Who was J. M. W. Turner and what were his primary artistic contributions?

Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a prominent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.

What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?

J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.

What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?

Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

When did Turner begin his studies at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?

Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.

What was Turner's teaching role at the Royal Academy?

Turner became a professor of perspective at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1807, delivering lectures there until 1828. This role provided him with a platform to share his knowledge of artistic principles.

How did Turner's travels influence his artistic output?

From 1802 onwards, Turner traveled extensively throughout Europe, typically returning with numerous sketchbooks filled with observations and studies. These travels provided rich inspiration for his landscapes and seascapes.

Describe Turner's personality and personal life.

Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

What unusual measure did Turner take to avoid being counted in the 1841 census?

In 1841, Turner took an unusual step to avoid being counted in the census by rowing a boat into the Thames, ensuring he could not be found at any property that year.

Where is J. M. W. Turner buried?

J. M. W. Turner is buried in St Paul's Cathedral in London, where he lies near the resting place of the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.

What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?

Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.

What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?

Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.

What was the fate of Turner's mother?

Turner's mother, Mary Marshall, exhibited signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was eventually admitted to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics and later Bethlem Hospital, a mental asylum, where she died in 1804.

Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?

Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.

How did Turner's early drawings foreshadow his later work?

Around 1786, Turner visited Margate on the Kent coast, where he created drawings of the town and its surroundings that showed early signs of his distinctive style, foreshadowing his later artistic achievements.

Who was Turner's 'real master' according to his own words?

Turner referred to Thomas Malton, a topographical draughtsman specializing in London views, as his 'real master'. He studied under Malton around 1789, learning the trade of copying and coloring outline prints.

What was Turner's first watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy, and at what age?

Turner's first watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy was 'A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth'. It was accepted for the summer exhibition in 1790 when Turner was just 15 years old.

How did Turner's early oil painting 'The Rising Squall, Hot Wells' foreshadow his later style?

Exhibited in 1793, Turner's oil painting 'The Rising Squall, Hot Wells' (which was lost until 2024) foreshadowed his later mastery of climatic effects. Critics at the time recognized it as a 'noble attempt at lifting landscape art' and a demonstration of his developing skill in capturing atmospheric effects.

What was the significance of Turner's 1796 oil painting 'Fishermen at Sea'?

'Fishermen at Sea', exhibited in 1796, depicted a nocturnal scene of boats in peril near the Needles. This work was praised by critics and established Turner's reputation not only as an oil painter but also as a skilled painter of maritime scenes, drawing influence from artists like Claude Joseph Vernet and Philip James de Loutherbourg.

Which European locations did Turner visit starting in 1802, and what did he do in Paris?

Starting in 1802, Turner traveled to France and Switzerland. While in Paris, he studied works in the Louvre museum, absorbing influences from the art housed there.

Who was Walter Fawkes, and what was his relationship with Turner?

Walter Fawkes of Farnley Hall was an important patron and close friend to Turner. Turner first visited Fawkes's estate in 1797 and returned frequently throughout his career, finding inspiration in the Yorkshire landscape.

What is the significance of Petworth House in relation to Turner's work?

Turner was a frequent guest of George Wyndham, the 3rd Earl of Egremont, at Petworth House in West Sussex. He painted numerous scenes inspired by the house's grounds and the surrounding Sussex countryside, and Petworth House still holds the largest collection of his work outside of the Tate.

How did Turner's father's death impact him?

Turner's father, who had lived with him for 30 years and served as his studio assistant, died in 1829. This loss had a profound effect on Turner, leading to bouts of depression and influencing his later, more morose artistic period.

Who was Sophia Caroline Booth, and where did Turner live with her?

Sophia Caroline Booth was a widow with whom Turner formed a relationship. From 1846 until his death, Turner lived with her in Chelsea, London, at 6 Davis's Place (now Cheyne Walk), under the guise of 'Mr Booth' or 'Admiral Booth'.

What gift did Louis Philippe I present to Turner?

In 1838, Louis Philippe I, the King of the French, presented Turner with a gold snuff box, acknowledging Turner's habitual use of snuff.

Describe Turner's friendship with Edward Thomas Daniell.

Turner shared a brief but intense friendship with the artist Edward Thomas Daniell. Daniell deeply admired Turner and provided spiritual comfort, which Turner seemed to need after the deaths of his father and friends. Turner expressed that he would never form such a friendship again after Daniell's death.

How was Turner's portrait painted by John Linnell?

Edward Thomas Daniell commissioned John Linnell to paint Turner's portrait. As Turner was reluctant to sit for portraits, Daniell arranged for them to dine together, allowing Linnell to observe Turner closely and paint his likeness from memory.

What was Turner's cause of death and where did he pass away?

J. M. W. Turner died of cholera on December 19, 1851, at the home of Sophia Caroline Booth in Chelsea, London.

What did David Piper describe Turner's later pictures as?

According to David Piper's 'The Illustrated History of Art', Turner's later pictures were described as 'fantastic puzzles' due to their increasingly abstract and expressive style.

What natural phenomena inspired some of Turner's work?

Turner's imagination was often sparked by natural phenomena such as sunlight, storms, rain, and fog. The spectacular sunsets caused by volcanic ash in the atmosphere during the 'Year Without a Summer' (1816) also served as inspiration for some of his paintings.

Who did Turner consider his 'real master' and what did he learn from him?

Turner considered Thomas Malton, a topographical draughtsman, his 'real master'. From Malton, he learned the techniques of copying and coloring outline prints, which were foundational skills for his early career.

What was the nature of Turner's experimentation with pigments?

Turner experimented with a wide variety of pigments, sometimes choosing formulations like carmine despite knowing they were not long-lasting. He prioritized the immediate visual effect of the colors over their permanence, which led to concerns about fading in his works over time.

What was the controversy surrounding the Turner Bequest and the display of his paintings?

Turner bequeathed his finished paintings to the British nation with the condition that a special gallery be built to house them together. Disagreements over the site prevented this, and later an act allowed his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, scattering the collection against his wishes.

Who was Henry Vaughan, and what was significant about his collection of Turner's work?

Henry Vaughan was one of Turner's greatest collectors, amassing over a hundred watercolours and drawings, plus numerous prints. His collection comprehensively represented the diversity and technical inventiveness of Turner's 60-year career, and he stipulated that his watercolours be exhibited together, free of charge, in January, showing an unusual awareness of conservation for the time.

How did the Tate Gallery house Turner's bequest?

In 1910, the main part of the Turner Bequest, including unfinished works, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the National Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain). Later, in 1987, the Clore Gallery was opened specifically to house the Turner bequest, though some key paintings remained in the National Gallery.

What recognition has been given to Turner's work in the form of awards?

The prestigious annual Turner Prize art award was established by the Tate in 1984 in Turner's honor. Additionally, the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours founded the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award.

What was the public's perception of 'The Fighting Temeraire'?

Turner's painting 'The Fighting Temeraire' was voted Britain's 'greatest painting' in a public poll organized by the BBC in 2005, highlighting its significant cultural impact and popularity.

In which film was Leo McKern portrayed as J. M. W. Turner?

Leo McKern portrayed J. M. W. Turner in 'The Sun Is God', a Thames Television production that aired in 1974, coinciding with the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition in London.

Who starred as Turner in the 2014 biopic 'Mr. Turner', and what recognition did the film receive?

Timothy Spall starred as J. M. W. Turner in Mike Leigh's 2014 biopic 'Mr. Turner'. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, where Timothy Spall won the award for Best Actor.

What was the nature of Turner's artistic style in his later years?

In his later years, Turner increasingly used oils with transparency, focusing on the evocation of pure light through shimmering colors. Works like 'Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway' exemplify this style, where forms are barely recognizable, emphasizing atmospheric effects over precise detail.

What was the 'Liber Studiorum' and how did Turner categorize its prints?

The 'Liber Studiorum' (Book of Studies) was a series of seventy prints Turner worked on from 1806 to 1819, intended to showcase his vision for landscape art. He categorized the prints into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral.

What influence did Turner's techniques have on later art movements?

Turner's intensity of hue and fascination with evanescent light placed his work at the forefront of English painting. His techniques, particularly his use of light and color, influenced artists in France, notably Claude Monet and the Impressionists, and he is widely regarded as a precursor to abstract painting.

What was Turner's approach to painting marine scenes?

Turner was fascinated by the violent power of the sea and depicted it in many of his marine paintings. Works like 'The Slave Ship' (1840) and 'Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water' (1840) showcased his dramatic and often intense portrayals of maritime subjects.

Who was Thomas Monro, and what was his influence on Turner's style?

Thomas Monro, the Principal Physician of Bethlem Hospital and an art collector, was considered by John Ruskin to be a significant influence on Turner's style. Monro provided a supportive environment where Turner and other young artists could copy works and perfect their drawing skills, particularly in watercolour.

How did John Robert Cozens's watercolours impact Turner?

The atmospheric effects and evocative qualities found in John Robert Cozens's watercolours, some of which were in Monro's collection, were a revelation to the young Turner. Cozens's Alpine views demonstrated the potential of watercolour to convey mood rather than just information, influencing Turner's approach to the medium.

What was Turner's attitude towards the longevity of his materials?

Turner was largely indifferent to posterity and the long-term preservation of his work. He prioritized the immediate visual impact of his materials, choosing pigments that looked good when freshly applied, even if they were known to fade over time, much to the dismay of critics like Ruskin.

What is the significance of the Turner Society?

The Turner Society was founded in 1975 by Selby Whittingham. After its endorsement of the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing for the Turner Bequest, Whittingham resigned and founded the Independent Turner Society.

What specific event inspired Turner's series of watercolour sketches?

Turner witnessed the burning of Parliament in 1834 firsthand and transcribed the event in a series of watercolour sketches, capturing the dramatic visual impact of the fire.

What was the critical reception of Turner's paintings like 'The Slave Ship' and 'Rockets and Blue Lights'?

Turner's paintings from the 1840 Royal Academy exhibition, such as 'The Slave Ship' and 'Rockets and Blue Lights', received mixed critical reception. While some recognized their power, an anonymous review (later identified as John Eagles) called them 'absurd extravagances', and Sir George Beaumont described his paintings as 'blots'.

J. M. W. Turner Wiki: Turner's Tempestuous Light: A Journey Through Romantic Artistry

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Biography

Childhood and Early Life

Joseph Mallord William Turner was born in London on 23 April 1775, into a modest lower-middle-class family. His father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker, while his mother, Mary Marshall, experienced mental health issues and was eventually institutionalized, passing away in 1804. Turner was sent to live with his maternal uncle in Brentford, where he began his artistic journey with early sketches and watercolour exercises. His father recognized and proudly promoted his son's burgeoning talent, famously stating, "My son, sir, is going to be a painter." Turner's early exposure to coastal scenes in Margate also foreshadowed his later mastery of maritime subjects.

Education and Academy

A recognized child prodigy, Turner enrolled at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789 at the age of 14. He was accepted by Sir Joshua Reynolds the following year. Initially drawn to architecture, he was advised to focus on painting. His early academic training involved drawing from classical casts and life models. Turner exhibited his first watercolour at the Royal Academy at just 15. He balanced his studies with work as an architectural draftsman and began exhibiting watercolours annually while developing his skills through extensive summer travels across Britain, meticulously sketching landscapes and architectural subjects.

Later Life and Demise

As Turner aged, his personality became more eccentric and reclusive. The death of his father in 1829 profoundly affected him, leading to periods of depression. He never married but fathered two daughters with his housekeeper, Sarah Danby. In his final years, he lived with Sophia Caroline Booth in Chelsea, London. Turner died of cholera on 19 December 1851, at the age of 76. His final words are apocryphally reported as, "The Sun (or Son?) is God." He is interred in St Paul's Cathedral, London.

Career Trajectory

Establishing a Reputation

Turner's exhibition of Fishermen at Sea in 1796 marked a significant milestone, establishing his reputation as a formidable painter of maritime scenes and demonstrating an early command of dramatic nocturnal effects. His extensive travels across Europe, beginning in 1802, including visits to France, Switzerland, and Venice, provided rich inspiration and voluminous sketchbooks that fueled his artistic output. He cultivated important patronage, notably from Walter Fawkes and George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, whose support enabled him to explore his artistic vision freely.

Artistic Evolution and Innovation

Turner's artistic style evolved dramatically throughout his career. He moved beyond the conventions of Romanticism, bypassing the emerging style of Realism to become a significant precursor to Impressionism and Abstract Art. His technique involved applying watercolour methods to oil paints, achieving remarkable lightness, fluidity, and ephemeral atmospheric effects. His later works, characterized by intense hues and a focus on light, often rendered objects almost abstractly, as seen in pieces like Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway. This innovative approach, while sometimes criticized by contemporaries as "blots" or "fantastic puzzles," profoundly influenced subsequent art movements, particularly Impressionism.

Printmaking and Vision

A crucial aspect of Turner's output was his extensive work in printmaking, most notably the Liber Studiorum (Book of Studies). This ambitious project, developed between 1806 and 1819, was conceived as an expression of his artistic intentions for landscape art, categorizing the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral. The Liber Studiorum aimed for wide dissemination and showcased his mastery in translating his painterly vision into print, further solidifying his legacy as a visionary artist.

Later Life and Personalities

Eccentricity and Relationships

As Turner entered his later years, his reclusive and eccentric nature became more pronounced. His closest companion was his father, who served as his studio assistant for three decades. Following his father's death in 1829, Turner experienced significant bouts of depression. While he never married, he maintained a long-term relationship with his housekeeper, Sarah Danby, with whom he had two daughters. In his final years, he resided with Sophia Caroline Booth in Chelsea, London, living under the guise of "Mr. Booth" or "Admiral Booth" until his death.

Artistic Friendships and Influences

Turner formed a deep and influential friendship with the artist Edward Thomas Daniell. David Roberts, a fellow painter, noted Daniell's profound admiration for Turner and his ability to articulate Turner's artistic merits. Daniell's support is believed to have provided Turner with spiritual comfort during difficult times. Turner also benefited from the mentorship of Thomas Monro, a physician and art collector, who provided access to works by contemporary topographical draftsmen and encouraged the study of watercolour techniques. The atmospheric qualities of John Robert Cozens's watercolours, particularly his Alpine views, were a significant revelation to the young Turner, demonstrating the medium's potential for conveying mood.

Artistic Style and Technique

Mastery of Light and Atmosphere

Turner is celebrated for his expressive use of color and his imaginative depictions of landscapes and seascapes. His work is characterized by a profound engagement with the elements—sunlight, storm, rain, and fog—often imbuing his scenes with a sense of turbulent power and sublime beauty. Art critic John Ruskin championed Turner, describing him as an artist who could "most stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature." His innovative approach, particularly in his later years, involved using oils with a watercolour-like transparency, creating luminous effects that pushed the boundaries of representation and anticipated later movements like Impressionism.

Innovative Materials and Methods

Turner was an experimental artist who explored a wide array of pigments. He was known to use formulations like carmine, even when aware of their tendency to fade, prioritizing the immediate visual impact over long-term preservation. This dedication to capturing transient effects, sometimes against the advice of experts, resulted in many of his works exhibiting color degradation over time. His technique of blending watercolour methods with oil paints allowed for a unique fluidity and luminosity, contributing to the ethereal and dynamic quality of his compositions. His fascination with capturing the intensity of light, particularly inspired by unusually spectacular sunsets following the 1816 eruption of Mount Tambora, is evident in his most celebrated pieces.

Key Works and Critical Reception

Turner's oeuvre includes over 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper. Notable works that exemplify his style and thematic concerns include The Fighting Temeraire, Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway, The Slave Ship, and Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth. While lauded by admirers like Ruskin, his later, more abstract works sometimes drew criticism from contemporaries, who described them as "fantastic puzzles" or mere "blots." Nevertheless, his pioneering use of color and light exerted a significant influence on artists such as Claude Monet and is widely regarded as a precursor to abstract art.

Materials and Techniques

Pigment Exploration

Joseph Mallord William Turner was a dedicated experimenter with artistic materials, particularly pigments. He employed a diverse palette, including formulations such as carmine, despite recognizing their potential for fading. This choice reflected his artistic priority: achieving the most vivid and immediate visual effect rather than ensuring the longevity of his works for posterity. Contemporary experts advised the use of more durable pigments, but Turner remained largely indifferent to these concerns, focusing instead on the expressive qualities of color as applied in the moment.

Watercolour and Oil Synthesis

A hallmark of Turner's technique was his innovative synthesis of watercolour and oil painting methods. This approach allowed him to imbue his canvases with a distinctive lightness, fluidity, and an ephemeral quality of atmospheric effects. His later works, in particular, demonstrate a move towards greater transparency and a focus on the interplay of light and color, often rendering subjects with a near-abstract intensity. This unique application of media contributed significantly to the luminous and dynamic character of his landscapes and seascapes.

The Challenge of Preservation

The experimental nature of Turner's material choices, while artistically groundbreaking, presented challenges for the preservation of his works. By the mid-20th century, concerns were raised about the fading of colors in both his oil paintings and watercolours. This phenomenon is largely attributed to his preference for pigments that offered immediate brilliance but lacked long-term stability. Despite these conservation issues, his artistic vision and the emotional resonance of his light-filled compositions remain undiminished.

Enduring Legacy

Bequests and Dispersal

Turner left a substantial fortune with the intention of establishing an almshouse for "decayed artists" and housing a gallery for his works. However, his will was contested, leading to a protracted legal battle. Ultimately, a portion of his estate was distributed among his cousins, and another part was allocated to the Royal Academy of Arts, which established the Turner Medal. His finished paintings were bequeathed to the British nation, with the stipulation that they be displayed together in a dedicated gallery. Due to disagreements over the site, this condition was not met, leading to the dispersal of many key works to museums beyond London.

Recognition and Influence

Turner's profound impact on art history is undeniable. He is credited with elevating landscape painting to a status comparable to history painting. The prestigious Turner Prize, awarded annually for outstanding contributions to British art, is named in his honor. His painting The Fighting Temeraire was famously voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll. Furthermore, Turner's likeness, accompanied by an image of The Fighting Temeraire, was featured on the Bank of England's £20 polymer banknote, underscoring his national cultural significance.

Portrayals in Media

Television and Film

Joseph Mallord William Turner's compelling life and artistic genius have been the subject of various media portrayals. In 1974, Leo McKern portrayed Turner in the Thames Television production The Sun Is God, which aired during the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition. More recently, the 2014 biographical film Mr. Turner, written and directed by Mike Leigh, offered an intimate look at Turner's later years, with Timothy Spall receiving critical acclaim and the Best Actor award at the Cannes Film Festival for his performance as the artist.

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References

"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" Sinclair, W. p. 468: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.

A full list of references for this article are available at the J. M. W. Turner Wikipedia page

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Turner's Tempestuous Light

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Biography 👤

👶 Childhood and Early Life

🏛️ Education and Academy

⏳ Later Life and Demise

Career Trajectory 🚀

🌟 Establishing a Reputation

🎨 Artistic Evolution and Innovation

🖨️ Printmaking and Vision

Later Life and Personalities 👤

🤔 Eccentricity and Relationships

🤝 Artistic Friendships and Influences

Artistic Style and Technique 🎨

💡 Mastery of Light and Atmosphere

🖌️ Innovative Materials and Methods

🖼️ Key Works and Critical Reception

Materials and Techniques 🧪

🎨 Pigment Exploration

💧 Watercolour and Oil Synthesis

⏳ The Challenge of Preservation

Enduring Legacy 🏆

💰 Bequests and Dispersal

🏅 Recognition and Influence

Portrayals in Media 🎬

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Biography

Childhood and Early Life

Education and Academy

Later Life and Demise

Career Trajectory

Establishing a Reputation

Artistic Evolution and Innovation

Printmaking and Vision

Later Life and Personalities

Eccentricity and Relationships

Artistic Friendships and Influences

Artistic Style and Technique

Mastery of Light and Atmosphere

Innovative Materials and Methods

Key Works and Critical Reception

Materials and Techniques

Pigment Exploration

Watercolour and Oil Synthesis

The Challenge of Preservation

Enduring Legacy

Bequests and Dispersal

Recognition and Influence

Portrayals in Media

Television and Film

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice