What is the Kigali Amendment and what is its primary objective?

The Kigali Amendment is an international agreement that modifies the Montreal Protocol. Its main goal is to progressively decrease the global consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases contributing to climate change.

What was the original purpose of the Montreal Protocol, which the Kigali Amendment amends?

The Montreal Protocol was originally established to protect and restore the Earth's ozone layer. It mandated participating countries to phase out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals identified as causing significant damage to the ozone layer.

Why were hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) initially adopted as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?

HFCs were adopted as replacements for CFCs because they do not contain chlorine atoms, and therefore do not deplete the ozone layer. This made them seem like a viable alternative when CFCs were being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

What environmental issue do HFCs contribute to, despite not harming the ozone layer?

Although HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, they are powerful greenhouse gases. Their presence in the atmosphere traps heat, significantly contributing to global warming and climate change.

When and where was the Kigali Amendment adopted?

The Kigali Amendment was adopted on October 15, 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda.

What is the effective date of the Kigali Amendment?

The Kigali Amendment became effective on January 1, 2019.

As of September 17, 2025, how many states and entities had ratified the Kigali Amendment?

As of September 17, 2025, the Kigali Amendment had been ratified by 165 states along with the European Union.

How do hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) compare to carbon dioxide (CO2) in terms of their heat-trapping potential?

HFCs are significantly more potent heat-trapping agents than carbon dioxide. While CO2 has a global warming potential (GWP) of 1, HFCs can have a 100-year GWP ranging from 12 to 14,800, meaning they can trap thousands of times more heat.

What is the potential impact on global temperature rise if HFC emissions are eliminated?

Eliminating HFC emissions could substantially reduce the effects of global warming, potentially avoiding as much as 0.5 degrees Celsius of warming above preindustrial levels by the end of the century.

How did the Kigali Amendment change the compliance structure for different countries compared to the original Montreal Protocol?

The Kigali Amendment created three updated groups for compliance, moving beyond the original Montreal Protocol's distinction between developing and non-developing countries. This new grouping reflects changes in economic situations and allows for tailored reduction schedules.

What are the HFC reduction targets and timelines for the first group of countries under the Kigali Amendment?

The first group, typically comprising industrialized nations, is committed to reducing HFC use by 45% by 2024 and 85% by 2036, compared to their average consumption levels between 2011 and 2013.

What are the HFC reduction targets and timelines for the second group of countries, including China, India, and Brazil?

This group, which includes major economies like China, India, and Brazil, aims to reduce its HFC consumption by 80% by the year 2045.

What are the HFC reduction targets and timelines for the remaining countries under the Kigali Amendment?

The rest of the countries, including several in the Middle East that are significant users of air conditioning, have a deadline of 2047 to achieve an 80% reduction in HFC consumption.

Under what specific climatic conditions can a country request a waiver from HFC reduction targets?

A country can request a waiver if it experiences average monthly temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit) for at least two months annually, over a period of 10 consecutive years.

Which country approved the Kigali Amendment but specifically excluded Greenland from its ratification?

Denmark approved the Kigali Amendment, but Greenland was excluded from this approval.

What is the classification of the Kigali Amendment as an international agreement?

The Kigali Amendment is classified as an environmental protection agreement.

What is the relationship between the Kigali Amendment and the Montreal Protocol?

The Kigali Amendment is an addition or modification to the original Montreal Protocol, specifically addressing the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

What does the map associated with the Kigali Amendment's infobox illustrate?

The map visually represents the ratification status of the Kigali Amendment across the globe, indicating which countries have ratified, accepted, or approved the agreement, and highlighting those covered by the European Union's ratification.

What is the baseline period used for calculating HFC reduction targets for countries like Bahrain, India, and Saudi Arabia?

For a specific group of countries including Bahrain, India, Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, the baseline is their average HFC consumption from 2024 to 2026, plus 65% of their baseline HCFC consumption.

What role does the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) play concerning the Kigali Amendment?

UNEP, through its Ozone Secretariat, provides information on the ratification process and clarifies that the amendment only becomes legally binding for a party once it enters into force for them.

What are the primary applications where HFCs are commonly used?

HFCs are commonly used in industrial products such as refrigerants for cooling systems and in various other cooling services.

What is the atmospheric lifespan of HFCs compared to carbon dioxide?

HFCs have a relatively short atmospheric lifespan of approximately 10 to 20 years, whereas carbon dioxide persists in the atmosphere for a much longer duration.

What does the term 'phase down' signify in the context of the Kigali Amendment?

The term 'phase down' indicates a gradual reduction in the production and consumption of HFCs over time, rather than an immediate cessation, allowing for a managed transition.

What types of formal agreements are mentioned for countries joining the Kigali Amendment?

The text mentions 'Ratification,' 'Acceptance,' and 'Approval' as the types of formal agreements countries undertake to join the Kigali Amendment.

What scientific discovery in 1974 prompted action against CFCs?

In 1974, scientists Paul J. Crutzen, Mario Molina, and F. Sherwood Rowland published findings revealing the detrimental impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer.

When did the Montreal Protocol become effective, and how many UN member states have ratified it?

The Montreal Protocol became effective in 1989, and it has since been ratified by all 197 member states of the United Nations, along with other entities.

What is the significance of the Kigali Amendment being a 'legally binding agreement'?

As a legally binding agreement, the Kigali Amendment establishes concrete rights and obligations under international law for the parties that ratify it, ensuring they are committed to its HFC reduction targets.

What is the general timeline for HFC reduction for most industrialized nations under the amendment?

Industrialized nations are generally expected to reduce their HFC consumption by 45% by 2024 and aim for an 85% reduction by 2036, relative to their 2011-2013 baseline levels.

What is the primary goal of the Kigali Amendment in relation to climate change?

The primary goal of the Kigali Amendment is to mitigate climate change by significantly reducing the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases.

What does the image caption 'The concentration of HFCs in the atmosphere at weather stations around the world' describe?

This caption refers to a visual representation, likely a map or graph, that illustrates the measured levels of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) detected at various meteorological monitoring sites globally.

What does the image caption 'An HFC refrigerant' describe?

This caption identifies a depicted object, likely a container or a chemical formula, as representing a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) used as a refrigerant.

What is the role of the UN Treaty Collection in relation to the Kigali Amendment?

The UN Treaty Collection serves as an official database where international agreements like the Kigali Amendment are registered and made accessible, providing details on their status and the commitments of signatory parties.

What is the difference between the Montreal Protocol's original focus and the Kigali Amendment's focus?

The Montreal Protocol originally focused on phasing out ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. The Kigali Amendment expands on this by targeting hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which do not deplete ozone but are potent greenhouse gases contributing to climate change.

What does the term 'ozone depletion' refer to?

Ozone depletion refers to the thinning of the ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere, primarily caused by the release of certain chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This thinning allows increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the planet's surface.

What is the significance of the 'high-ambient-temperature exemption' mentioned in the amendment details?

The high-ambient-temperature exemption allows countries that experience very high average temperatures for extended periods to potentially have different or adjusted timelines for HFC reduction, acknowledging specific environmental challenges.

What is the GWP (Global Warming Potential) of carbon dioxide?

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of carbon dioxide is defined as 1, serving as the baseline against which the heat-trapping ability of other greenhouse gases is measured.

What is the role of the European Union concerning the Kigali Amendment?

The European Union is a party that has ratified the Kigali Amendment, and its ratification covers its member states, indicating a collective commitment to the HFC phase-down.

What is the general timeline for HFC reduction for the group of countries including China, India, and Brazil?

This group of countries is committed to reducing its HFC consumption by 80% by the year 2045.

What is the deadline for HFC reduction for the remaining countries not in the first two groups?

The remaining countries, including several in the Middle East, have a deadline of 2047 to achieve an 80% reduction in HFC consumption.

What does the reference to 'Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol' signify?

Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol established differentiated responsibilities and standards for developing countries versus developed countries regarding the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances.

What is the significance of the date 'October 15, 2016' in relation to the Kigali Amendment?

October 15, 2016, is the date when the Kigali Amendment was adopted by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol.

What is the significance of the date 'January 1, 2019' in relation to the Kigali Amendment?

January 1, 2019, is the date when the Kigali Amendment officially entered into force, meaning its provisions began to apply.

What is the difference between 'ratification', 'acceptance', and 'approval' as forms of agreement to the Kigali Amendment?

While the text lists ratification, acceptance, and approval as ways countries formally agree to the Kigali Amendment, it does not provide specific definitions for each term. All indicate a state's binding consent to the treaty's terms.

What is the potential impact of HFCs on future climate forcing?

Projected emissions of HFCs are expected to contribute significantly to future climate forcing due to their high global warming potential, potentially leading to substantial warming if not controlled.

What is the role of the 'Ozone Secretariat' in the context of the Kigali Amendment?

The Ozone Secretariat, associated with the UN Environment Programme, plays a role in providing information and facilitating the process related to the Kigali Amendment, including details on its ratification and entry into force.

What is the relationship between the Kigali Amendment and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties?

The Kigali Amendment is an agreement under the Montreal Protocol, which itself is a protocol to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The types of agreement (ratification, acceptance, approval) listed for countries joining the amendment are terms defined within the framework of treaty law, as governed by the Vienna Convention.

What does the reference to '166 parties' in the infobox signify?

The mention of 166 parties indicates the total number of countries and entities that have formally agreed to be bound by the Kigali Amendment as of the information's compilation.

How does the Kigali Amendment aim to address climate change specifically?

The Kigali Amendment addresses climate change by targeting the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases responsible for a significant portion of global warming.

What is the purpose of the 'infobox' in the provided text?

The infobox serves as a summary of key details about the Kigali Amendment, including its title, type, context, signing date, location, effective date, and the number of parties involved.

Kigali Amendment Wiki: The Kigali Accord: A Global Strategy Against HFCs

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Introduction

The Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment represents a significant international agreement to systematically reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). As a legally binding international treaty, it establishes specific rights and obligations for participating nations under international law.^[3]

Context: The Montreal Protocol

This amendment is an extension of the original Montreal Protocol, established in 1987 to protect and restore the Earth's ozone layer. The Protocol mandated the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were identified as primary agents of ozone depletion. HFCs, lacking chlorine, were adopted as replacements for CFCs, but their potent greenhouse gas properties necessitated this subsequent amendment to address climate change.^[4]

Addressing Climate Impact

While HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, they are exceptionally potent greenhouse gases. Their atmospheric lifespan is shorter than carbon dioxide (CO₂), but their heat-trapping capacity is thousands of times greater. The Kigali Amendment aims to mitigate global warming by phasing down HFC emissions, potentially preventing a significant rise in global temperatures by the end of the century.^[13]

Background

HFCs in Industry

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are widely utilized in various industrial applications, most notably as refrigerants in cooling systems and air conditioning units.^[8]^[9]

The Ozone Layer and CFCs

The detrimental impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer was scientifically established in the 1970s. This led to the landmark Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement ratified by nearly all UN member states, phasing out CFC production and consumption. HFCs subsequently emerged as a primary substitute.^[10]^[11]

HFCs as Greenhouse Gases

Despite their ozone-friendly nature, HFCs possess significant global warming potential (GWP). Their heat-trapping capability can range from 12 to nearly 15,000 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂) over a 100-year period. The widespread adoption of HFCs threatened to undermine climate protection efforts, prompting the need for the Kigali Amendment.^[12]^[13]

Amendment Details

Differentiated Responsibilities

The Kigali Amendment acknowledges varying national circumstances by establishing three distinct groups of countries with tailored HFC reduction schedules, building upon the differentiated approach of the original Montreal Protocol.^[16]^[17]

Phased Reduction Targets

The amendment mandates significant reductions in HFC consumption and production:

Group 1 (Developed Nations): Aim for a 45% reduction by 2024 and an 85% reduction by 2036, relative to a 2011-2013 baseline.
Group 2 (Developing Nations, including China, India, Brazil): Target an 80% reduction by 2045, based on their respective baselines.
Group 3 (Other Nations): A 80% reduction target by 2047.

Specific baseline calculations apply to certain Middle Eastern countries with high air conditioning usage.^[19]

Exemption Clause

Parties experiencing prolonged periods of high ambient temperatures (averaging over 35°C for at least two months annually over a decade) may apply for specific exemptions to their reduction commitments.^[20]

Global Participation

Ratification Status

As of recent data, a substantial number of nations have formally ratified, accepted, or approved the Kigali Amendment, demonstrating widespread international commitment to its objectives. The European Union's ratification covers its member states, though individual ratification may also occur.

Country	Date	Type of Agreement
Albania	18 January 2019	Ratification
Andorra	23 January 2019	Acceptance
Angola	16 November 2020	Ratification
Argentina	22 November 2019	Ratification
Armenia	2 May 2019	Acceptance
Australia	27 October 2017	Acceptance
Austria	27 September 2018	Ratification
Bahamas	30 May 2023	Ratification
Bahrain	1 July 2024	Ratification
Bangladesh	8 June 2020	Ratification
Barbados	19 April 2018	Ratification
Belarus	3 November 2022	Ratification
Belgium	4 June 2018	Ratification
Belize	3 October 2023	Approval
Benin	19 March 2018	Ratification
Bhutan	27 September 2019	Ratification
Bolivia	9 October 2020	Ratification
Bosnia and Herzegovina	26 May 2021	Ratification
Botswana	19 September 2020	Acceptance
Brazil	19 October 2022	Acceptance
Bulgaria	1 May 2018	Ratification
Burkina Faso	26 July 2018	Ratification
Burundi	26 March 2021	Ratification
Cambodia	8 April 2021	Acceptance
Cameroon	24 August 2021	Ratification
Canada	3 November 2017	Ratification
Cape Verde	28 October 2020	Ratification
Chad	26 March 2019	Ratification
Chile	19 September 2017	Ratification
China	17 June 2021	Acceptance
Colombia	25 February 2021	Ratification
Comoros	16 November 2017	Ratification
Congo	16 June 2022	Ratification
Cook Islands	22 August 2019	Acceptance
Costa Rica	23 May 2018	Ratification
Croatia	6 December 2018	Ratification
Cuba	20 June 2019	Ratification
Cyprus	22 July 2019	Ratification
Czech Republic	27 September 2018	Acceptance
Denmark	6 December 2018	Approval
Djibouti	8 March 2024	Ratification
Dominican Republic	14 April 2021	Acceptance
Ecuador	22 January 2018	Ratification
Egypt	22 August 2023	Ratification
El Salvador	13 September 2021	Acceptance
Eritrea	7 February 2023	Ratification
Estonia	27 September 2018	Ratification
Eswatini	24 November 2020	Acceptance
Ethiopia	5 July 2019	Ratification
European Union	27 September 2018	Approval
Fiji	16 June 2020	Ratification
Finland	14 November 2017	Acceptance
France	29 March 2018	Approval
Gabon	28 February 2018	Acceptance
Gambia	5 May 2021	Ratification
Georgia	11 July 2023	Acceptance
Germany	14 November 2017	Acceptance
Ghana	2 August 2019	Ratification
Greece	5 October 2018	Ratification
Grenada	29 May 2018	Ratification
Guatemala	11 January 2024	Ratification
Guinea	5 December 2019	Ratification
Guinea-Bissau	22 October 2018	Ratification
Holy See	17 June 2020	Ratification
Honduras	28 January 2019	Ratification
Hungary	14 September 2018	Approval
Iceland	25 January 2021	Acceptance
India	27 September 2021	Ratification
Indonesia	14 December 2022	Ratification
Ireland	12 March 2018	Ratification
Italy	25 May 2022	Ratification
Ivory Coast	29 November 2017	Acceptance
Japan	18 December 2018	Acceptance
Jordan	16 October 2019	Ratification
Kenya	22 September 2023	Acceptance
Kiribati	26 October 2018	Ratification
Kuwait	4 November 2024	Approval
Kyrgyzstan	8 September 2020	Ratification
Laos	16 November 2017	Acceptance
Latvia	17 August 2018	Ratification
Lebanon	5 February 2020	Ratification
Lesotho	7 October 2019	Ratification
Liberia	12 July 2020	Ratification
Liechtenstein	16 September 2020	Ratification
Lithuania	24 July 2018	Ratification
Luxembourg	16 November 2017	Ratification
Malawi	21 November 2017	Ratification
Malaysia	21 October 2020	Ratification
Maldives	13 November 2017	Ratification
Mali	31 March 2017	Acceptance
Marshall Islands	15 May 2017	Ratification
Mauritius	1 October 2019	Ratification
Mexico	25 September 2018	Acceptance
Micronesia	12 May 2017	Ratification
Moldova	22 September 2023	Acceptance
Mongolia	27 July 2022	Ratification
Montenegro	23 April 2019	Ratification
Morocco	22 April 2022	Ratification
Mozambique	16 January 2020	Ratification
Namibia	16 May 2019	Acceptance
Nauru	3 November 2022	Ratification
Nepal	6 August 2025	Ratification
Netherlands	8 February 2018	Acceptance
New Zealand	3 October 2019	Ratification
Nicaragua	30 September 2020	Ratification
Niger	29 August 2018	Ratification
Nigeria	20 December 2018	Ratification
Niue	24 April 2018	Ratification
North Korea	21 September 2017	Ratification
North Macedonia	12 March 2020	Ratification
Norway	6 September 2017	Ratification
Oman	8 November 2024	Ratification
Palau	29 August 2017	Ratification
Panama	28 September 2018	Ratification
Papua New Guinea	12 November 2024	Ratification
Paraguay	1 November 2018	Acceptance
Peru	7 August 2019	Ratification
Philippines	3 November 2022	Ratification
Poland	7 January 2019	Ratification
Portugal	17 July 2018	Approval
Romania	1 July 2020	Acceptance
Russia	3 October 2020	Acceptance
Rwanda	23 May 2017	Ratification
Samoa	23 March 2018	Ratification
San Marino	20 October 2020	Acceptance
São Tomé and Príncipe	4 October 2019	Ratification
Saudi Arabia	10 September 2025	Acceptance
Senegal	31 August 2018	Ratification
Serbia	8 October 2021	Ratification
Seychelles	20 August 2019	Acceptance
Sierra Leone	15 June 2020	Ratification
Singapore	1 June 2022	Ratification
Slovakia	16 November 2017	Ratification
Slovenia	7 December 2018	Ratification
Solomon Islands	23 May 2022	Ratification
Somalia	27 November 2019	Ratification
South Africa	1 August 2019	Ratification
South Korea	19 January 2023	Ratification
Spain	20 January 2022	Ratification
Sri Lanka	28 September 2018	Ratification
Saint Kitts and Nevis	29 August 2025	Acceptance
Saint Lucia	2 November 2021	Ratification
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	7 November 2022	Ratification
Sweden	17 November 2017	Ratification
Switzerland	7 November 2018	Ratification
Syria	5 April 2021	Ratification
Tajikistan	29 June 2022	Ratification
Tanzania	25 March 2022	Ratification
Thailand	3 April 2024	Ratification
Togo	8 March 2018	Acceptance
Tonga	17 September 2018	Ratification
Trinidad and Tobago	17 November 2017	Ratification
Tunisia	27 August 2021	Ratification
Turkey	10 November 2021	Ratification
Turkmenistan	31 August 2020	Ratification
Tuvalu	21 September 2017	Ratification
Uganda	21 June 2018	Ratification
United Arab Emirates	19 April 2024	Acceptance
United Kingdom	14 November 2017	Ratification
United States	31 October 2022	Ratification
Uruguay	12 September 2018	Ratification
Vanuatu	20 April 2018	Ratification
Venezuela	5 December 2022	Ratification
Vietnam	27 September 2019	Approval
Zambia	15 March 2021	Ratification
Zimbabwe	18 October 2022	Acceptance

Notes

High-Ambient-Temperature Exemption

Certain nations are designated for specific exemptions due to consistently high average monthly temperatures, allowing for adjusted HFC reduction timelines. These countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, and the United Arab Emirates.^[a]

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References

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The Kigali Accord

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Introduction ℹ️

📜 The Kigali Amendment

🌍 Context: The Montreal Protocol

🌡️ Addressing Climate Impact

Background 📜

❄️ HFCs in Industry

🔬 The Ozone Layer and CFCs

📈 HFCs as Greenhouse Gases

Amendment Details ⚙️

⚖️ Differentiated Responsibilities

🎯 Phased Reduction Targets

☀️ Exemption Clause

Global Participation 🤝

📊 Ratification Status

Notes 📝

🌍 High-Ambient-Temperature Exemption

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

The Kigali Amendment

Context: The Montreal Protocol

Addressing Climate Impact

Background

HFCs in Industry

The Ozone Layer and CFCs

HFCs as Greenhouse Gases

Amendment Details

Differentiated Responsibilities

Phased Reduction Targets

Exemption Clause

Global Participation

Ratification Status

Notes

High-Ambient-Temperature Exemption

Teacher's Corner

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Gamer's Corner

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice