What is the primary basis for constructing historical rankings of U.S. presidents?

Historical rankings of U.S. presidents are typically constructed based on surveys conducted among academic historians and political scientists, or sometimes through polls of popular opinion. These scholarly rankings often evaluate presidents based on their achievements, leadership qualities, failures, and faults.

What criteria do scholarly rankings of presidential success typically focus on?

Scholarly rankings of presidential success generally focus on evaluating presidents based on their achievements, leadership qualities, as well as their failures and faults during their time in office.

Who is most often ranked as the best U.S. president, and who is most often ranked as the worst, according to scholarly surveys?

According to most scholarly rankings, Abraham Lincoln is most frequently cited as the best U.S. president, while James Buchanan, his predecessor, is most often ranked as the worst.

Which four presidents were chosen for Mount Rushmore, and what did they represent?

The four presidents chosen for Mount Rushmore were George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. They were selected to represent the nation's birth, growth, development, and preservation, respectively.

What specific achievements are attributed to Abraham Lincoln that contribute to his high ranking?

Abraham Lincoln is highly ranked primarily for his leadership during the American Civil War and for his role in the abolition of slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment.

What are the key reasons cited for Franklin D. Roosevelt's high presidential rankings?

Franklin D. Roosevelt is consistently ranked highly for leading the country out of the Great Depression and for his leadership during most of World War II.

Why is George Washington consistently ranked among the top presidents?

George Washington, as the first president and a Founding Father, is consistently ranked highly for his role in holding the newly formed nation together and for establishing enduring precedents for the office of the president.

What specific efforts by Theodore Roosevelt contribute to his high historical rankings?

Theodore Roosevelt's high historical rankings are attributed to his significant efforts in conservation, his antitrust actions, and his work on consumer protection.

What is the primary reason James Buchanan is frequently ranked as the worst president?

James Buchanan is frequently ranked as the worst president primarily for his leadership during the period leading up to the Civil War, a time of significant national division.

Why is Andrew Johnson often ranked last among U.S. presidents?

Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's successor, is often ranked last due to his obstruction of civil rights for freed slaves and his undermining of the Reconstruction era following the Civil War.

What factors contribute to Donald Trump's consistent ranking among the bottom four presidents in surveys?

Donald Trump's consistent ranking among the bottom four presidents is often attributed to his breaking of long-standing norms, such as the peaceful transfer of power, and his challenges to institutional precedents.

Which era is considered exceptionally poor by presidential historians, and which presidents are typically found in the bottom rankings from this period?

The mid-19th century, particularly the years leading up to the Civil War, is considered an exceptionally poor era by presidential historians. Presidents like John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan are often ranked among the lowest.

What organization has been conducting presidential surveys since 1982, and how frequently?

The Siena College Research Institute has been conducting presidential surveys since 1982, typically releasing new rankings every few years, including in 1990, 1994, 2002, 2010, 2018, and 2022.

What types of individuals are surveyed by the Siena College Research Institute for their presidential rankings?

The Siena College Research Institute surveys historians, political scientists, and presidential scholars to gather rankings across various attributes, abilities, and accomplishments.

Who conducted a significant poll of historians in 1948 and 1962 regarding presidential success?

Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. of Harvard University conducted significant polls of historians in 1948 and 1962 to assess presidential success.

What was the methodology used by William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver in their 1996 poll and accompanying book?

In 1996, William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver surveyed 719 participants, including historians, political scientists, politicians, and celebrities, rating presidents across categories like leadership qualities, accomplishments, crisis management, political skill, appointments, and character. Their results were published in an accompanying book.

What criteria did the 2005 Lindgren/Wall Street Journal poll use to balance the opinions of liberal and conservative scholars?

The 2005 poll, conducted by James Lindgren for The Federalist Society and The Wall Street Journal, sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives by adjusting results to give equal weight to Democratic- and Republican-leaning scholars.

How many times has the C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership been conducted, and what are the years?

The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has been conducted four times, in the years 2000, 2009, 2017, and 2021.

What was the general consistency of results across all four C-SPAN surveys regarding top and bottom-ranked presidents?

The results across all four C-SPAN surveys have been notably consistent, with Abraham Lincoln consistently ranking highest, George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt always in the top five, and James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, and Franklin Pierce consistently ranked at the bottom.

What was the focus of the 2011 USPC survey conducted by the Institute for the Study of the Americas?

The 2011 USPC survey, conducted by the Institute for the Study of the Americas at the University of London, polled British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance across five categories: vision/agenda-setting, domestic leadership, foreign policy leadership, moral authority, and positive historical significance of legacy.

How did presidents from the mid-20th century (post-WWII) and recent presidents (late 20th/early 21st century) generally rank in the 2011 USPC survey?

In the 2011 USPC survey, presidents from the mid-20th century like Truman and Eisenhower ranked highly, while recent presidents like Reagan and Obama also placed well. George W. Bush ranked in the bottom ten, and Lyndon Johnson's ranking was affected by the Vietnam War's impact on his scores.

What was the relative ranking of John F. Kennedy in the 2011 USPC survey compared to American polls, and what reason was suggested for this difference?

John F. Kennedy ranked fifteenth in the 2011 USPC survey, lower than in American polls. British academics suggested this was due to a perceived gap between his rhetoric and his actual presidential achievements.

Which publication asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best presidents since 1900 in 2012?

In 2012, Newsweek asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best presidents since 1900.

What was the outcome of the 2015 American Political Science Association (APSA) poll regarding the top 10 presidents?

The 2015 APSA poll of political scientists specializing in the American presidency placed Abraham Lincoln at the top, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson, and Woodrow Wilson rounding out the top 10.

In the 2018 Presidential Greatness Project Expert Survey, who was ranked for the first time and in what position?

Donald Trump was ranked for the first time in the 2018 Presidential Greatness Project Expert Survey, where he was placed in the last position.

What were the top five presidents identified in the 2018 Siena poll, and what was the director's comment on their consistent ranking?

The 2018 Siena poll identified George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Jefferson as the top five U.S. presidents. Siena College Research Institute director Don Levy noted that these top five, referred to as 'Mount Rushmore plus FDR,' are consistently ranked highly by presidential historians.

What were the top three presidents and bottom three presidents in the 2022 Siena poll?

In the 2022 Siena poll, Franklin D. Roosevelt was ranked first, Abraham Lincoln second, and George Washington third. The bottom three presidents were Donald Trump, James Buchanan, and Andrew Johnson.

What specific focus did the Walton and Smith survey have when ranking presidents?

The survey by Professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith focused on presidents' views and actions concerning race, ranking them based on whether they were white supremacist, institutionally racist, institutionally neutral, ambivalent, or anti-racist.

How were Lincoln, Truman, and Nixon categorized by Walton and Smith regarding their views and actions on race, and why?

Lincoln, Truman, and Nixon were categorized by Walton and Smith as both 'white supremacist' (for their personal views) and 'anti-racist' (for their policies), indicating a complexity in their approaches to racial issues.

What was the primary focus of the 2019 Tillery and Greer poll?

The 2019 poll conducted by Alvin Tillery and Christina Greer focused on evaluating the 'modern presidents' based on their overall leadership and their rhetoric concerning diversity and inclusion.

What question was asked in the November 2010 Gallup poll regarding modern former presidents?

The November 2010 Gallup poll asked 1,037 Americans to state whether they approved or disapproved of how the nine most recent former presidents handled their job in office, based on their knowledge or memory.

In the February 2011 Gallup poll, who was identified as the greatest U.S. president by the highest percentage of respondents?

In the February 2011 Gallup poll asking Americans who they regarded as the greatest U.S. president, Ronald Reagan was identified by the highest percentage of respondents at 19%.

What question did the June 2014 Quinnipiac University poll ask regarding presidents since World War II?

The June 2014 Quinnipiac University poll asked American registered voters to identify who they believed were the best and worst presidents since World War II.

According to the June 2014 Quinnipiac poll, who was named the worst president since World War II by the largest percentage of voters?

According to the June 2014 Quinnipiac poll, Barack Obama was named the worst president since World War II by the largest percentage of voters, at 33%.

In the January 2017 Quinnipiac poll, who was named the worst president since World War II by the largest percentage of voters?

In the January 2017 Quinnipiac poll, Richard Nixon was named the worst president since World War II by the largest percentage of voters (24%), followed closely by Barack Obama (23%) and George W. Bush (22%).

What question was asked in the January 2021 Gallup poll regarding the historical legacy of presidents?

The January 2021 Gallup poll asked American adults how they thought each president would be remembered in history, using categories such as 'outstanding president,' 'above average,' 'average,' 'below average,' or 'poor.'

According to the January 2021 Gallup poll, who was rated 'Outstanding' by the highest percentage of respondents?

According to the January 2021 Gallup poll, Barack Obama was rated 'Outstanding' by the highest percentage of respondents at 21%.

What was the focus of the 2014 Roediger and DeSoto survey published in *Science*?

The 2014 survey by Henry L. Roediger III and K. Andrew DeSoto, published in *Science*, focused on the memorability of U.S. presidents by asking research subjects to name as many presidents as possible.

According to the 2014 Roediger and DeSoto survey, which president had the highest name recognition percentage?

According to the 2014 Roediger and DeSoto survey, Barack Obama had the highest name recognition percentage at 100%.

What was the subject of the 2021 Putnam Survey regarding U.S. presidents?

The 2021 Putnam Survey examined the memorability of U.S. presidents, specifically measuring name recognition and facial recognition.

What analogy did Gerard Baker use to describe the distribution of U.S. presidents' rankings?

Gerard Baker described the distribution of U.S. presidents' rankings as falling into a well-established bell curve or normal distribution, with a few outstanding presidents, a few 'duds,' and many in the middle, suggesting that the difference between adjacent ranks might not be significant.

What criticism did Julian E. Zelizer make regarding traditional presidential rankings?

Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer argued that traditional presidential rankings explain little about actual presidential history and are weak mechanisms for evaluating presidential performance in the White House.

What did Ron Walters state in 2002 about the difference between presidential evaluations from white and African-American intellectuals?

In 2002, Ron Walters observed a qualitative difference between presidential evaluations from white and African-American intellectuals, citing differing rankings based on criteria such as race relations and the balance of majority and minority interests.

What criticism did Alvin S. Felzenberg make regarding presidential rankings?

Alvin S. Felzenberg criticized presidential rankings for what he perceived as a prevalent liberal bias among historians and political scientists, suggesting that his own rankings offered a counter-balance with a conservative bias.

What was the primary reason James Buchanan is frequently ranked as the worst president?

James Buchanan is frequently ranked as the worst president primarily for his leadership during the period leading up to the Civil War, a time of significant national division.

Which era is considered exceptionally poor by presidential historians, and which presidents are typically found in the bottom rankings from this period?

The mid-19th century, particularly the years leading up to the Civil War, is considered an exceptionally poor era by presidential historians. Presidents like John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan are often ranked among the lowest.

What was the general consistency of results across all four C-SPAN surveys regarding top and bottom-ranked presidents?

The results across all four C-SPAN surveys have been notably consistent, with Abraham Lincoln consistently ranking highest, George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt always in the top five, and James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, and Franklin Pierce consistently ranked at the bottom.

What was the relative ranking of John F. Kennedy in the 2011 USPC survey compared to American polls, and what reason was suggested for this difference?

John F. Kennedy ranked fifteenth in the 2011 USPC survey, lower than in American polls. British academics suggested this was due to a perceived gap between his rhetoric and his actual presidential achievements.

According to the June 2014 Quinnipiac poll, who was named the worst president since World War II by the largest percentage of voters?

According to the June 2014 Quinnipiac poll, Barack Obama was named the worst president since World War II by the largest percentage of voters, at 33%.

What was the focus of the 2014 Roediger and DeSoto survey published in *Science*?

The 2014 survey by Henry L. Roediger III and K. Andrew DeSoto, published in *Science*, focused on the memorability of U.S. presidents by asking research subjects to name as many presidents as possible.

Historical Rankings Of Presidents Of The United States Wiki: The Presidential Pantheon: A Scholarly Appraisal of American Leadership

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Overview

The Measure of Leadership

Since the mid-20th century, academic historians and political scientists have regularly conducted surveys to rank the success of United States presidents. These evaluations typically focus on presidential achievements, leadership qualities, perceived failures, and overall character.

Benchmarks of Greatness

Across numerous scholarly rankings, Abraham Lincoln is consistently lauded as the greatest president. Conversely, his predecessor, James Buchanan, is most frequently cited as the least effective, largely due to his handling of the secession crisis leading up to the Civil War.

Evolving Perceptions

These rankings are not static; they evolve with new historical scholarship, changing societal values, and the passage of time. Recent presidents are often subject to more polarized views, while historical figures are viewed through the lens of accumulated historical context.

History of Rankings

Early Surveys

The practice of ranking presidents gained significant academic traction in the mid-20th century. Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. conducted an influential survey in 1948, followed by another in 1962 involving 75 historians. His son, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., continued this tradition with a poll in 1996.

Methodological Diversity

Various institutions and publications have undertaken these surveys, employing diverse methodologies. These include polls by the Chicago Tribune (1982), the Siena College Research Institute (beginning in 1982 and continuing periodically), C-SPAN (2000, 2009, 2017, 2021), and analyses by organizations like the American Political Science Association (APSA) and the United States Presidency Centre (USPC).

Global Perspectives

While most rankings originate from American scholars, some efforts have sought broader international perspectives. A 2011 survey by the USPC polled British specialists in American history and politics, offering a comparative viewpoint on presidential performance.

Key Surveys & Criteria

C-SPAN Presidential Leadership Survey

This comprehensive survey, conducted by C-SPAN since 2000, polls presidential historians and biographers. Participants rate presidents on a scale across ten categories: Public Persuasion, Crisis Leadership, Economic Management, Moral Authority, International Relations, Administrative Skills, Relations with Congress, Vision/Setting An Agenda, Pursued Equal Justice for All, and Performance Within the Context of His Times. Results have shown remarkable consistency over the years.

Siena College Research Institute

The Siena College Research Institute has conducted regular surveys since 1982, polling historians and scholars on various attributes and accomplishments. Their methodology often involves assessing presidents during the second year of their first term, providing a consistent benchmark across administrations.

APSA & Murray-Blessing

The American Political Science Association (APSA) has also facilitated expert surveys, notably in 2015 and 2018, assessing presidents based on criteria like leadership qualities and character. The 1982 Murray-Blessing survey notably analyzed rankings based on the political leanings (liberal vs. conservative) of the historians surveyed, revealing minimal divergence on the top and bottom performers.

Presidential Rankings Across Surveys

Below is a compilation of presidential rankings from various scholarly surveys. Click the column headers to sort, and use the scrollbar to navigate the extensive data.

Seq. ^[b]^[c]	President	Party	APSA 2024^[27]^[32]	Siena 2022^[33]	C-SPAN 2021^[31]	Siena 2018^[34]	APSA 2018^[26]	C-SPAN 2017^[35]	PHN 2016^[24]	APSA 2015^[23]	USPC 2011^[36]	Siena 2010^[37]^[38]	C-SPAN 2009^[39]	Times 2008^[40]	WSJ 2005^[13]	Siena 2002	WSJ 2000	C-SPAN 2000	Schl. 1996^[5]	R-McI 1996^[41]	Siena 1994	Siena 1990	Siena 1982	CT 1982	M-B 1982	Schl. 1962^[4]	Schl. 1948
1	George Washington	Independent	3	3	2	1	2	2	3	2	3	4	2	2	1	4	1	3	2 (tie)	3	4	4	4	2	3	2	2
2	John Adams	Federalist	13	16	15	14	14	19	10	15	12	17	17	13	13	12	13	16	11	14	12	14	10	15	9	10	9
3	Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	5	5	7	5	5	7	5	5	4	5	5	4	4	5	4	4	5	5	5	5	4	5	4	5	5
4	James Madison	Democratic-Republican	11	10	16	7	12	13	14	16	13	6	20	15	15	16	17	13	15	17	10	9	8	9	17	14	12
5	James Monroe	Democratic-Republican	18	12	12	8	14	9	9	8	17	8	16	16	8	10	11	2	13	15	7	9	7
6	John Quincy Adams	Democratic-Republican	2	34	20	35	16	14	30	29	23	13	15	11	18	4	21	16	26	5	20	21	19
7	Andrew Jackson	Democratic	30	2	10	14	27	28	4	38	5	19	12	13	14	23	6	19	5	23	12	13	14
8	Martin Van Buren	Democratic	16	13	23	19	24	38	33	13	32	25	24	24	27	29	23	25	27	22	27	24	23
9	William Henry Harrison	Whig	24	30	25	31	33	27	42	35	30	24	37	35	36	30	33	39	24	31	33	34	35
10	John Tyler	Whig/ Independent^[d]	33	42	39	42	39	31	22	39	26	34	35	29	34	33	37	35	36	33	32	36	37
11	James K. Polk	Democratic	17	9	13	12	21	15	7	23	7	16	17	14	11	18	9	8	10	20	9	11	12
12	Zachary Taylor	Whig	37	35	28	37	37	24	36	34	28	28	34	27	37	21	31	34	25	37	25	33	33
13	Millard Fillmore	Whig	40	41	40	38	35	33	25	25	37	35	38	36	35	36	38	33	39	39	30	35	38
14	Franklin Pierce	Democratic	38	37	37	41	40	34	35	36	38	38	39	39	39	38	40	40	40	38	35	40	40
15	James Buchanan	Democratic	23	40	41	40	42	41	40	41	43	39	42	42	43	40	42	41	43	40	41	43	42
16	Abraham Lincoln	Republican	28	6	2	6	4	5	13	1	2	2	1	2	1	1	1	5	2	3	2	1	3
17	Andrew Johnson	National Union^[e]	42	43	43	43	43	37	39	43	34	42	41	41	42	37	41	38	42	41	42	42	43
18	Ulysses S. Grant	Republican	26	28	24	22	25	29	21	22	22	40	28	26	26	27	34	24	21	29	31	31	26
19	Rutherford B. Hayes	Republican	29	33	30	29	29	26	19	18	33	33	33	32	33	28	30	30	32	30	24	29	31
20	James A. Garfield	Republican	20	22	22	24	32	23	41	27	31	29	25	28	25	25	26	31	23	26	22	27	27
21	Chester A. Arthur	Republican	41	31	32	27	28	19	14	21	27	26	30	25	20	32	27	26	28	32	17	26	25
22/24	Grover Cleveland	Democratic	19	16	17	15	17	22	20	19	24	18	20	22	17	19	17	21	19	25	14	19	20
23	Benjamin Harrison	Republican	39	32	34	28	30	35	29	30	39	36	36	34	32	31	35	28	34	35	23	32	34
25	William McKinley	Republican	21	14	19	11	23	18	24	20	21	20	21	23	19	22	18	15	18	27	11	20	21
26	Theodore Roosevelt	Republican	6	7	3	5	1	2	2	12	1	4	3	1	2	6	4	4	4	6	3	4	2
27	William Howard Taft	Republican	14	36	29	30	18	20	32	24	36	22	23	30	21	18	25	23	31	18	28	23	24
28	Woodrow Wilson	Democratic	8	8	9	16	8	8	15	37	9	10	8	5	9	11	10	10	12	4	29	10	8
29	Warren G. Harding	Republican	43	38	36	34	36	39	37	26	40	43	43	43	40	42	43	37	41	43	39	41	41
30	Calvin Coolidge	Republican	25	24	38	21	26	30	12	28	41	30	32	37	31	17	28	32	33	28	19	28	29
31	Herbert Hoover	Republican	10	26	31	33	19	43	43	40	42	32	26	38	41	13	29	36	37	14	40	38	36
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt	Democratic	5	1	1	2	2	1	5	2	3	3	2	4	4	3	16	3	1	3	10	4	2	1
33	Harry S. Truman	Democratic	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	8	8	8
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower	Republican	8	6	5	6	7	5	9	7	10	10	8	6	8	10	9	9	10	8	12	11	9	11	21 (tie)	–
35	John F. Kennedy	Democratic	10	9	8	10	16	8	12	14	15	11	6	11	15	14	18	8	13	15	10	10	8	–	–
36	Lyndon B. Johnson	Democratic	9	8	11	16	10	10	11	12	11	16	11	12	18	15	17	10	14	12	13	15	14	–	–
37	Richard Nixon	Republican	35	28	31	29	33	28	26	34	23	30	27	27	25	25	26	31	23	26	22	27	27
38	Gerald Ford	Republican	27	30	28	27	27	25	28	24	24	28	26	26	26	27	23	26	28	32	17	26	25
39	Jimmy Carter	Democratic	22	24	26	26	26	26	18	26	18	32	25	25	26	26	27	23	25	24	33	27	25	–	–
40	Ronald Reagan	Republican	16	18	9	13	9	9	13	11	8	18	10	8	6	16	8	15	26	20	22	16	–	–
41	George H. W. Bush	Republican	19	20	21	21	17	20	21	17	22	22	18	20	21	22	21	20	24	22	31	18	–	–
42	Bill Clinton	Democratic	12	14	19	15	13	15	19	8	19	13	15	23	22	18	24	21	20	23	16	–	–
43	George W. Bush	Republican	32	35	29	29	33	28	26	34	31	30	32	32	33	19	23	–	–
44	Barack Obama	Democratic	7	11	10	17	8	12	7	18	(8)^[f]	15	–	–
45/47	Donald Trump	Republican	45	43	41	42	44	–	–
46	Joe Biden	Democratic	14	19	–	–
Total surveyed^[b]^[c]			45	45	44	44	44	43	41	43	40	43	42	42	40	42	39	41	41	40	39	36	36	31	29

Notable Rankings & Trends

The Pantheon

Consistently appearing in the top tier across most surveys are:

Abraham Lincoln: Universally recognized for his leadership during the Civil War and abolition of slavery.
George Washington: Praised for establishing the presidency and guiding the nascent nation.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: Celebrated for navigating the Great Depression and World War II.
Theodore Roosevelt: Noted for his progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and trust-busting.

The Lowest Ranks

Conversely, presidents frequently found at the bottom of rankings include:

James Buchanan: Criticized for inaction preceding the Civil War.
Andrew Johnson: Condemned for obstructing Reconstruction and impeached.
Franklin Pierce: Associated with the escalating sectional crisis.
Warren G. Harding: Often ranked low due to scandals during his administration.
Donald Trump: Recent surveys place him among the lowest, often cited for breaking norms and challenging democratic institutions.

Shifting Tides

Some presidents experience significant shifts in perception over time. For instance, Ulysses S. Grant has seen a notable rehabilitation in recent rankings, moving up from earlier low placements. Similarly, George W. Bush's standing has improved in some later surveys, reflecting a re-evaluation of his presidency.

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References

Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.

There have been 45 presidents but 47 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump were elected to two nonconsecutive terms.

Obama would place 8th based on provisional scores of the USPC 2011 survey, but was not given a ranking in the final results as he had not yet completed his term when the survey was conducted.

The average rank as calculated by Siena from the data items in the table. This is usually within a few places of the average evaluation, but more divergent in the cases of Ulysses Grant and Richard Nixon.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians". The New York Times. July 1962. pp. 12â13, 40â41, 43.

"FDR America's Greatest President". August 19, 2002. Archived February 10, 2007.

Hanes Walton Jr, Robert C. Smith & Sherri L. Wallace, eds. (2021) American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom. Pearson Longman. 9th edition, p 195â197

The weights were 5 for "Outstanding", 4 for "Above Average", 3 for "Average", 2 for "Below Average" and 1 for "Poor".

Zelizer, Julian E. (February 21, 2011). Opinion: "What's wrong with presidential rankings" . CNN Opinion.

Michael Genovese (2010) "The Leaders We Deserved (And a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game." Presidential Studies Quarterly 40.4: 799â800.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Historical rankings of presidents of the United States Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional historical or political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation or in-depth academic research. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified historians or political scientists for nuanced interpretations and definitive analyses.

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The Presidential Pantheon

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Overview ℹ️

🏛️ The Measure of Leadership

⚖️ Benchmarks of Greatness

📈 Evolving Perceptions

History of Rankings 📜

✍️ Early Surveys

📊 Methodological Diversity

🌐 Global Perspectives

Key Surveys & Criteria 🔍

⭐ C-SPAN Presidential Leadership Survey

🏘️ Siena College Research Institute

⚖️ APSA & Murray-Blessing

Presidential Rankings Across Surveys 🗂️

Notable Rankings & Trends ⭐

👑 The Pantheon

📉 The Lowest Ranks

🔄 Shifting Tides

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Measure of Leadership

Benchmarks of Greatness

Evolving Perceptions

History of Rankings

Early Surveys

Methodological Diversity

Global Perspectives

Key Surveys & Criteria

C-SPAN Presidential Leadership Survey

Siena College Research Institute

APSA & Murray-Blessing

Presidential Rankings Across Surveys

Notable Rankings & Trends

The Pantheon

The Lowest Ranks

Shifting Tides

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice