What is Mount Kanlaon, and where is it situated?

Mount Kanlaon, also known as Kanlaon Volcano, is an active andesitic stratovolcano located on the island of Negros in the Philippines. It is the highest mountain on Negros Island and the highest peak in the Visayas region.

What is the elevation of Mount Kanlaon, and how does it rank globally among island peaks?

Mount Kanlaon has a peak elevation of 2,465 meters (8,087 feet) above sea level. It ranks as the 42nd-highest peak of an island worldwide.

Which provinces does Mount Kanlaon straddle, and what major city is it near?

The volcano spans across the provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. It is situated approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) southeast of Bacolod, which is the capital city of Negros Occidental and the entire island.

What geological classification does Mount Kanlaon fall under, and what is its significance in the region?

Mount Kanlaon is classified as an active andesitic stratovolcano. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines and is part of the seismically active Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone known for its frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

What is the etymological origin of the name 'Kanlaon'?

The name 'Kanlaon' originates from the Visayan language and means '[place] of Laon'. Laon is recognized as a pre-colonial Visayan goddess associated with creation, agriculture, and justice. The name 'Laon' itself translates to 'the ancient one'.

What was Mount Kanlaon's name during the Spanish colonial period, and who was it named after?

During the late Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, the volcano was briefly renamed 'Malaspina' by the Spanish. This renaming honored Alejandro Malaspina, an explorer who led the Malaspina Expedition between 1789 and 1794.

What are the reported elevations for Mount Kanlaon, and what is its base diameter?

While the commonly cited elevation for Mount Kanlaon is 2,465 meters (8,087 feet), some sources report it as 2,435 meters (7,989 feet). The volcano has a substantial base diameter of 30 kilometers (19 miles).

Describe the geological features found on Mount Kanlaon's slopes.

Mount Kanlaon is characterized by numerous pyroclastic cones and extinct craters that extend towards the north-northwest. It also features the active Lugud crater located just below and north of the summit, and the Margaja Valley, a caldera measuring approximately 2 by 0.8 kilometers (1.24 by 0.50 miles) with a small, often seasonal crater lake.

What hot springs are present on Mount Kanlaon's slopes?

There are three hot springs located on the slopes of Mount Kanlaon: Mambukal Hot Springs on the northwest side, Bucalan Hot Spring, and Bungol Hot Spring.

Which other volcanic edifices are geographically close to Mount Kanlaon?

Mount Silay and Mount Mandalagan are volcanic edifices situated to the north of Mount Kanlaon.

Which cities and municipalities are associated with the different sides of Mount Kanlaon?

On the Negros Occidental side, the municipalities of La Carlota, La Castellana, Murcia, and San Carlos are associated with the volcano. On the Negros Oriental side, the city of Canlaon lies on its lower slope.

How frequently has Kanlaon Volcano erupted since 1819, and what is its typical eruption style?

Kanlaon Volcano is the most active volcano in the Visayas, having erupted more than 40 times since 1819. Its eruptions are typically phreatic (steam-driven) and are usually small to moderate in size, producing minor ashfalls in the vicinity of the volcano.

What type of eruption occurred in 1902, and what are its characteristic features?

The eruption in 1902 was classified as Strombolian. This type of eruption is characterized by the ejection of incandescent cinders, lapilli (small volcanic rocks), lava bombs, and volcanic gases.

Where is the Kanlaon Volcano Observatory located?

The Kanlaon Volcano Observatory is situated on the campus of La Carlota City College in Barangay Cubay, La Carlota, Negros Occidental.

What tragic event occurred in 1996 involving hikers and an eruption?

On August 10, 1996, Mount Kanlaon erupted unexpectedly while 24 mountain climbers were on its slopes. The eruption tragically killed three climbers and trapped others, requiring a rescue operation for the survivors.

What did PHIVOLCS observe in 2001 that suggested potential volcanic activity, and what action was recommended?

In March 2001, PHIVOLCS recorded clusters of earthquakes around the volcano, which might have indicated a reactivation deep within the volcanic system. Based on similar patterns preceding the 1996 eruption, PHIVOLCS recommended suspending treks to the summit crater due to the possibility of a sudden ash ejection.

Describe the volcanic activity observed in 2002 and 2003.

In 2002, an increase in seismic activity from February to April led to a raised alert level, followed by an ash eruption on November 28. In 2003, a gray plume was observed on March 17, with small eruptions producing plumes up to 100 meters high and 46 minor ash ejections recorded. Seismic activity returned to normal after July 23.

What were the notable eruption events at Kanlaon in 2005 and 2006?

In 2005, a brief phreatic eruption on January 21 produced a 500-meter ash plume, followed by ash emissions in March and April that caused minor ashfall in nearby areas. In 2006, Kanlaon showed increased activity on June 3, spewing steam and ash, leading to Alert Level 1. A total of 23 phreatic eruptions were reported by July 25, ejecting ash and steam up to 2 km, indicating near-surface hydrothermal events.

What was the seismic activity and alert status in 2008 and 2009?

In 2008, PHIVOLCS recorded 21 low-frequency volcanic earthquakes, leading to an increase in the alert status from Level 0 to Level 1, signifying slight unrest. A 4-kilometer Permanent Danger Zone was maintained. In 2009, a significant number of volcanic earthquakes (257) were recorded between August 23 and September 1, clustered on the northwest slope, but surface observations showed no significant change in steam emission, and the alert status remained at Level 0.

Summarize the volcanic activity at Kanlaon in 2015 and 2016.

In 2015, Kanlaon experienced a small steam-driven explosion on November 23, raising the alert level to 1. This was followed by two low-energy ash eruptions on December 12, reaching up to 300 meters, and another ash eruption on December 27, reaching 1,000 meters, causing light ashfall. In 2016, a significant eruption occurred on March 29, producing a 1,500-meter plume, fireballs, and causing a bush fire, with the alert level remaining at 1. No casualties were reported.

What prompted PHIVOLCS to raise the alert level for Kanlaon in March and June 2020?

In March 2020, PHIVOLCS raised the alert level to 1 due to abnormal activities, including 80 volcanic earthquakes recorded since March 9. In June 2020, increased unrest was observed, with a series of tectonic earthquakes and continued seismic activity. Steam and fumarolic activity rose 200-300 meters, and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to stay away from the 4-km Permanent Danger Zone due to potential phreatic explosions.

Describe the major eruption event on June 3, 2024, and its immediate consequences.

On June 3, 2024, PHIVOLCS raised Kanlaon's alert level to 2 following an explosive eruption at its summit vent. This eruption produced a voluminous, incandescent plume that rose 5,000 meters (16,000 ft), a probable short pyroclastic density current (PDC) down the southeastern slopes, and lasted for six minutes. It was followed by a strong volcanic earthquake, and communities reported sulfurous odors and ashfall.

Which areas experienced ashfall and sulfurous odors following the June 3, 2024 eruption?

Communities on the western slope of the volcano, including Bago, La Carlota, La Castellana, and Canlaon, reported sulfurous odors and ashfall. The ashfall was also reported as far as Bacolod, which is 85 kilometers (53 miles) away. Volcanic haze even reached the Bicol Region.

What were the impacts of the June 3, 2024 eruption on the local population and agriculture?

Evacuations were ordered in several barangays of Canlaon, La Carlota, and La Castellana. At least 4,752 people were displaced, and offices in Canlaon were closed. Damages to agriculture were estimated at PHP 104.8 million, with 3,890.5 metric tons of crops lost and at least 3,421 animals and livestock dying.

What geological changes were observed at Kanlaon in July 2024, and what did they signify?

In July 2024, PHIVOLCS noted an increase in the swelling of Kanlaon's edifice, a phenomenon that had been ongoing since mid-June. This ground deformation suggested potential magmatic intrusion, which could increase the likelihood of further eruptive activity.

What significant volcanic emissions were recorded in September 2024, and what warning was issued?

In September 2024, PHIVOLCS recorded a series of volcano-tectonic earthquakes. On September 10, sulfur dioxide emissions reached a record high of 9,985 tonnes, prompting warnings that the volcano might be undergoing its first magmatic eruption since 1902. The record was surpassed the next day with 11,556 tons of sulfur dioxide emitted.

When was Alert Level 3 raised for Kanlaon, and what was the nature of the eruption on December 9, 2024?

Alert Level 3 was raised over Kanlaon on December 9, 2024, following an explosive eruption at the summit vent. This eruption produced a large plume rising 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) and pyroclastic flow moving down the southeastern side. Ashfall from this event affected areas as far as Panay and Guimaras.

What were the consequences of the December 9, 2024 eruption regarding evacuations and flight cancellations?

Approximately 87,000 people were evacuated following the December 9 eruption, with 46,900 evacuated from La Castellana alone. The eruption also led to the cancellation of numerous flights across several airports in the Philippines.

What was observed regarding sulfur dioxide emissions on December 25, 2024, and what does it indicate?

On December 25, 2024, PHIVOLCS reported an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions from Kanlaon, measuring 6,014 tons compared to 3,585 tons the previous day. Elevated sulfur dioxide emissions are typically associated with rising magma and can indicate a potential for further volcanic activity.

What is the current alert status for Kanlaon Volcano as of January 11, 2025?

As of January 11, 2025, Kanlaon Volcano remains under Alert Level 3, as declared by PHIVOLCS. This signifies heightened volcanic unrest and the potential for sudden, hazardous eruptions.

Describe the explosive eruption that occurred on April 8, 2025.

On April 8, 2025, an explosive eruption occurred at Kanlaon's summit vent starting at 5:51 AM. It generated a tall plume, approximately 4,000 meters high, drifting southwest. Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) were observed descending the southern slopes, and debris from the eruption ignited vegetation, causing wildfires.

What advisory did PHIVOLCS issue to the public following the April 8, 2025 eruption?

PHIVOLCS advised the public to avoid entering the 4-kilometer Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) due to the risk of sudden explosions and hazardous volcanic flows. Communities near the volcano were urged to remain vigilant and follow advisories from local authorities.

What type of eruption occurred on May 13, 2025, and what was the recommended safety measure?

On May 13, 2025, PHIVOLCS reported a moderately explosive eruption lasting five minutes. Projectiles and burning vegetation were observed, along with ashfall in several areas of Negros Occidental. PHIVOLCS recommended an evacuation zone of 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) from the volcano.

What is Mount Kanlaon's status as a tourist destination and natural park?

Mount Kanlaon is a popular destination for mountain climbers and is the central feature of Mount Kanlaon Natural Park, which was established as a national park on August 8, 1934.

What system is being used to mark the hiking trails on Mount Kanlaon?

The hiking trails on Mount Kanlaon are being marked using the pioneering Unified Hiking Marker System, which is also used in several other countries. This system aims to make the mountain more attractive to tourists while promoting ecological responsibility.

When were the hiking trails on Mount Kanlaon first marked, and who was involved in the project?

The first three hiking trails were marked in 2016, with additional and more extensive trails, including one to the summit, added in 2017. The project involved Mendel University, the University of St. La Salle, and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, with funding from the Czech Embassy in Manila.

What do the different colors of the trail markers signify on Mount Kanlaon?

The trail markers use colors inspired by the Philippine flag. Red indicates the most difficult trails, often leading to the summit; blue signifies difficult trails; and yellow and green are used for easy or interconnecting trails.

How is Mount Kanlaon regarded in Indigenous Philippine folk religions?

In the Indigenous Philippine folk religions, particularly among the Visayan peoples, Mount Kanlaon is considered the domain of a powerful female deity named Laon. She is revered as the supreme creator deity by many Visayan groups.

Who was the deity Laon, and what does her name signify?

Laon was a pre-colonial Visayan goddess associated with creation, agriculture, and justice. Her name, 'Laon,' means 'the ancient one' in Visayan languages, reflecting her status as an ancient and revered deity.

Which Visayan ethnic groups have beliefs related to the deity Laon?

The beliefs surrounding Laon are present among various Visayan peoples, including the Aklanon, Capiznon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Suludnon, and Waray people.

Who first recorded the beliefs about Laon, and what was her name in that record?

The beliefs about Laon were first recorded by the Spanish conquistador Miguel de Loarca in his 1582 work, 'Relación de las Yslas Filipinas.' He documented her as 'Lalahon' or 'Lahon'.

According to Miguel de Loarca, what was Lalahon's role in agriculture, and where did she reside?

Miguel de Loarca recorded that Lalahon was an agricultural deity invoked by the natives for good harvests. If displeased, she was believed to send locusts to destroy crops. De Loarca specifically noted that she dwelled within the Kanlaon volcano.

What is the significance of Mount Kanlaon within the Mount Kanlaon Natural Park?

Mount Kanlaon is the centerpiece of the Mount Kanlaon Natural Park, a protected area established on August 8, 1934. The park encompasses the volcano and its surrounding natural environment, serving as a vital ecological and recreational zone.

What types of volcanoes are listed in relation to the Philippines?

The Philippines has lists of active, potentially active, and inactive volcanoes. Kanlaon is classified as an active volcano.

What are the adjacent volcanic edifices to Mount Kanlaon?

The volcanic edifices adjacent to Mount Kanlaon, located to its north, are Mount Silay and Mount Mandalagan.

What is the typical eruption type for Kanlaon Volcano?

Kanlaon Volcano typically experiences phreatic eruptions, which are driven by steam. These eruptions are generally small to moderate in size and produce minor ashfalls.

What is the meaning of the name 'Kanlaon' in the context of Visayan mythology?

'Kanlaon' means 'belongs to Laon,' referring to the ancient Visayan goddess Laon, who was believed to reside in the volcano and was associated with creation and agriculture.

What is the elevation of Mount Kanlaon in feet?

Mount Kanlaon has an elevation of 8,087 feet (2,465 meters) above sea level.

What is the name of the caldera located north of the Lugud crater on Mount Kanlaon?

The caldera located north of the Lugud crater on Mount Kanlaon is known as Margaja Valley. It measures approximately 2 by 0.8 kilometers (1.24 by 0.50 miles) and contains a small, often seasonal, crater lake.

Kanlaon Wiki: Kanlaon's Majesty: An Exploration of the Visayas' Fiery Peak

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Volcanic Overview

Location & Significance

Mount Kanlaon, also known as Kanlaon Volcano, is an active andesitic stratovolcano situated on the island of Negros in the Philippines. It stands as the highest mountain in the Visayas archipelago, reaching an elevation of 2,465 meters (8,087 feet) above sea level. Its prominence ranks it as the 42nd highest island peak globally.

Geological Context

Kanlaon is part of the Negros Volcanic Belt and lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region characterized by intense seismic and volcanic activity. Its geological structure is that of a stratovolcano, characterized by steep, conical profiles built up by layers of hardened lava and volcanic ash.

Administrative Boundaries

The volcano spans across two provinces: Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. Key municipalities and cities adjacent to its slopes include Canlaon City, La Carlota, La Castellana, Murcia, and San Carlos, highlighting its significant geographical and administrative footprint.

Etymological Roots

Indigenous Origins

The name "Kanlaon" originates from the pre-colonial Visayan belief system, signifying "[place] of Laon." Laon, revered as a goddess of creation, agriculture, and justice, lends her name to the mountain, reflecting its ancient and sacred status among indigenous peoples. The term "Laon" itself translates to "the ancient one" in Visayan languages.

Colonial Naming

During the Spanish colonial era, the volcano was briefly referred to as "Malaspina," named in honor of the Spanish explorer Alejandro Malaspina. However, the indigenous name "Kanlaon" persisted and remains the recognized designation.

Geological Features

Summit and Craters

Kanlaon's summit features an active crater, Lugud, and a caldera known as Margaja Valley, which contains a small, often seasonal crater lake. The volcano's base spans approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter and is marked by numerous pyroclastic cones and extinct craters.

Geothermal Activity

The slopes of Kanlaon are dotted with three notable hot springs: Mambukal Hot Springs on the northwest flank, and Bucalan and Bungol Hot Springs. These features are indicative of the geothermal activity associated with the volcano's volcanic system.

Surrounding Peaks

Adjacent to Kanlaon are other volcanic edifices, including Mount Silay and Mount Mandalagan to the north. These formations contribute to the complex volcanic landscape of the region.

Volcanic Activity & Eruptions

Historical Eruptions

Kanlaon is the most active volcano in the Visayas, with over 40 recorded eruptions since 1819. Historically, its eruptions have been predominantly phreatic (steam-driven) and of moderate size, often resulting in minor ashfall. Larger, Vesuvian-style eruptions have not been documented.

Monitoring and Alerts

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) continuously monitors Kanlaon. Alert levels are issued to indicate the volcano's unrest, ranging from Level 0 (normal) to higher levels signifying increased activity, potential for eruptions, and the establishment of Permanent Danger Zones (PDZs).

Recent Eruptive Events (2024-2025)

Kanlaon experienced significant unrest and explosive eruptions in 2024 and continuing into 2025. Key events include:

June 3, 2024: Alert Level raised to 2. Explosive eruption produced a 5,000m plume, pyroclastic density currents, and ashfall affecting western slopes and distant areas. Lahar flows were triggered by rain.
September 2024: Record sulfur dioxide emissions indicated rising magma, raising concerns of a potential magmatic eruption.
December 9, 2024: Alert Level raised to 3. A significant eruption produced a 3,000m plume and pyroclastic flow, causing ashfall across multiple regions and prompting large-scale evacuations.
December 25, 2024: Continued elevated sulfur dioxide emissions noted.
January 11, 2025: Alert Level 3 maintained, indicating persistent volcanic unrest.
April 7, 2025: Explosive eruption with a 4,000m plume, pyroclastic density currents, and wildfires ignited by volcanic debris.
May 13, 2025: Moderately explosive eruption observed, with projectiles and ashfall reported. A 6-kilometer evacuation zone was recommended.

1996 Eruption: A phreatic eruption tragically killed three climbers and injured others near the summit.

2001-2006 Activity: PHIVOLCS recorded clusters of earthquakes and several minor ash eruptions, leading to temporary advisories and alert level increases.

2008-2020 Activity: Periods of increased seismic activity and minor steam/ash emissions were observed, with PHIVOLCS issuing alerts and maintaining danger zones.

2024-2025 Impact: These events caused significant disruption, including widespread ashfall, lahars, agricultural damage estimated at over P104.8 million, livestock losses, flight cancellations, and displacement of tens of thousands of residents, leading to states of calamity in affected areas.

Exploring Kanlaon

Natural Park Status

Mount Kanlaon is the centerpiece of the Mount Kanlaon Natural Park, established in 1934. This designation protects its rich biodiversity and geological features, making it a significant natural heritage site.

Trail Marking System

In collaboration with European institutions and local universities, Kanlaon has pioneered the Unified Hiking Marker System. Implemented since 2016, this system utilizes color-coded trails (Red, Yellow, Blue) with directional arrows, enhancing safety and accessibility for hikers.

Red Trail: Typically denotes the most difficult trails, including routes to the summit.
Blue Trail: Indicates difficult trails.
Yellow/Green Trails: Generally used for easier paths or interconnecting routes.

These markers, often posted on wooden boards or metallic plates, follow standardized designs for clarity.

Cultural Significance

The Goddess Laon

Mount Kanlaon is deeply intertwined with the indigenous spiritual beliefs of the Visayan peoples. It is considered the sacred domain of Laon, the ancient goddess of creation and agriculture. The mountain's name directly reflects this reverence, signifying "belonging to Laon."

Historical Accounts

Early Spanish colonizers, such as Miguel de Loarca in 1582, documented the belief in Laon as an agricultural deity residing within the Kanlaon volcano. She was invoked for bountiful harvests, and her displeasure was believed to bring forth locusts that would destroy crops.

Protected Status

Natural Park Designation

Mount Kanlaon is officially designated as part of the Mount Kanlaon Natural Park. This protected area is crucial for conserving the region's unique ecosystems and geological heritage.

Negros Island Region Context

Within the Negros Island Region, Kanlaon is recognized alongside other vital protected areas, including Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park and Northern Negros Natural Park. It also plays a role in the broader context of protected landscapes and seascapes, such as Apo Island and Tañon Strait.

Scholarly Sources

Cited Works

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References

Cruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). "Capiznon". With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation, edited by Cruz-Lucero, R.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Kanlaon Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This content has been generated by an advanced AI model, drawing upon a curated dataset derived from publicly available academic and encyclopedic sources. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to scholarly standards, this material is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

This is not professional geological or safety advice. Information regarding volcanic activity, potential hazards, and safety protocols should always be verified with official geological surveys (such as PHIVOLCS) and emergency management agencies. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it due to information found here. The creators of this page are not liable for any inaccuracies, omissions, or actions taken based on the information provided.

Kanlaon's Majesty

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Volcanic Overview 🌋

📍 Location & Significance

🌍 Geological Context

🏛️ Administrative Boundaries

Etymological Roots 📜

🗣️ Indigenous Origins

🇪🇸 Colonial Naming

Geological Features ⛰️

🌋 Summit and Craters

♨️ Geothermal Activity

🗺️ Surrounding Peaks

Volcanic Activity & Eruptions 🔥

📈 Historical Eruptions

🚨 Monitoring and Alerts

💥 Recent Eruptive Events (2024-2025)

Exploring Kanlaon 🚶

🏞️ Natural Park Status

🗺️ Trail Marking System

Cultural Significance ✨

😇 The Goddess Laon

📖 Historical Accounts

Protected Status 🌳

🌿 Natural Park Designation

🏞️ Negros Island Region Context

Scholarly Sources 📚

🔗 Cited Works

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Volcanic Overview

Location & Significance

Geological Context

Administrative Boundaries

Etymological Roots

Indigenous Origins

Colonial Naming

Geological Features

Summit and Craters

Geothermal Activity

Surrounding Peaks

Volcanic Activity & Eruptions

Historical Eruptions

Monitoring and Alerts

Recent Eruptive Events (2024-2025)

Exploring Kanlaon

Natural Park Status

Trail Marking System

Cultural Significance

The Goddess Laon

Historical Accounts

Protected Status

Natural Park Designation

Negros Island Region Context

Scholarly Sources

Cited Works

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice