What is the Hertz (Hz) and what does it measure?

The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency within the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as equivalent to one event or cycle per second. Frequency is a measure of how often a repeating event occurs over a specific period, essentially counting the number of cycles or occurrences within one second.

To what SI base units is the hertz equivalent?

The hertz is an SI derived unit. Its formal expression in terms of SI base units is 1/s or s⁻¹, which means it is the reciprocal of one second. This signifies that one hertz represents one occurrence per second.

Who is the unit of frequency, the hertz, named after?

The hertz is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, a German physicist who lived from 1857 to 1894. He was the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves, a significant contribution to physics and the understanding of radio waves.

What is the dimension of the unit hertz?

The dimension of the unit hertz is 1/time, often represented as T⁻¹. This indicates that frequency is inversely proportional to time, meaning a higher frequency corresponds to a shorter time period for each cycle or event.

In English, what is the plural form of hertz?

In English, the plural form of 'hertz' is also 'hertz.' This is a common convention for some units named after people, where the singular and plural forms are identical.

What are some common multiples of the hertz unit used for high frequencies?

For high frequencies, the hertz unit is commonly expressed using SI prefixes. These include kilohertz (kHz) for 10³ Hz, megahertz (MHz) for 10⁶ Hz, gigahertz (GHz) for 10⁹ Hz, and terahertz (THz) for 10¹² Hz. These multiples help in expressing very large numbers of cycles per second more manageably.

Provide examples of how the hertz unit is used to describe periodic events.

The hertz unit can be applied to any periodic event. For instance, a clock might tick at a frequency of 1 Hz, meaning it completes one tick every second. Similarly, a human heart might beat at 1.2 Hz, indicating 1.2 beats per second. These examples illustrate frequency as a measure of repetition rate.

How does the unit of hertz differ from the unit of reciprocal second (s⁻¹) when describing event rates?

While both hertz (Hz) and reciprocal second (s⁻¹) have the dimension of T⁻¹, they are used in specific contexts. The hertz (1 Hz = 1 per second) specifically refers to one periodic event or cycle per second. In contrast, the reciprocal second is used for the rate of aperiodic or stochastic (random) events. For example, radioactivity is measured in becquerels (Bq), which is also one per second, but specifically refers to radionuclide events.

In what contexts is the hertz unit not typically used, even though the phenomena have the dimension of T⁻¹?

Even though phenomena like angular velocity, angular frequency, and radioactivity share the dimension of T⁻¹, only frequency is expressed using the unit hertz. For instance, angular velocity is measured in radians per second, not hertz, highlighting the specific application of the hertz unit to cyclical events.

What is the relationship between frequency (f) measured in hertz and angular velocity (ω) measured in radians per second?

The relationship between frequency (f) in hertz and angular velocity (ω) in radians per second is defined by the formulas ω = 2πf and f = ω / (2π). This means that angular velocity is frequency multiplied by 2π, and frequency is angular velocity divided by 2π, showing how rotational speed relates to cyclical events per unit time.

When was the unit 'hertz' established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)?

The name 'hertz' for the unit of frequency was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1935. This standardization helped to unify the terminology in electrical engineering and physics internationally.

What unit did the hertz replace when it was adopted by the CGPM?

When the hertz was adopted by the CGPM in 1960, it replaced the previous name for the unit of frequency, which was 'cycles per second' (cps). Related multiples like 'kilocycles per second' (kc/s) and 'megacycles per second' (Mc/s) were also replaced by their hertz equivalents.

How was the term 'cycles per second' sometimes abbreviated historically, leading to potential confusion?

Historically, in some usage, the 'per second' part of 'cycles per second' was omitted. This led to terms like 'megacycles' (Mc) being used as an abbreviation for 'megacycles per second,' which is equivalent to megahertz (MHz), potentially causing ambiguity.

How is sound related to frequency and the hertz unit?

Sound is a traveling longitudinal wave, which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive the frequency of a sound wave as its pitch. Therefore, the hertz unit is used to measure the frequency of sound waves, which directly determines their perceived pitch.

What is the typical range of frequencies that an infant's ear can perceive?

An infant's ear is capable of perceiving frequencies ranging from approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. This broad range allows infants to hear a wide spectrum of sounds in their environment, from low rumbles to high-pitched noises.

What is the typical range of frequencies that an average adult human can hear?

The average adult human can typically hear sounds within a frequency range of about 20 Hz to 16,000 Hz. This range is generally narrower than that of infants, particularly at the higher frequency end, due to age-related hearing changes and other factors.

What are ultrasound and infrasound in relation to the human hearing range?

Ultrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies above the upper limit of human hearing, typically above 20,000 Hz. Infrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies below the lower limit of human hearing, generally below 20 Hz. Both are measured in Hertz but are outside the range of typical human perception.

What are some examples of physical vibrations measured in very low or very high frequencies using Hertz multiples?

Physical vibrations, such as molecular and atomic vibrations, can occur at extremely high frequencies. These are measured from a few femtohertz (10⁻¹⁵ Hz) up into the terahertz (10¹² Hz) range and beyond, demonstrating the vast scale of frequencies found in nature.

How is electromagnetic radiation described using the hertz unit?

Electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves and light, is often described by its frequency, which is the number of oscillations of its perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second. This frequency is expressed in hertz.

What are the typical frequency ranges for radio frequency radiation and microwaves in Hertz multiples?

Radio frequency radiation is commonly measured in kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz). Frequencies in the gigahertz range are often referred to as microwaves, indicating a higher frequency band within the radio spectrum.

What is the frequency range of visible light, and how is it typically measured?

Visible light, which humans can see, is electromagnetic radiation with frequencies in the range of approximately 400 terahertz (THz) for infrared light to about 790 THz for ultraviolet light. While measured in THz, for historical reasons, light and higher frequency electromagnetic radiation are also commonly specified by their wavelengths or photon energies.

What is terahertz radiation, and where does it fall in the electromagnetic spectrum?

Terahertz radiation occupies a frequency range in the electromagnetic spectrum that is intermediate between the highest commonly used radio frequencies and long-wave infrared light. It typically falls in the low terahertz (THz) range, bridging the gap between radio waves and infrared light.

What are the frequency ranges for X-rays and gamma rays?

X-rays and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation with very high frequencies. Their frequencies can be measured in exahertz (EHz), which corresponds to 10¹⁸ Hz, indicating extremely rapid oscillations of electromagnetic fields.

Why are wavelength and photon energy sometimes preferred over frequency (in Hertz) for describing light and higher frequency electromagnetic radiation?

For historical reasons and practical considerations, wavelength and photon energy are often used instead of frequency (in Hertz) to describe light and higher frequency electromagnetic radiation. These properties can be more convenient to measure or conceptualize in certain scientific contexts, such as spectroscopy.

In what frequency range are gravitational waves currently observed by instruments like LIGO?

Current observations of gravitational waves by laser interferometers like LIGO are conducted in the frequency range of approximately 30 Hz to 7000 Hz. This range allows these instruments to detect specific types of gravitational wave events, such as those from merging black holes and neutron stars.

What is the frequency range for gravitational waves detected by pulsar timing arrays?

Pulsar timing arrays are used to detect gravitational waves in the nanohertz (nHz) range, which is 10⁻⁹ Hz. This is a much lower frequency range than what ground-based interferometers like LIGO can detect, allowing for the observation of different cosmic sources.

What are the planned frequency ranges for future gravitational wave detectors like LISA and DECIGO?

Future gravitational wave detectors are planned to cover different frequency ranges. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is designed to operate from 0.1 mHz to 10 mHz (with sensitivity from 10 μHz to 100 mHz), while DECIGO is planned for the 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz range, filling gaps in current observational capabilities.

How are most central processing units (CPUs) in computers typically rated?

Most central processing units (CPUs) in computers are typically rated by their clock rate, which is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). This specification indicates the frequency of the CPU's master clock signal, which synchronizes its operations.

What is the 'Megahertz myth' in the context of computer performance?

The 'Megahertz myth' refers to the criticism that using clock speed (in MHz or GHz) as the primary indicator of CPU performance is misleading. Experts argue that this benchmark is easily manipulable because some processors perform multiple operations per cycle, while others require multiple cycles for a single operation, making clock speed alone an insufficient measure of true performance.

What is the historical range of CPU clock speeds for personal computers?

The clock speeds for personal computer CPUs have ranged significantly over time. They started from approximately 1 MHz in the late 1970s for early computers like the Atari, Commodore, and Apple, and have increased to up to 6 GHz in modern processors like IBM's Power microprocessors.

Besides CPUs, what other computer components operate at frequencies measured in Hertz?

Various computer buses, such as the front-side bus that connects the CPU and the northbridge, also operate at specific frequencies. These frequencies are typically measured in the megahertz (MHz) range and are crucial for data transfer rates within the computer system.

What are the common SI multiples of the hertz unit?

The common SI multiples of the hertz include kilohertz (kHz, 10³ Hz), megahertz (MHz, 10⁶ Hz), gigahertz (GHz, 10⁹ Hz), and terahertz (THz, 10¹² Hz). Less commonly used but still defined multiples extend down to yoctohertz (yHz, 10⁻²⁴ Hz) and up to quettahertz (QHz, 10³⁰ Hz).

What is the symbol for kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, and terahertz?

The SI symbols for these common multiples are: kHz for kilohertz, MHz for megahertz, GHz for gigahertz, and THz for terahertz. These symbols are widely used in technical specifications and scientific literature.

What is the purpose of the CJK Compatibility block in Unicode concerning frequency units?

The CJK Compatibility block in Unicode contains characters for common SI units of frequency, such as Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz, and THz. These characters are primarily intended for compatibility with older East Asian character encodings and are generally not recommended for use in new documents, which should use standard Latin letters for clarity.

What is the historical context for the adoption of the hertz unit, and what did it signify?

The adoption of the hertz unit by the IEC in 1935 and the CGPM in 1960 marked a move towards international standardization in scientific measurement. It replaced the less precise and potentially ambiguous term 'cycles per second,' providing a unified and internationally recognized unit for frequency.

How is the hertz unit named, and what does this signify about its symbol?

The hertz unit is named after Heinrich Hertz. As with other SI units named after individuals, its symbol (Hz) starts with an uppercase letter. However, when written out in full, 'hertz' follows the rules of a common noun and is only capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or in titles.

What is the relationship between the frequency and the energy of a photon?

The energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to its frequency. This relationship, described by the Planck relation (E = hν), means that higher frequency radiation carries more energy per photon. Here, E is energy, ν is frequency in hertz, and h is the Planck constant.

What is the definition of the hertz in terms of periodic events?

The hertz is defined as one per second for periodic events. This means that if an event repeats itself exactly once every second, its frequency is 1 Hz. It quantifies the rate at which a cyclical phenomenon occurs.

What is the significance of the animation shown in the infobox regarding frequency?

The animation in the infobox visually demonstrates the concept of frequency. It shows lights flashing at different rates: 0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, and 2.0 Hz. This illustrates that a higher frequency means more events (flashes, in this case) occur per second, and conversely, the time between events (the period) is shorter.

How does the unit 'hertz' relate to the concept of 'period' in a periodic event?

The period (T) of a periodic event is the time it takes for one complete cycle to occur, and it is measured in units of time (like seconds). The frequency (f) is the reciprocal of the period (f = 1/T). Therefore, if the period is 2 seconds, the frequency is 0.5 Hz (one event every two seconds), and if the period is 0.5 seconds, the frequency is 2 Hz (two events every second).

What is the role of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in defining units like the second and, indirectly, the hertz?

The CIPM plays a crucial role in defining and maintaining the International System of Units (SI). They defined the second based on the extremely stable and consistent frequency of the radiation emitted during a specific transition in caesium-133 atoms. By linking the hertz (cycles per second) to this precise atomic definition of the second, the hertz unit itself becomes highly accurate and reliable for scientific measurements.

What is the distinction between the use of Hertz for periodic events and Becquerels for radioactivity?

Both Hertz (Hz) and Becquerel (Bq) are units representing one event per second. However, Hertz is specifically used for periodic phenomena, where events occur at regular intervals. Becquerel, on the other hand, is used for stochastic processes, meaning random or unpredictable events, such as radioactive decay, highlighting the different natures of the phenomena being measured.

What are the common SI prefixes used with Hertz, and what do they represent?

Common SI prefixes used with Hertz indicate multiples or submultiples of the base unit. For example, 'deci' (d) represents 10⁻¹, 'centi' (c) represents 10⁻², 'milli' (m) represents 10⁻³, 'micro' (μ) represents 10⁻⁶, 'nano' (n) represents 10⁻⁹, 'pico' (p) represents 10⁻¹², 'femto' (f) represents 10⁻¹⁵, 'atto' (a) represents 10⁻¹⁸, 'zepto' (z) represents 10⁻²¹, and 'yocto' (y) represents 10⁻²⁴ for submultiples. For multiples, 'deka' (da) represents 10¹, 'hecto' (h) represents 10², 'kilo' (k) represents 10³, 'mega' (M) represents 10⁶, 'giga' (G) represents 10⁹, 'tera' (T) represents 10¹², 'peta' (P) represents 10¹⁵, 'exa' (E) represents 10¹⁸, 'zetta' (Z) represents 10²¹, and 'yotta' (Y) represents 10²⁴. These prefixes allow for expressing a wide range of frequencies concisely.

What is the significance of the 'Megahertz myth' for consumers evaluating computer hardware?

The 'Megahertz myth' serves as a caution to consumers that a higher clock speed (MHz or GHz) does not automatically equate to a faster or better computer. It encourages a more holistic evaluation of performance, considering factors beyond just the CPU's frequency rating, such as architecture and instruction set efficiency.

What is the typical frequency range for visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum?

Visible light falls within the frequency range of approximately 400 terahertz (THz) to 790 THz. This range corresponds to the colors perceived by the human eye, with lower frequencies perceived as red and higher frequencies perceived as violet.

What is the relationship between frequency and pitch in sound?

The frequency of a sound wave directly corresponds to its perceived pitch. Higher frequencies result in a higher pitch (a sound perceived as 'higher'), while lower frequencies result in a lower pitch (a sound perceived as 'lower'). This relationship is fundamental to music and audio perception.

What are the common SI multiples of Hertz that are bolded in the provided table, and why might they be highlighted?

The common SI multiples of Hertz that are bolded in the table are kHz (kilohertz), MHz (megahertz), GHz (gigahertz), and THz (terahertz). They are likely highlighted because these are the most frequently encountered multiples in everyday science and technology, appearing in contexts ranging from radio broadcasts to computer processors.

What does the animation depicting lights flashing at 0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, and 2.0 Hz illustrate about the concept of frequency?

This animation visually demonstrates that frequency is the measure of events per second. At 0.5 Hz, there is half a flash per second (or one flash every two seconds). At 1.0 Hz, there is one flash per second. At 2.0 Hz, there are two flashes per second. This clearly shows the direct relationship between the frequency value and the rate of occurrence.

What is the role of Heinrich Hertz's scientific contributions in the naming of the frequency unit?

Heinrich Hertz's crucial work in proving the existence of electromagnetic waves led to the unit of frequency being named in his honor. His discoveries laid the groundwork for understanding radio waves and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making the naming a fitting tribute to his impact on physics and electrical engineering.

Hertz Wiki: Frequency's Foundation: The Hertz Unit

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Definition

The Measure of Cycles

The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the standard unit of frequency within the International System of Units (SI). It quantifies the rate at which a periodic event occurs, specifically defined as one event, or cycle, per second. This fundamental unit is an SI derived unit, expressed in base SI units as the reciprocal of a second (s^-1). It is exclusively applied to periodic phenomena.

Precision in Measurement

The definition of the second, established by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, underpins the hertz. The second is defined by the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. Consequently, the hyperfine splitting in the ground state of the caesium-133 atom is precisely 9,192,631,770 hertz (ν_{hfs Cs} = 9,192,631,770 Hz). The dimensional representation of the hertz is T^-1, or inverse time.

Usage and Multiples

In common parlance, "hertz" serves as both the singular and plural form. For high frequencies, the unit is frequently expressed using SI prefixes: kilohertz (kHz, 10³ Hz), megahertz (MHz, 10⁶ Hz), gigahertz (GHz, 10⁹ Hz), and terahertz (THz, 10¹² Hz). For instance, 100 Hz signifies one hundred periodic events occurring each second. This unit is applicable to any periodic event, such as the ticking of a clock or the beating of a human heart.

Historical Context

Honoring Heinrich Hertz

The hertz is named in tribute to the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894), renowned for his pioneering work in demonstrating the existence of electromagnetic waves. The unit's formal establishment occurred in 1935 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and was subsequently adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960.

Transition from Cycles

Prior to the adoption of the hertz, the unit for frequency was commonly referred to as "cycles per second" (cps), along with its multiples like kilocycles per second (kc/s) and megacycles per second (Mc/s). By the 1970s, the term "hertz" had largely superseded "cycles per second" in scientific and technical literature, reflecting a global standardization effort.

Diverse Applications

Sound and Vibration

In acoustics, frequency is perceived as pitch. The human ear can typically detect frequencies ranging from approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. This range encompasses audible sound, while frequencies below (infrasound) and above (ultrasound) are outside human perception but significant in various scientific and technological contexts. Vibrations at atomic and molecular levels can occur at frequencies extending into the terahertz range and beyond.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its frequency, representing the number of oscillations per second of its electric and magnetic fields. Radio frequencies are commonly measured in kHz, MHz, and GHz (microwaves). Visible light spans frequencies in the hundreds of terahertz (THz), with infrared and ultraviolet radiation extending beyond this range. Higher frequencies, such as X-rays and gamma rays, are measured in exahertz (EHz).

Computing and Electronics

In computing, the clock speed of processors, such as CPUs, is often specified in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). This indicates the frequency of the master clock signal that synchronizes operations. While a common metric, it's acknowledged as a potentially misleading benchmark, as actual performance depends on numerous architectural factors. Computer buses also operate at frequencies within the megahertz range.

Gravitational Waves

The detection of gravitational waves involves measuring frequencies across vast scales. Current observations by interferometers like LIGO focus on the 30–7000 Hz range, while pulsar timing arrays analyze nanohertz (nHz) frequencies. Future detectors aim to cover ranges from microhertz (μHz) to millihertz (mHz) and up to the hertz range.

SI Multiples

Standard Prefixes for Hertz

The SI system provides a range of prefixes to denote multiples and submultiples of the hertz, facilitating the expression of very high or very low frequencies.

SI multiples of hertz (Hz)
Submultiples			Multiples
Value	SI symbol	Name	Value	SI symbol	Name
10⁻¹ Hz	dHz	decihertz	10¹ Hz	daHz	decahertz
10⁻² Hz	cHz	centihertz	10² Hz	hHz	hectohertz
10⁻³ Hz	mHz	millihertz	10³ Hz	kHz	kilohertz
10⁻⁶ Hz	μHz	microhertz	10⁶ Hz	MHz	megahertz
10⁻⁹ Hz	nHz	nanohertz	10⁹ Hz	GHz	gigahertz
10⁻¹² Hz	pHz	picohertz	10¹² Hz	THz	terahertz
10⁻¹⁵ Hz	fHz	femtohertz	10¹⁵ Hz	PHz	petahertz
10⁻¹⁸ Hz	aHz	attohertz	10¹⁸ Hz	EHz	exahertz
10⁻²¹ Hz	zHz	zeptohertz	10²¹ Hz	ZHz	zettahertz
10⁻²⁴ Hz	yHz	yoctohertz	10²⁴ Hz	YHz	yottahertz
10⁻²⁷ Hz	rHz	rontohertz	10²⁷ Hz	RHz	ronnahertz
10⁻³⁰ Hz	qHz	quectohertz	10³⁰ Hz	QHz	quettahertz
Common prefixed units are in bold.

Unicode Representation

CJK Compatibility Characters

The Unicode standard includes specific characters within the CJK Compatibility block intended for representing common SI frequency units. These include symbols for hertz, kHz, MHz, GHz, and THz. However, these are primarily for compatibility with older encoding systems and are generally not recommended for use in modern documents, where standard Latin characters (e.g., "MHz") are preferred for clarity and broader support.

Related Concepts

Associated Units and Fields

The study and application of frequency intersect with numerous scientific and technical domains. Understanding Hertz often involves exploring related concepts such as:

Alternating Current (AC): The direction of electric current reverses periodically, characterized by its frequency in Hz.
Angular Velocity: While related to frequency (ω = 2πf), angular velocity is measured in radians per second (rad/s), not hertz.
Signal Processing: Bandwidth and sampling rates are critical frequency-dependent parameters.
Radioactivity: Measured in Becquerels (Bq), which is also defined as one event per second, but specifically for stochastic (random) decay events, unlike the periodic nature of hertz.
Periodic Functions: Mathematical descriptions of repeating phenomena, often analyzed in the frequency domain.

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References

Atomic vibrations are typically on the order of tens of terahertz

"hertz". (1992). American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

NIST Guide to SI Units â 9 Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names, National Institute of Standards and Technology

A full list of references for this article are available at the Hertz Wikipedia page

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This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes exclusively. The content is derived from a specific snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not represent the most current or complete information available. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and clarity suitable for advanced learners, the information provided is not a substitute for professional scientific consultation or verification against authoritative sources.

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Frequency's Foundation: The Hertz Unit

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Definition 📏

⏱️ The Measure of Cycles

⚛️ Precision in Measurement

🗣️ Usage and Multiples

Historical Context 📜

👨‍🔬 Honoring Heinrich Hertz

🔄 Transition from Cycles

Diverse Applications 💡

🎶 Sound and Vibration

📡 Electromagnetic Radiation

💻 Computing and Electronics

🌌 Gravitational Waves

SI Multiples 🔢

📊 Standard Prefixes for Hertz

Unicode Representation 🅰️

🔠 CJK Compatibility Characters

Related Concepts 🔗

🧰 Associated Units and Fields

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📜 Important Notice Regarding Scientific Data

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Definition

The Measure of Cycles

Precision in Measurement

Usage and Multiples

Historical Context

Honoring Heinrich Hertz

Transition from Cycles

Diverse Applications

Sound and Vibration

Electromagnetic Radiation

Computing and Electronics

Gravitational Waves

SI Multiples

Standard Prefixes for Hertz

Unicode Representation

CJK Compatibility Characters

Related Concepts

Associated Units and Fields

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice Regarding Scientific Data