What was Hyderabad State, and what geographical regions does it encompass in modern-day India?

Hyderabad State was a princely state located in the Deccan region of south-central India, with its capital city also named Hyderabad. Following its incorporation into India and subsequent reorganization, its former territories are now divided among the present-day Indian states of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

Who was the founder of Hyderabad State, and what title did he establish?

Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan, who served as the Mughal governor of the Deccan. In 1724, he re-established his rule from Aurangabad and was granted the title 'Asaf Jah' by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. This title, along with 'Nizam ul-Mulk' (Order of the Realm), became the hereditary title for the rulers, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad, and established the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

What was the initial political status of Hyderabad State, and how did it evolve?

Initially, Hyderabad State was a de jure vassal state of the Mughal Empire from 1724 to 1858. It later became semi-independent under British protection through a subsidiary alliance agreement from 1798 to 1858. From 1858 to 1947, it was a princely state within British India, and in its final years, from 1947 to 1948, it was an unrecognized independent state before its annexation by India.

How did the Maratha Empire influence Hyderabad State in its early history?

Following the decline of Mughal power, the Maratha Empire rose in the Deccan region. The Nizam of Hyderabad faced several invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, leading to the payment of a regular 'Chauth' (tax) to them. Major battles like Palkhed, Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda were fought, which the Nizam lost, effectively making Hyderabad a tributary of the Marathas.

When and why did the capital of Hyderabad State move to Hyderabad city?

The Nizam shifted the capital of Hyderabad State to the city of Hyderabad in 1763. This move occurred after the initial provincial capital had been Aurangabad.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Masulipatam in 1768?

The Treaty of Masulipatam, signed in 1768 between the Nizam and the British, resulted in the cession of the Northern Circars to the British. This marked an early step in the increasing British influence over the region.

How did Hyderabad State come under British protection?

In 1798, Nizam 'Ālī Khān (Asaf Jah II) was compelled to sign a subsidiary alliance agreement with the British, placing Hyderabad under British protection. This agreement made Hyderabad the first Indian princely state to enter into such an arrangement, and the Nizam was granted a 23-gun salute during the British India period.

What was Hyderabad State's stance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857?

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858, Hyderabad State remained loyal to the British. This loyalty was a continuation of the alliances formed during earlier conflicts like the Anglo-Maratha Wars and Anglo-Mysore Wars.

What administrative reforms were introduced during the reign of Asaf Jah V?

During the rule of Asaf Jah V (1857-1869), significant administrative reforms were implemented by his Prime Minister, Salar Jung I. These reforms aimed to establish a more systematic administration, replacing the previous system where duties were largely handled by the Diwan (Prime Minister), which had led to widespread corruption. The state was reorganized into divisions and districts, with new departments for judiciary, public works, education, and police being established.

When did Persian cease to be the official court language of Hyderabad State, and what replaced it?

Persian was the official court and revenue language of Hyderabad State from 1724 until 1886. During the tenure of Prime Minister Salar Jung II in the 1880s, Urdu officially replaced Persian as the language for court and revenue matters.

What was the impact of the Great Musi Flood of 1908 on Hyderabad city and its ruler?

The Great Musi Flood of 1908 devastated Hyderabad city, causing an estimated 50,000 fatalities. In response, the Nizam opened all his palaces to provide public asylum, demonstrating a commitment to aiding his subjects during the crisis.

What significant infrastructure projects were undertaken during the reign of Asaf Jah VII?

Mir Osman Ali Khan, the seventh and last Nizam, oversaw several key infrastructure projects. These included the construction of the Osman Sagar and Himayath Sagar lakes to prevent future floods, the establishment of the Hyderabad State Bank, the development of Begumpet Airport in the 1930s, and the construction of important public buildings like Osmania General Hospital, Jubilee Hall, the State Library, and the Public Gardens.

What was unique about Hyderabad State's currency before its integration into India?

Before its integration into the Union of India, Hyderabad State was unique among the princely states in the Indian subcontinent for having its own currency, known as the Hyderabadi rupee.

What was the Nizam's decision regarding the Constituent Assembly after India's independence in 1947?

Following India's independence in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad declared that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either the Dominion of India or the Dominion of Pakistan. This decision aimed to maintain Hyderabad's independence.

What led to India's annexation of Hyderabad State in 1948?

India annexed Hyderabad State in 1948 due to several factors, including Hyderabad's strategic location within the Indian Union, the Nizam's Muslim rule over a predominantly Hindu population, and the failure to reach a satisfactory agreement on accession. The annexation was carried out through a military campaign known as 'Operation Polo'.

What was 'Operation Polo'?

Operation Polo was the code name for the military campaign launched by the Indian Army on September 13, 1948, to annex Hyderabad State. The operation involved Indian troops invading Hyderabad from multiple directions, leading to the surrender of the Nizam's army on September 17, 1948.

What role did the United Nations play concerning Hyderabad State in 1948?

In August 1948, Hyderabad requested the United Nations Security Council to consider its dispute with India, arguing that the situation could endanger international peace. The Security Council took notice, and Hyderabad appealed for intervention, but ultimately, the UN's actions did not prevent India's military action.

When was Hyderabad State formally incorporated into the Union of India, and what happened to the Nizam's rule?

Hyderabad State was formally incorporated into the Union of India on January 26, 1950. This event marked the end of the rule of the Nizams, who had governed the state for over two centuries.

Who was the first Chief Minister and the Rajpramukh of Hyderabad State after its incorporation into India?

After Hyderabad State was incorporated into India, M. K. Vellodi, a senior civil servant, was appointed as the Chief Minister. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the seventh Nizam, became the Rajpramukh (a title for the head of state of a princely state integrated into India) on January 26, 1950.

What was the 'Mulki-rules' agitation in Hyderabad State in 1952?

The Mulki-rules agitation in 1952 involved violent protests by some 'Telanganites' who demanded the removal of bureaucrats from Madras state and the strict implementation of 'Mulki-rules'. These rules, part of Hyderabad state law since 1919, stipulated that local jobs should be reserved for the native inhabitants ('Mulkis') of the state.

How was Hyderabad State dissolved in 1956?

In 1956, as part of the reorganization of Indian states along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was dissolved. Its territories were divided and merged into neighboring states: the Telangana region joined Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh, while the Marathwada region merged with Bombay State (later Maharashtra), and the Kalyana-Karnataka region was incorporated into Mysore State (later Karnataka).

What was the general character of Hyderabad's political and social structure according to Wilfred Cantwell Smith?

Wilfred Cantwell Smith described Hyderabad as a region where the political and social structures from medieval Muslim rule had been largely preserved into modern times. This meant that traditional hierarchies and systems were still influential.

What was the social standing of Muslims in Hyderabad State?

Muslims, including the ruling Asaf Jahi dynasty, constituted an 'upper caste' within the social structure of Hyderabad State. They held significant administrative and official positions, although some high-ranking administrative posts were also filled by Hindus, particularly from the Kayastha caste.

How was the government of Hyderabad State structured under the Nizam?

All ultimate power was vested in the Nizam, who ruled with the assistance of an Executive Council or Cabinet established in 1893. The Nizam had the authority to appoint and dismiss the members of this council. An Assembly also existed, primarily serving an advisory role, with members appointed by the Nizam and elected through a limited franchise.

What was the issue of 'non-mulkhis' in Hyderabad State's government employment?

The government of Hyderabad State employed a significant number of 'outsiders,' referred to as 'non-mulkhis,' in administrative roles, including all members of the Nizam's Executive Council. This practice led to protests from both Hindus and Muslims who were native inhabitants ('mulkhis'), as it limited employment opportunities for locals.

What architectural styles are characteristic of Hyderabad State's buildings?

The architecture of Hyderabad State is characterized by its cosmopolitan nature, blending European and Islamic influences. Notable styles include Neoclassical, as seen in the British Residency, and Indo-Saracenic, evident in buildings like the Osmania General Hospital and the High Court, often designed by architects like Vincent Esch.

What were some of the major industries established in Hyderabad State before its incorporation into India?

Several key industries were established in Hyderabad State, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. These included the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway (1875), Singareni Collieries (1920), Nizam Sugar Factory (1937), Sirpur Paper Mills (1938), Allwyn Metal Works (1942), and Deccan Airways Limited (1945).

What were the primary languages spoken in Hyderabad State according to the 1941 census?

Based on the 1941 Hyderabad State Census, the main languages spoken as native languages were Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%), and Deccani Urdu (10.3%).

What were the main religious demographics in Hyderabad State?

In Hyderabad State, Hinduism was the predominant religion, with approximately 81% of the population identifying as Hindu. Islam was the official religion, practiced by about 13% of the population, while Christianity and other religions constituted the remaining 6%.

What were the official languages of Hyderabad State at different times?

Initially, from 1724 to 1886, Persian was the official language of the court and revenue in Hyderabad State, although Urdu was spoken domestically. From 1886 onwards, Urdu became the official language for both court and revenue purposes until the state's dissolution.

What common languages were spoken in Hyderabad State?

Besides the official languages, the common languages spoken by the populace included Telugu, Marathi, and Kannada. Telugu was spoken by the largest portion of the population (48.2%), followed by Marathi (26.4%) and Kannada (12.3%).

What was the population of Hyderabad State in 1941?

According to the 1941 census, Hyderabad State had a population of 16,338,534 people.

What was the area of Hyderabad State in 1941?

In 1941, Hyderabad State covered an area of 214,187 square kilometers (82,698 square miles).

What were some of the orders and decorations conferred by the Nizam of Hyderabad?

The Nizam of Hyderabad conferred several orders and decorations, including the Hilal-i-Osmania, Tamgha-i-Khusrow-i-Deccan, and Tamgha-i-Asafia.

What historical sites were featured on the stamps of Hyderabad State?

The stamps issued by Hyderabad State often featured prominent historical landmarks such as the Golconda Fort, the Ajanta Caves, and the Charminar, reflecting the state's rich heritage.

What were the mottos of Hyderabad State?

The mottos of Hyderabad State were 'Al-'Aẓmatu Lillāh' (Greatness belongs to God) and 'Yā ʿUthmān' (Oh Osman), the latter referring to the seventh Nizam, Osman Ali Khan.

What was the significance of the term 'Mulki'?

'Mulki' referred to the native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, irrespective of their ethnic background. The term became particularly prominent during the 1952 Mulkhi Agitation, which centered on demands for job reservations for locals.

What was the political landscape like in Hyderabad State before 1920?

Before 1920, there were no formal political organizations in Hyderabad State. Following pressure from the British, the Nizam initiated an investigation into constitutional reforms, leading to the formation of the Hyderabad State Reforms Association, though their demands were largely ignored.

What was the Andhra Jana Sangham, and what did it evolve into?

The Andhra Jana Sangham was formed in November 1921 to politically educate the masses in Telangana. It later evolved and was renamed the Andhra Mahasabha, playing a significant role in mobilizing public opinion on social and political issues.

What impact did the abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the Non-cooperation movement have on political cooperation in Hyderabad?

The abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Mahatma Gandhi's suspension of the Non-cooperation movement led to the end of a period of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims in Hyderabad State, impacting the momentum of political movements within the state.

What were some of the social issues addressed by the Andhra Mahasabha after facing a gagging order in 1929?

Despite a restrictive order in 1929, the Andhra Mahasabha continued its work by focusing on social issues such as protecting 'ryots' (farmers), advocating for women's rights, abolishing the devadasi system, promoting purdah reform, and working for the upliftment of Dalits.

How did the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway contribute to Hyderabad State?

The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway, established during the reign of Asaf Jah VI, was crucial in connecting Hyderabad State to the broader network of British India. Its establishment marked the beginning of industrial development, with factories subsequently being built in Hyderabad city.

What architectural styles are represented by key buildings constructed in the early 20th century in Hyderabad State?

Key buildings constructed in the early 20th century, such as the Osmania General Hospital, City College, High Court, and Kacheguda Railway station, were designed in the Indo-Saracenic style by architect Vincent Esch, showcasing a blend of Indian and Islamic architectural elements with modern influences.

What was the significance of the 'Mulki' concept during the post-independence era?

The 'Mulki' concept, referring to native inhabitants, became a significant political issue after India's independence, particularly during the 1952 agitation. Protests demanded the strict implementation of 'Mulki-rules' to ensure local employment for the state's natives, highlighting regional identity politics.

What was the Nizam's role after Hyderabad State's incorporation into India?

Following Hyderabad State's incorporation into India, the Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, assumed the role of Rajpramukh, serving as the ceremonial head of state for the newly integrated territory until the state was fully merged into the Indian Union.

What was the relationship between the Nizam's wealth and the state's economy?

The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world. The state's economy was significantly influenced by his ownership of major enterprises, holding 50% or more of the capital in key businesses, which allowed him to generate substantial profits and exert control over their operations.

Hyderabad State Wiki: The Nizam's Realm: A Chronicle of Hyderabad State

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Overview

Princely State

Hyderabad State was a significant princely state in the Deccan region of south-central India, with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It was founded in 1724 by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan, who became the first Nizam.

Geographical Scope

The state's territory, now divided among Telangana, Karnataka, and Maharashtra, was vast. Its capital, Hyderabad city, served as a cultural and administrative hub for centuries.

Historical Span

Hyderabad State existed for over two centuries, from its establishment in 1724 until its annexation by India in 1948, marking the end of the Nizam's rule.

Historical Trajectory

Foundation and Early Rule

Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, Hyderabad initially served as a Mughal province before asserting its de facto independence. The early period saw conflicts and alliances with the rising Maratha Empire.

British Paramountcy

From the late 18th century, Hyderabad gradually came under British protection through subsidiary alliances. Despite territorial concessions, it maintained a degree of autonomy, becoming a prominent salute state within British India.

Post-Independence and Annexation

Following India's independence in 1947, Hyderabad initially opted for independence. However, due to its geographical location and political complexities, it was annexed by India in 1948 through military action, known as Operation Polo.

Governance and Politics

The Nizam's Authority

Absolute power rested with the Nizam, who ruled through an Executive Council appointed by him. This system preserved the medieval Muslim rule structure into modern times.

Administrative Reforms

Significant administrative reforms were introduced, particularly under Prime Minister Salar Jung I, reorganizing judicial, public works, and educational departments, and establishing official languages like Persian and later Urdu.

Political Movements

The early 20th century saw the rise of political movements like the Andhra Jana Sangham, advocating for constitutional reforms and responsible government, highlighting growing political consciousness among the populace.

Cultural Tapestry

Languages

Telugu was the most spoken native language, followed by Marathi, Kannada, and Deccani Urdu. Persian and Urdu served as official court and administrative languages at different periods.

Religious Composition

The state had a predominantly Hindu population (around 81%), with Islam as the official religion (around 13%). Christianity and other faiths constituted the remaining percentage.

Symbols and Heritage

Hyderabad State featured distinct coats of arms and flags reflecting its dynastic lineage. Its architectural legacy includes grand palaces and public buildings blending European, Islamic, and Indo-Saracenic styles.

Economic Landscape

Infrastructure and Industry

The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway, established in 1875, was a cornerstone of development, connecting the state to British India. Various industries, including textiles, paper, and tobacco, emerged, particularly in the early 20th century.

Currency and Finance

Hyderabad State maintained its own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, and established the Hyderabad State Bank, reflecting a degree of financial autonomy.

Military Strength

Early Prowess

The state's founder, Asaf Jah I, assembled a formidable army that established Hyderabad as a major power in Southern India. The military was later modernized under Asaf Jah II.

Diverse Units

Notable military units included British-trained battalions, the French-trained Corps Français de Raymond, and the unique Victorious Battalion, composed entirely of women.

Demographics

The Mulki Identity

The term "Mulki" referred to native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, irrespective of ethnicity. This identity became central to political movements, particularly concerning local employment rights.

Population Distribution

As per the 1941 census, the state had over 16 million people. The population was diverse linguistically and religiously, with Telugu being the most spoken language.

Architectural Grandeur

Cosmopolitan Styles

Hyderabad's architecture is a rich blend of European, Islamic, and Indo-Saracenic styles. Early structures like the British Residency showcase neoclassical influences.

Notable Landmarks

Iconic buildings such as the Falaknuma Palace, Osmania General Hospital, and the High Court exemplify the state's architectural heritage, often designed by prominent architects like Vincent Esch.

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References

Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World 2015, p. 110.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 20.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, Chapter 7: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"

Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 13â19.

Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 56â57.

Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 13â15.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 229.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 230.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 231.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 232.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, Chapter 2.

Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, pp. 39â40.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Hyderabad State Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical, political, or cultural consultation. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs.

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The Nizam's Realm

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

👑 Princely State

🗺️ Geographical Scope

⏳ Historical Span

Historical Trajectory 📜

🌱 Foundation and Early Rule

🇬🇧 British Paramountcy

🇮🇳 Post-Independence and Annexation

Governance and Politics 🏛️

👑 The Nizam's Authority

📜 Administrative Reforms

✊ Political Movements

Cultural Tapestry 🎨

🗣️ Languages

🕌 Religious Composition

🏛️ Symbols and Heritage

Economic Landscape 💰

🚂 Infrastructure and Industry

💸 Currency and Finance

Military Strength ⚔️

🛡️ Early Prowess

💂 Diverse Units

Demographics 👥

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 The Mulki Identity

📊 Population Distribution

Architectural Grandeur 🏛️

🏰 Cosmopolitan Styles

🏢 Notable Landmarks

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Princely State

Geographical Scope

Historical Span

Historical Trajectory

Foundation and Early Rule

British Paramountcy

Post-Independence and Annexation

Governance and Politics

The Nizam's Authority

Administrative Reforms

Political Movements

Cultural Tapestry

Languages

Religious Composition

Symbols and Heritage

Economic Landscape

Infrastructure and Industry

Currency and Finance

Military Strength

Early Prowess

Diverse Units

Demographics

The Mulki Identity

Population Distribution

Architectural Grandeur

Cosmopolitan Styles

Notable Landmarks

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice