Related Concepts:

• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• How did Turner's travels influence his artistic output?: From 1802 onwards, Turner traveled extensively throughout Europe, typically returning with numerous sketchbooks filled with observations and studies. These travels provided rich inspiration for his landscapes and seascapes.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?: J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What unusual measure did Turner take to avoid being counted in the 1841 census?: In 1841, Turner took an unusual step to avoid being counted in the census by rowing a boat into the Thames, ensuring he could not be found at any property that year.
• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.
• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.

Related Concepts:

• What was the fate of Turner's mother?: Turner's mother, Mary Marshall, exhibited signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was eventually admitted to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics and later Bethlem Hospital, a mental asylum, where she died in 1804.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.

Related Concepts:

• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.
• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.

Related Concepts:

• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.
• What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?: J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.
• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.
• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.

Related Concepts:

• How did Turner's travels influence his artistic output?: From 1802 onwards, Turner traveled extensively throughout Europe, typically returning with numerous sketchbooks filled with observations and studies. These travels provided rich inspiration for his landscapes and seascapes.

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What unusual measure did Turner take to avoid being counted in the 1841 census?: In 1841, Turner took an unusual step to avoid being counted in the census by rowing a boat into the Thames, ensuring he could not be found at any property that year.
• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What was the fate of Turner's mother?: Turner's mother, Mary Marshall, exhibited signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was eventually admitted to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics and later Bethlem Hospital, a mental asylum, where she died in 1804.
• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.

Related Concepts:

• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.
• What was the fate of Turner's mother?: Turner's mother, Mary Marshall, exhibited signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was eventually admitted to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics and later Bethlem Hospital, a mental asylum, where she died in 1804.
• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.

Related Concepts:

• How did Turner's travels influence his artistic output?: From 1802 onwards, Turner traveled extensively throughout Europe, typically returning with numerous sketchbooks filled with observations and studies. These travels provided rich inspiration for his landscapes and seascapes.
• What were some of the potential alternative birth dates or origins claimed by Turner?: Turner sometimes suggested he was born in the same year as Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, which would place his birth in 1769. He also reportedly mentioned coming up from Devonshire to London when he was very young, though his accepted birthplace is London.

Related Concepts:

• What was the profession of Turner's father, and what was his mother's family background?: Turner's father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.
• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.
• What was Turner's teaching role at the Royal Academy?: Turner became a professor of perspective at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1807, delivering lectures there until 1828. This role provided him with a platform to share his knowledge of artistic principles.
• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.

Related Concepts:

• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.
• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's teaching role at the Royal Academy?: Turner became a professor of perspective at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1807, delivering lectures there until 1828. This role provided him with a platform to share his knowledge of artistic principles.
• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.

Related Concepts:

• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.
• What was Turner's first watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy, and at what age?: Turner's first watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy was 'A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth'. It was accepted for the summer exhibition in 1790 when Turner was just 15 years old.
• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.

Related Concepts:

• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.
• What was Turner's teaching role at the Royal Academy?: Turner became a professor of perspective at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1807, delivering lectures there until 1828. This role provided him with a platform to share his knowledge of artistic principles.
• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's teaching role at the Royal Academy?: Turner became a professor of perspective at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1807, delivering lectures there until 1828. This role provided him with a platform to share his knowledge of artistic principles.
• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.

Related Concepts:

• Who was Turner's 'real master' according to his own words?: Turner referred to Thomas Malton, a topographical draughtsman specializing in London views, as his 'real master'. He studied under Malton around 1789, learning the trade of copying and coloring outline prints.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's first watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy, and at what age?: Turner's first watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy was 'A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth'. It was accepted for the summer exhibition in 1790 when Turner was just 15 years old.
• When did Turner begin studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and what was his early artistic focus?: Turner began studying at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1789, at the young age of 14. Initially, he showed an interest in architecture, but was advised to focus on painting. His early work included architectural drafting and topographical studies.
• Where did Turner spend part of his childhood, and what was his earliest known artistic exercise?: Turner was sent to his maternal uncle in Brentford, a town on the River Thames, where he attended school. His earliest known artistic work from this period consists of simple colorings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's 'Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales'.

Related Concepts:

• Who was Thomas Monro, and what was his influence on Turner's style?: Thomas Monro, the Principal Physician of Bethlem Hospital and an art collector, was considered by John Ruskin to be a significant influence on Turner's style. Monro provided a supportive environment where Turner and other young artists could copy works and perfect their drawing skills, particularly in watercolour.
• How did John Robert Cozens's watercolours impact Turner?: The atmospheric effects and evocative qualities found in John Robert Cozens's watercolours, some of which were in Monro's collection, were a revelation to the young Turner. Cozens's Alpine views demonstrated the potential of watercolour to convey mood rather than just information, influencing Turner's approach to the medium.

Related Concepts:

• How did John Robert Cozens's watercolours impact Turner?: The atmospheric effects and evocative qualities found in John Robert Cozens's watercolours, some of which were in Monro's collection, were a revelation to the young Turner. Cozens's Alpine views demonstrated the potential of watercolour to convey mood rather than just information, influencing Turner's approach to the medium.

Related Concepts:

• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.

Related Concepts:

• What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?: J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.
• What was the controversy surrounding the Turner Bequest and the display of his paintings?: Turner bequeathed his finished paintings to the British nation with the condition that a special gallery be built to house them together. Disagreements over the site prevented this, and later an act allowed his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, scattering the collection against his wishes.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?: J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.
• What was the controversy surrounding the Turner Bequest and the display of his paintings?: Turner bequeathed his finished paintings to the British nation with the condition that a special gallery be built to house them together. Disagreements over the site prevented this, and later an act allowed his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, scattering the collection against his wishes.
• What were Turner's intentions for his estate and how was his will contested?: Turner intended his fortune to support 'decayed artists' and planned for an almshouse with a gallery for his works. However, his will was contested, and after a court battle, his fortune was divided among his cousins and the Royal Academy of Arts.

Related Concepts:

• How did Turner's early oil painting 'The Rising Squall, Hot Wells' foreshadow his later style?: Exhibited in 1793, Turner's oil painting 'The Rising Squall, Hot Wells' (which was lost until 2024) foreshadowed his later mastery of climatic effects. Critics at the time recognized it as a 'noble attempt at lifting landscape art' and a demonstration of his developing skill in capturing atmospheric effects.

Related Concepts:

• What was the significance of Turner's 1796 oil painting 'Fishermen at Sea'?: 'Fishermen at Sea', exhibited in 1796, depicted a nocturnal scene of boats in peril near the Needles. This work was praised by critics and established Turner's reputation not only as an oil painter but also as a skilled painter of maritime scenes, drawing influence from artists like Claude Joseph Vernet and Philip James de Loutherbourg.

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• How did Turner's travels influence his artistic output?: From 1802 onwards, Turner traveled extensively throughout Europe, typically returning with numerous sketchbooks filled with observations and studies. These travels provided rich inspiration for his landscapes and seascapes.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's attitude towards the longevity of his materials?: Turner was largely indifferent to posterity and the long-term preservation of his work. He prioritized the immediate visual impact of his materials, choosing pigments that looked good when freshly applied, even if they were known to fade over time, much to the dismay of critics like Ruskin.

Related Concepts:

Related Concepts:

• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.

Related Concepts:

• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.

Related Concepts:

• What was Turner's attitude towards the longevity of his materials?: Turner was largely indifferent to posterity and the long-term preservation of his work. He prioritized the immediate visual impact of his materials, choosing pigments that looked good when freshly applied, even if they were known to fade over time, much to the dismay of critics like Ruskin.

Related Concepts:

• What specific event inspired Turner's series of watercolour sketches?: Turner witnessed the burning of Parliament in 1834 firsthand and transcribed the event in a series of watercolour sketches, capturing the dramatic visual impact of the fire.
• How did Turner's travels influence his artistic output?: From 1802 onwards, Turner traveled extensively throughout Europe, typically returning with numerous sketchbooks filled with observations and studies. These travels provided rich inspiration for his landscapes and seascapes.

Related Concepts:

• How did John Ruskin view Turner's artistic achievements?: The influential English art critic John Ruskin was a strong champion of Turner's work from 1840 onwards. Ruskin regarded Turner as an artist who could 'most stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature' and is credited with elevating landscape painting to a status comparable to history painting.
• What was Turner's attitude towards the longevity of his materials?: Turner was largely indifferent to posterity and the long-term preservation of his work. He prioritized the immediate visual impact of his materials, choosing pigments that looked good when freshly applied, even if they were known to fade over time, much to the dismay of critics like Ruskin.

Related Concepts:

• How did John Ruskin view Turner's artistic achievements?: The influential English art critic John Ruskin was a strong champion of Turner's work from 1840 onwards. Ruskin regarded Turner as an artist who could 'most stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature' and is credited with elevating landscape painting to a status comparable to history painting.
• What was Turner's attitude towards the longevity of his materials?: Turner was largely indifferent to posterity and the long-term preservation of his work. He prioritized the immediate visual impact of his materials, choosing pigments that looked good when freshly applied, even if they were known to fade over time, much to the dismay of critics like Ruskin.
• What was the critical reception of Turner's paintings like 'The Slave Ship' and 'Rockets and Blue Lights'?: Turner's paintings from the 1840 Royal Academy exhibition, such as 'The Slave Ship' and 'Rockets and Blue Lights', received mixed critical reception. While some recognized their power, an anonymous review (later identified as John Eagles) called them 'absurd extravagances', and Sir George Beaumont described his paintings as 'blots'.

Related Concepts:

Related Concepts:

Related Concepts:

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.

Related Concepts:

• Describe Turner's personality and personal life.: Turner was known for being intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive. He never married but fathered two daughters, Evelina and Georgiana, with Sarah Danby. As he aged, he became more pessimistic, particularly after his father's death in 1829.
• What was Turner's background and how did he approach fame and success?: Turner hailed from a modest lower-middle-class family in London and maintained his lower-class accent throughout his life. He assiduously avoided the trappings of success and fame, preferring a more private and less ostentatious lifestyle despite his artistic renown.

Related Concepts:

• What was the critical reception of Turner's paintings like 'The Slave Ship' and 'Rockets and Blue Lights'?: Turner's paintings from the 1840 Royal Academy exhibition, such as 'The Slave Ship' and 'Rockets and Blue Lights', received mixed critical reception. While some recognized their power, an anonymous review (later identified as John Eagles) called them 'absurd extravagances', and Sir George Beaumont described his paintings as 'blots'.

Related Concepts:

• Where is J. M. W. Turner buried?: J. M. W. Turner is buried in St Paul's Cathedral in London, where he lies near the resting place of the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.
• What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?: J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.

Related Concepts:

• Where is J. M. W. Turner buried?: J. M. W. Turner is buried in St Paul's Cathedral in London, where he lies near the resting place of the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.
• What is the estimated quantity of works left behind by J. M. W. Turner?: J. M. W. Turner left an extensive body of work, comprising over 550 oil paintings, approximately 2,000 watercolours, and around 30,000 works on paper.

Related Concepts:

• What were Turner's intentions for his estate and how was his will contested?: Turner intended his fortune to support 'decayed artists' and planned for an almshouse with a gallery for his works. However, his will was contested, and after a court battle, his fortune was divided among his cousins and the Royal Academy of Arts.
• What was the controversy surrounding the Turner Bequest and the display of his paintings?: Turner bequeathed his finished paintings to the British nation with the condition that a special gallery be built to house them together. Disagreements over the site prevented this, and later an act allowed his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, scattering the collection against his wishes.

Related Concepts:

• What was the controversy surrounding the Turner Bequest and the display of his paintings?: Turner bequeathed his finished paintings to the British nation with the condition that a special gallery be built to house them together. Disagreements over the site prevented this, and later an act allowed his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, scattering the collection against his wishes.
• What were Turner's intentions for his estate and how was his will contested?: Turner intended his fortune to support 'decayed artists' and planned for an almshouse with a gallery for his works. However, his will was contested, and after a court battle, his fortune was divided among his cousins and the Royal Academy of Arts.

Related Concepts:

• Who was Henry Vaughan, and what was significant about his collection of Turner's work?: Henry Vaughan was one of Turner's greatest collectors, amassing over a hundred watercolours and drawings, plus numerous prints. His collection comprehensively represented the diversity and technical inventiveness of Turner's 60-year career, and he stipulated that his watercolours be exhibited together, free of charge, in January, showing an unusual awareness of conservation for the time.
• What was the controversy surrounding the Turner Bequest and the display of his paintings?: Turner bequeathed his finished paintings to the British nation with the condition that a special gallery be built to house them together. Disagreements over the site prevented this, and later an act allowed his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, scattering the collection against his wishes.

Related Concepts:

• How did the Tate Gallery house Turner's bequest?: In 1910, the main part of the Turner Bequest, including unfinished works, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the National Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain). Later, in 1987, the Clore Gallery was opened specifically to house the Turner bequest, though some key paintings remained in the National Gallery.

Related Concepts:

• What recognition has been given to Turner's work in the form of awards?: The prestigious annual Turner Prize art award was established by the Tate in 1984 in Turner's honor. Additionally, the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours founded the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award.

Related Concepts:

• What was the public's perception of 'The Fighting Temeraire'?: Turner's painting 'The Fighting Temeraire' was voted Britain's 'greatest painting' in a public poll organized by the BBC in 2005, highlighting its significant cultural impact and popularity.
• What recognition has been given to Turner's work in the form of awards?: The prestigious annual Turner Prize art award was established by the Tate in 1984 in Turner's honor. Additionally, the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours founded the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award.

Related Concepts:

• In which film was Leo McKern portrayed as J. M. W. Turner?: Leo McKern portrayed J. M. W. Turner in 'The Sun Is God', a Thames Television production that aired in 1974, coinciding with the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition in London.

Related Concepts:

• Who starred as Turner in the 2014 biopic 'Mr. Turner', and what recognition did the film receive?: Timothy Spall starred as J. M. W. Turner in Mike Leigh's 2014 biopic 'Mr. Turner'. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, where Timothy Spall won the award for Best Actor.

Related Concepts:

• Who starred as Turner in the 2014 biopic 'Mr. Turner', and what recognition did the film receive?: Timothy Spall starred as J. M. W. Turner in Mike Leigh's 2014 biopic 'Mr. Turner'. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, where Timothy Spall won the award for Best Actor.

Related Concepts:

• How has Turner's portrait been featured on British currency?: A portrait of Turner, set against the backdrop of his painting 'The Fighting Temeraire', was featured on the Bank of England's £20 polymer note, which entered circulation on February 20, 2020.
• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.

Related Concepts:

• Who was J. M. W. Turner, and what were his primary artistic contributions?: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a preeminent English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist. He is renowned for his expressive use of color, imaginative landscapes, and dramatic marine paintings, which often depicted turbulent seascapes. His innovative style is considered a significant precursor to the Impressionist and Abstract Art movements.