What was the Jacobite Rising of 1719, and what was its primary objective?

The Jacobite Rising of 1719 was a failed attempt to restore the exiled James Francis Edward Stuart to the throne of Great Britain. Its main goal was to overthrow the Hanoverian succession and reinstate the House of Stuart.

Which major European powers were involved in the Jacobite Rising of 1719, and in what capacity?

The rising was supported by Spain, which was at war with Britain during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The plan also initially involved Sweden, under Charles XII, though Swedish involvement ceased after his death.

What was the broader context of the Jacobite Rising of 1719 within the Jacobite movements?

The 1719 rising was part of a series of Jacobite attempts that occurred between 1689 and 1745, all aiming to restore the Stuart monarchy to the British throne after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

What strategic objective did the Jacobites aim to achieve in Scotland as part of the 1719 rising?

The plan for the Scottish component of the rising involved Jacobite forces capturing the port of Inverness. This was intended to facilitate the landing of a Swedish expeditionary force.

How did the death of Charles XII of Sweden impact the Jacobite Rising of 1719?

The death of Charles XII of Sweden in November 1718 ended Sweden's planned involvement in the rising. This rendered the Scottish operation, which was contingent on Swedish support and the capture of Inverness, largely irrelevant to the overall plan.

What was the initial plan for a Spanish invasion to support the Jacobite cause in 1719?

The main part of the plan involved 5,000 Spanish troops, led by the exiled Duke of Ormonde, landing in South West England to march on London and restore James Stuart. A subsidiary landing was planned for Scotland.

What event triggered the War of the Quadruple Alliance, and how did it relate to Spanish foreign policy?

The War of the Quadruple Alliance began after Spain reoccupied Sicily in July 1718, following its loss of Sicily and Sardinia after the War of the Spanish Succession. Spain's Chief Minister, Giulio Alberoni, prioritized recovering these territories.

What role did the Battle of Cape Passaro play in the lead-up to the 1719 rising?

The Battle of Cape Passaro, fought in August 1718, saw the Royal Navy destroy the Spanish fleet. This engagement marked the beginning of the War of the Quadruple Alliance and demonstrated the Royal Navy's naval power, making a large-scale Spanish invasion less likely.

What was the significance of the 1716 Anglo-French Treaty concerning the Stuart exiles?

The 1716 Anglo-French Treaty led to the expulsion of the Stuart exiles from France. This action facilitated a smoother succession for George I of Great Britain.

Despite the cancellation of the English invasion, what action did the Spanish and Jacobite forces take in Scotland?

Despite learning that the invasion of England had been cancelled due to storms damaging the Spanish fleet, a small force of Spanish marines and Jacobite exiles landed in Stornoway and decided to proceed with the Scottish part of the plan, marching towards Inverness.

Where did the Scottish expeditionary force land in March 1719, and who commanded it?

The Scottish expeditionary force, consisting of around 300 Spanish marines and Jacobite exiles, landed at Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis in late March 1719. It was commanded by George Keith, the 10th Earl Marischal.

Which prominent Jacobite exiles joined the forces in Scotland after landing at Stornoway?

Following the landing at Stornoway, prominent Jacobite exiles who joined the expedition included the Earl of Seaforth (William Mackenzie), James Keith, the Marquess of Tullibardine (William Murray), Lord George Murray, and John Cameron of Lochiel.

What happened to the Spanish fleet that set sail from Cádiz in March 1719?

The Spanish fleet, after leaving Cádiz, was severely damaged by a two-day storm off Cape Finisterre. It subsequently put into Coruña on March 29, 1719, and remained there, unable to proceed with the invasion plans.

Where did the Jacobite forces establish their base in Scotland, and what intelligence did they receive there?

The Jacobite forces established their base at Eilean Donan. It was here that they learned of the failure of the main Spanish invasion plan led by the Duke of Ormonde.

What was the fate of the arms and ammunition intended for the Scottish Jacobites?

The Jacobites had brought arms and ammunition for 2,000 men. The excess stores were stored at Eilean Donan and guarded by 40 Spanish marines.

What was the role of Dutch troops in the context of the 1719 rising?

Approximately 2,500 Dutch soldiers arrived in Britain in mid-April 1719. These troops were sent by the Dutch Republic to support the British Government, although only a few saw active combat.

What happened at Eilean Donan Castle in May 1719?

In early May 1719, five Royal Navy ships arrived in the area. On May 10, three of these ships anchored off Eilean Donan, captured the castle with a landing party under cannonade, and subsequently blew it up. The prisoners were taken to Edinburgh.

Which Royal Navy ships were involved in the operation against Eilean Donan Castle?

The Royal Navy ships involved included the 50-gun fourth-rates HMS Assistance, HMS Worcester, HMS Dartmouth, and HMS Enterprise, along with the 24-gun sloop HMS Flamborough.

When did the Battle of Glen Shiel take place, and who commanded the opposing forces?

The Battle of Glen Shiel occurred on June 10, 1719. The government forces were commanded by General Joseph Wightman, while the Jacobite forces were led by figures such as the Marquess of Tullibardine and George Keith.

What were the defensive positions of the Jacobite forces at Glen Shiel?

The Jacobites, under Tullibardine, blocked the pass through the Five Sisters hills. They positioned the Spanish troops in the center and the Highlanders on the flanks, protected by a series of trenches and barricades.

How did General Wightman's forces attack the Jacobite positions at Glen Shiel?

Wightman's force attacked by firing Coehorn mortars at the Jacobite flanking positions. Following this, his infantry advanced up the hill to engage the Jacobites directly, using grenades to dislodge them from their defenses.

What factors contributed to the government's victory at the Battle of Glen Shiel?

The government victory was attributed to the skilful use of mortars, superior firepower, and the aggressive advance of Wightman's infantry. The Jacobites were also surprised by the effectiveness of the mortars.

How did the majority of the Scottish Jacobite forces manage to escape after the Battle of Glen Shiel?

The battle lasted until dusk. Factors such as heather catching fire, smoke, and failing light allowed the bulk of the Scottish Jacobite forces to disappear into the night, escaping capture.

What was the fate of the Spanish contingent after the Battle of Glen Shiel?

The 274 Spanish soldiers, under the command of Nicolás Bolaño, surrendered the morning after the battle. They were subsequently sent to Edinburgh Castle.

What advice did Lord Carpenter give regarding the pursuit of rebels after the battle?

Lord Carpenter, the commander in Scotland, advised that pursuing the defeated rebels was impractical. He recommended that it would be best to let them go.

What happened to the captured Spanish soldiers after their imprisonment?

The captured Spanish soldiers were imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle for four months. Afterward, they sailed from Leith back to Spain for release.

How did the British naval expedition to Vigo impact Spanish support for the Jacobites?

In October 1719, a British naval expedition captured the Spanish port of Vigo, destroyed vast quantities of stores, and returned with loot. This demonstration of naval power led to the dismissal of Giulio Alberoni, the Spanish Chief Minister, and effectively ended Spanish support for the Jacobite cause.

What was the long-term impact of the 1719 rising on prominent Jacobite leaders like Seaforth and Tullibardine?

Many senior Jacobite exiles, including William Mackenzie (Earl of Seaforth) and William Murray (Marquess of Tullibardine), accepted pardons and returned to Britain in the years following the failed revolt. Tullibardine later participated in the 1745 Rising and died in the Tower of London.

How did figures like James and George Keith contribute to foreign powers after the 1719 rising?

James and George Keith, after the failure of the 1719 rising, ended their active participation in Jacobite plots and took employment with other states. Both brothers eventually became generals in the Prussian army.

What was the impact of post-1719 laws on Non-Juring clergy in Scotland?

Following the 1719 rising, new laws were enacted that actively discriminated against Non-Juring clergy, meaning those who refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime. This persecution led many to conform, while Non-Juring Episcopalianism became closely associated with Jacobite commitment.

How did the Kirk's General Assembly react to previous attempts at reintegrating Non-Juring ministers?

Previous efforts to reintegrate ministers who refused to swear allegiance, such as through the 1712 Toleration Act, were met with resistance from the Kirk's General Assembly. This indicates the ongoing tension between the established church and those with Jacobite sympathies.

What was the significance of the capture and destruction of Eilean Donan Castle?

The capture and subsequent destruction of Eilean Donan Castle by the Royal Navy was a significant blow to the Jacobite forces in Scotland. It eliminated a key base and demonstrated the government's ability to project power in the Highlands, preventing the storage of excess arms and ammunition.

What was the strategic importance of Inverness in the Jacobite plan for 1719?

Inverness was designated as a key objective for the Scottish Jacobites to capture. The plan was for them to secure the port, which would then allow a Swedish expeditionary force to land and support the rising.

Who was Giulio Alberoni, and what was his role in the 1719 Jacobite Rising?

Giulio Alberoni was the Chief Minister of Spain. He was a key proponent of the 1719 Jacobite Rising, devising the plan for a Spanish invasion of Britain and supporting the Scottish expedition, largely as a means to divert British resources from the Mediterranean conflict.

What was the outcome for the Jacobite cause following the failure of the 1719 rising?

The failed revolt significantly undermined the Stuart cause, leading many senior exiles to accept pardons and return home. It diminished the immediate prospects for a Stuart restoration through military means.

What were the 'Glen Affric' and 'Coille Bhan' incidents mentioned in the aftermath?

The 'Glen Affric' and 'Coille Bhan' were incidents where Mackenzie tenants resisted attempts by the Commission of Forfeited Estates to collect rents. These events demonstrated the continued defiance in the Highlands and the need for clan chief cooperation for government control.

How did the Jacobite rising of 1719 contribute to the War of the Quadruple Alliance?

The Jacobite rising was a direct consequence of Spain's involvement in the War of the Quadruple Alliance. Spain's support for the rising was part of its broader strategy to challenge British and French power in Europe.

What was the significance of the Jacobite leaders, Lord George Murray, Seaforth, and Tullibardine, being wounded at Glen Shiel?

The wounding of these key leaders, despite their escape, indicated the intensity of the fighting at Glen Shiel. It also highlighted the personal risks taken by the Jacobite nobility in their attempts to restore the Stuart monarchy.

What was the general sentiment of Jacobite leaders regarding the prospects for restoration after the 1719 rising?

Following the defeat at Glen Shiel and the overall failure of the rising, Jacobite leaders felt that the cause had been severely undermined. They believed that any real prospects for the restoration of the Stuart monarchy had been ended by this failed revolt.

What was the role of Nicolás Bolaño in the 1719 rising?

Nicolás Bolaño commanded the 274 Spanish marines who landed in Scotland as part of the Jacobite rising. These Spanish troops fought alongside the Jacobites at the Battle of Glen Shiel and subsequently surrendered.

How did the British government secure control over the Mackenzie territories after the 1719 rising?

Government control over the Mackenzie territories was not fully restored until the return of the Earl of Seaforth from exile in 1726. This followed earlier incidents where Mackenzie tenants resisted government efforts to collect rents.

What was the stated reason for France allowing Jacobite exiles passage to Scotland?

One suggestion for France allowing the Jacobite exiles free passage was a desire to reduce the cost of pensions that Louis XIV had granted to Jacobite exiles. This indicates a pragmatic, rather than purely supportive, stance from France.

What was the outcome of the 1715 Jacobite Rising, and how did it influence the 1719 attempt?

The 1715 Jacobite Rising demonstrated that the Stuart cause retained significant support in Britain. This success likely encouraged Spanish Minister Alberoni to plan another rising in 1719, aiming to exploit this existing support.

What was the significance of the 'well-made plays' mentioned in the context of 19th-century theatre?

The text provided is about the Jacobite Rising of 1719 and does not contain information about 19th-century theatrical movements or 'well-made plays'.

What was the purpose of the infobox accompanying the article on the Jacobite Rising of 1719?

The infobox serves to provide a quick summary of key details about the Jacobite Rising of 1719. It includes information such as the date, location, belligerents, result, and key commanders, offering an overview of the conflict.

What does the image depicting the Battle of Glen Shiel illustrate?

The image depicts the Battle of Glen Shiel, which took place on June 10, 1719. It is a painting by Peter Tillemans and likely includes figures such as Lord George Murray, Rob Roy MacGregor, and General Joseph Wightman.

What was the role of the Earl of Seaforth in the Jacobite Rising of 1719?

William Mackenzie, the 5th Earl of Seaforth, was a prominent Jacobite exile who joined the expedition in Scotland. He was wounded during the Battle of Glen Shiel but managed to escape.

What was the significance of the War of the Quadruple Alliance in relation to the Jacobite Rising of 1719?

The War of the Quadruple Alliance provided the geopolitical context for the Jacobite Rising of 1719. Spain, a participant in the war against Britain, saw an opportunity to support the Jacobites as a means to weaken its enemy, Britain.

How did the Jacobite cause fare in Scotland after the Battle of Glen Shiel?

After the defeat at Glen Shiel, the Jacobite cause in Scotland was effectively ended for 1719. The government forces had secured a victory, and the remaining Spanish troops surrendered, leading to the dispersal of the Jacobite forces.

What was the long-term impact of the 1719 rising on the Stuart claim to the throne?

The failure of the 1719 rising significantly weakened the Stuart claim to the throne in the eyes of many. It led to disillusionment among key supporters and a period where overt military action seemed less viable.

Jacobite Rising Of 1719 Wiki: The 1719 Jacobite Uprising: A Chronicle of Ambition and Defeat

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A Brief Overview

The Objective

The Jacobite Rising of 1719 was a concerted, yet ultimately unsuccessful, effort to reinstate the exiled House of Stuart to the thrones of Great Britain. This endeavor was intrinsically linked to the broader geopolitical landscape of the era, specifically the War of the Quadruple Alliance.

International Involvement

Supported by Spain, which was then engaged in conflict with Great Britain, the rising featured a two-pronged strategy: a primary Spanish troop landing in South West England and a secondary expeditionary force in Scotland. The plan's success was contingent on coordinated action and favorable international circumstances.

Scottish Campaign

The Scottish component, led by prominent Jacobite exiles, aimed to secure strategic ports like Inverness. However, the death of Charles XII of Sweden critically undermined the planned Swedish involvement, rendering the Scottish operation largely isolated and ultimately leading to its defeat at the Battle of Glen Shiel.

Historical Context

Key Information

Date: 1719

Location: Scotland

Result: Government Victory

Belligerents: British Government vs. Jacobites

Key Commanders:

Government: Joseph Wightman, Chester Boyle, Donald Murchinson
Jacobites: George Keith, William Murray, William Mackenzie, Nicol\u00e1s Bola\u00f1o

Post-Succession Tensions

Following the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain sought to reclaim territories lost in Italy. The destruction of the Spanish fleet by the Royal Navy at the Battle of Cape Passaro in July 1718 initiated the War of the Quadruple Alliance ^[1]. This conflict provided an opportune moment for Spain to support Jacobite aspirations as a means to destabilize Great Britain.

Diplomatic Maneuvers

The 1716 Anglo-French Treaty had compelled the Stuarts to leave France, facilitating a smoother succession for George I ^[2]. Giulio Alberoni, Spain's Chief Minister, saw an opportunity in the Jacobites' continued support base, as evidenced by the 1715 rising. He devised a plan for a Spanish invasion of South-West England, led by the Duke of Ormonde ^[3], to restore James Stuart.

The Swedish Connection

A parallel plan involved a Swedish expeditionary force landing in Scotland, contingent on securing Inverness. This element was directly tied to the disputes between Sweden and Hanover over German territories, exacerbated by George I's dual role ^[5]. However, the death of Charles XII of Sweden in November 1718 nullified Swedish participation ^[6], fundamentally altering the strategic calculus for the Scottish rising.

Naval Setbacks

Preparations were made in Cádiz ^[7], but the Royal Navy's presence outside the port created significant delays. A severe storm off Cape Finisterre further damaged the Spanish fleet, forcing it to put into Coruña and remain there ^[10]. These naval challenges and the cancellation of the English invasion rendered the Scottish operation largely irrelevant and precarious.

The Rising Unfolds

Eilean Donan Castle

A Spanish force of approximately 300 marines, accompanied by Jacobite exiles including the Earl of Seaforth and the Marquess of Tullibardine, landed at Stornoway. Upon learning of the English plan's failure, they proceeded to Lochalsh, establishing a base at Eilean Donan Castle. Despite the castle's capture by Royal Navy forces ^[15], the Jacobites, now isolated, prepared to march towards Inverness.

Jacobite Forces

The Jacobite contingent comprised around 1,000 men, including approximately 400 Mackenzies, 150 Camerons, the Spanish contingent, and other smaller groups. They were equipped with arms and ammunition intended for a larger force. Meanwhile, British government forces under General Joseph Wightman were advancing from Inverness ^[13].

Allied Support

In support of the British government, approximately 2,500 Dutch soldiers arrived in Britain ^[14]. While their direct involvement in combat was limited, their presence underscored the international coalition against the Jacobite cause.

The Battle of Glen Shiel

Location and Setup

On June 10, 1719, General Joseph Wightman's government forces encountered the Jacobite army in Glen Shiel. The Jacobites, led by Tullibardine and supported by the Spaniards, had fortified their positions behind trenches and barricades in the mountainous terrain, aiming to block the pass ^[18].

Engagement and Tactics

Wightman's forces initiated the attack with mortar fire, which, while causing minimal casualties, surprised the Jacobites. The government infantry then advanced, dislodging the Jacobite defenders from their positions. The Spanish contingent held firm initially but was forced to retreat up the mountain as their flanks collapsed ^[18].

Retreat and Surrender

The battle concluded around 9:00 PM. Accounts suggest that a fire in the heather, combined with failing light and smoke, facilitated the escape of many Scottish rebels. The remaining 274 Spanish soldiers surrendered the following morning. Key Jacobite leaders, including Seaforth and Lord George Murray, were wounded but also managed to escape ^[19].

Outcome

The Battle of Glen Shiel resulted in a decisive government victory. Wightman's success was attributed to the effective use of mortars, superior firepower, and the aggressive tactics of his infantry. The defeat effectively ended the Jacobite rising in Scotland.

Consequences and Legacy

Captives and Reprisals

The captured Spanish soldiers were imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle for four months before being repatriated to Spain. The British government, following advice to avoid further costly pursuits, largely left the Highland levies to disperse. However, attempts to collect rents from Seaforth's tenants by the Commission of Forfeited Estates were met with resistance, notably at the Battles of Glen Affric ^[24] and Coille Bhan ^[25].

Naval Expedition and Dismissal

In October 1719, a British naval expedition captured the Spanish port of Vigo, seizing vast quantities of supplies and equipment. This significant naval demonstration led to the dismissal of Giulio Alberoni ^[22], effectively ending Spanish support for the Jacobite cause.

Exile and Pardon

The failed revolt significantly diminished the prospects for Stuart restoration. Many senior Jacobites, including Viscount Bolingbroke ^[27] and the Earl of Seaforth, accepted royal pardons and returned to Britain. Others, like George and James Keith, pursued careers in foreign service, notably becoming Prussian generals ^[28].

Religious and Political Impact

The rising also highlighted the political divisions within Scotland, particularly concerning Non-Juring clergy who refused allegiance to the Hanoverian regime ^[29]. Post-1719, toleration shifted towards persecution, making Non-Episcopalianism a marker of Jacobite commitment and often requiring protection from local leaders. A significant portion of participants in the later 1745 Rebellion originated from this segment of Scottish society ^[32].

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References

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The 1719 Jacobite Uprising

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

A Brief Overview ℹ️

⚔️ The Objective

🇪🇸🇬🇧 International Involvement

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scottish Campaign

Historical Context 📜

🗂️ Key Information

🌍 Post-Succession Tensions

🇫🇷➡️🇬🇧 Diplomatic Maneuvers

🇸🇪➡️🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 The Swedish Connection

⚓ Naval Setbacks

The Rising Unfolds 🚩

🏰 Eilean Donan Castle

🛡️ Jacobite Forces

🇳🇱 Allied Support

The Battle of Glen Shiel 💥

📍 Location and Setup

🔥 Engagement and Tactics

💨 Retreat and Surrender

🏅 Outcome

Consequences and Legacy ⚖️

⛓️ Captives and Reprisals

🚢 Naval Expedition and Dismissal

🚶‍♂️ Exile and Pardon

⛪ Religious and Political Impact

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

A Brief Overview

The Objective

International Involvement

Scottish Campaign

Historical Context

Key Information

Post-Succession Tensions

Diplomatic Maneuvers

The Swedish Connection

Naval Setbacks

The Rising Unfolds

Eilean Donan Castle

Jacobite Forces

Allied Support

The Battle of Glen Shiel

Location and Setup

Engagement and Tactics

Retreat and Surrender

Outcome

Consequences and Legacy

Captives and Reprisals

Naval Expedition and Dismissal

Exile and Pardon

Religious and Political Impact

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice