Cambodia's Islamic Heritage
Exploring the history, demographics, and resilience of Islam in the Kingdom of Cambodia.
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Overview
Minority Faith
Islam is primarily practiced by the Cham and Malay ethnic minorities in Cambodia. While historically significant, Muslims constitute a minority within the predominantly Buddhist nation.
Demographic Landscape
Estimates vary: Pew Research Center reported 1.6% (236,000 people) in 2009. The 2019 Cambodian census indicated approximately 311,045 Muslims. More recently, the U.S. State Department estimated the population at less than 1%. Tboung Khmum province shows the highest concentration, with Muslims comprising 11.8% of its population.
Religious Affiliation
Cambodian Muslims are predominantly Sunni Muslims, adhering to the Shafi'i denomination and following Maturidi doctrine. The community is often categorized into traditionalist and orthodox branches.
Historical Roots
Origins and Refuge
The Cham people, originating from the historical Kingdom of Champa, sought refuge in Cambodia following Vietnamese conquests. Early accounts suggest contact with Islam dates back to the 7th century CE, potentially through Arab traders.
Royal Conversion
A notable, albeit brief, period in Cambodian history saw King Ramathipadi I ascend the throne in 1642 and convert to Islam, becoming the country's only Muslim ruler. His reign was short-lived, ending in 1658.
The Cham Community
Religious Structure
The Cham community maintains its own mosques, numbering around 100 in 1962 and growing to 884 by 2016. Traditionally, leadership involved figures like the mupri, tuk kalih, raja kalik, and tvan pake, with local hakem (judges) and prayer leaders. The Chrouy Changvar peninsula is considered a spiritual center.
Traditional vs. Orthodox
The Cham Muslims are divided into two main branches. The traditionalists retain many pre-Islamic and unique customs, sometimes incorporating magical practices. The orthodox branch, influenced by closer ties and intermarriage with the Malay community, adopts more conformist Islamic practices and customs.
Other Muslim Groups
The term "Chvea" refers to groups arriving from Java and the Indonesian Archipelago, potentially forming a distinct community or merging with the Cham. Additionally, there are Khmer Muslims who have converted from Buddhism, notably in villages like Kwan in Kampong Speu province.
Persecution and Resilience
The Khmer Rouge Era
From 1975 to 1979, under Pol Pot's regime, the Cham Muslim minority faced severe persecution. The Khmer Rouge sought to radically reshape society, targeting religious and ethnic groups. Mosques were destroyed, religious practices forbidden, and many Cham were killed or died from starvation and disease.
Genocide Debate
Scholarly debate exists on whether the atrocities against the Cham constituted genocide. While some historians argue they were targeted due to being perceived as enemies of the revolution, others, like Ben Kiernan, contend that racialization and ethnic hatred were primary drivers, aligning with genocide definitions. International tribunals have convicted Khmer Rouge leaders of genocide.
Contemporary Landscape
Recognized Rights
Islam is officially recognized in Cambodia, allowing Muslims to practice their faith openly. The Cham community enjoys democratic rights, including the right to vote and hold political office. The government actively supports Muslim cultural events, such as sponsoring annual Iftar gatherings during Ramadan.
International Recognition
Cambodia has been lauded for its interfaith harmony. In 2018, the leader of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) referred to Cambodia as a "beacon for Muslim coexistence," highlighting the country's efforts in fostering religious tolerance.
Community Initiatives
Community development extends to sports, with the founding of amateur football club CMYA FC by the Cambodian Youth Muslim Alliance, providing an outlet for Muslim youth.
Notable Figures
Individuals of Influence
Cambodia's Muslim community has contributed notable figures across various fields:
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References
References
- T.W.Arnold, 1913/1997, The Preaching of Islam, Delhi: L.P. Publications, p. 294 n.2.
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Disclaimer
Important Notice
This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date. The information provided is not a substitute for professional academic research, historical analysis, or religious consultation.
This is not religious or historical advice. Always consult with qualified scholars, historians, or religious leaders for specific guidance. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.
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