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Television Licences in Asia 🌏

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What is a Television Licence?

Definition

Funding Public Broadcasting

Variations and Evolution

Historical Context

Early Radio Funding

Transition to Television

Global Adoption and Change

Global Landscape

Prevalence and Distribution

Economic Impact

Trends and Reforms

Television Licences in Europe

Historical Significance

Current Status and Costs

Abolition Trends

Detailed Country Data

Television Licences in Africa

Ghana

Mauritius

Namibia

South Africa

Television Licences in Asia

Japan

Pakistan

South Korea

Abolished Licences

Australia

Canada

Singapore

Sweden

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