What is Johann Georg Leopold Mozart primarily recognized for today?

Johann Georg Leopold Mozart is best known today as the father and teacher of the renowned composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his influential violin textbook, *Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule*.

When and where was Leopold Mozart born and when did he pass away?

Leopold Mozart was born on November 14, 1719, in Augsburg and died on May 28, 1787, in Salzburg, at the age of 67.

What were Leopold Mozart's primary professional roles?

Leopold Mozart's primary professional roles included being a composer, a court musician, and a music teacher.

What is considered Leopold Mozart's most significant published work?

Leopold Mozart's most significant published work is his comprehensive treatise on violin playing, *Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule*, which was published in 1756.

Who was Leopold Mozart's wife and when did they marry?

Leopold Mozart married Anna Maria Pertl in 1747. She passed away in 1778.

What does the provided image depict regarding Leopold Mozart?

The provided image depicts Leopold Mozart around the year 1765, showing him as an elderly man in a brown coat.

What was Leopold Mozart's family background and his father's occupation?

Leopold Mozart was born in Augsburg, the son of Johann Georg Mozart, who worked as a bookbinder, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer.

What kind of education did Leopold Mozart receive during his youth in Augsburg?

In Augsburg, Leopold Mozart attended the Jesuit school St. Salvator, where he studied logic, science, and theology, graduating *magna cum laude* in 1735. He also studied at the St. Salvator Lyzeum.

What musical and other talents did Leopold Mozart develop during his student years?

During his student years in Augsburg, Leopold Mozart appeared as an actor and singer in student theater productions, and became a skilled violinist and organist. He also maintained an interest in microscopes and telescopes.

What career path did Leopold Mozart's parents intend for him, and how did he feel about it?

Leopold Mozart's parents had planned for him to become a Catholic priest, but this was not his personal desire, as indicated by an old school friend who noted how he 'hoodwinked the clerics about becoming a priest'.

Why was Leopold Mozart expelled from the Benedictine University in Salzburg?

Leopold Mozart was expelled from the Benedictine University in Salzburg in September 1739 due to poor attendance, having reportedly 'hardly attended Natural Science more than once or twice'.

How did Leopold Mozart commence his professional music career in Salzburg in 1740?

In 1740, Leopold Mozart began his professional music career by becoming a violinist and valet to Johann Baptist, Count of Thurn-Valsassina and Taxis, who was one of the university's canons.

What was Leopold Mozart's first published musical work?

Leopold Mozart's first musical publication was the six Trio Sonatas, Opus 1, titled *Sonate sei da chiesa e da camera*, which he copper engraved himself in 1740.

Who was Anna Maria Pertl Mozart, as depicted in the source material?

Anna Maria Pertl Mozart was Leopold Mozart's wife, as depicted in the source material.

What does the image of W. A. Mozart from 1763 show?

The image from the source material shows Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1763, during his early childhood.

What positions did Leopold Mozart hold within the musical establishment of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg?

Leopold Mozart was appointed as a fourth violinist in the musical establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, in 1743. He was later promoted to second violinist in 1758 and then to deputy Kapellmeister in 1763.

What were Leopold Mozart's responsibilities as a musician for the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg?

As a musician for the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, Leopold Mozart's duties included composition and teaching violin, and later piano, to the choirboys of the Salzburg cathedral.

How do different scholars evaluate Leopold Mozart's success as a composer?

Scholars hold differing views on Leopold Mozart's success as a composer; the *Grove Dictionary* states he was 'already well-known' by 1756, while biographers Maynard Solomon and Alfred Einstein considered him to have 'failed to make his mark' or to be an 'undistinguished composer'.

What was the significance of Leopold Mozart's *Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule*?

Leopold Mozart's *Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule* was a comprehensive treatise on violin playing that established his reputation across Europe as a pedagogue. It is still consulted today by musicians interested in 18th-century performance practices.

How widely was Leopold Mozart's violin treatise distributed and recognized?

Leopold Mozart's violin treatise, published in 1756, saw two additional German editions in 1769 and 1787, and was translated into Dutch in 1766 and French in 1770, demonstrating its widespread dissemination and recognition.

What does the watercolor by Carmontelle from around 1763 illustrate about the Mozart family?

The watercolor by Carmontelle, created around 1763, illustrates the Mozart family on tour, specifically depicting Leopold, Wolfgang, and Nannerl. This image captures a moment during their extensive concert travels.

When did Leopold Mozart first recognize his children's exceptional musical talents?

Leopold Mozart discovered that his two children, Nannerl and Wolfgang, were child prodigies around 1759, when he began giving keyboard lessons to his seven-year-old daughter, Nannerl.

How did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's musical education commence under his father's instruction?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's musical education began when he, as a toddler, started imitating his sister Nannerl's keyboard lessons, initially picking out thirds on the instrument and then making rapid progress under Leopold's direct instruction.

What were the 'extensive concert tours' undertaken by the Mozart family?

The 'extensive concert tours' were journeys Leopold Mozart undertook with his children, Nannerl and Wolfgang, starting in 1762, performing for aristocracy and the public throughout central and western Europe, including cities like Munich, Vienna, Paris, and London.

How did Leopold Mozart perceive his role in nurturing Wolfgang's extraordinary talent?

Leopold Mozart viewed his role in nurturing Wolfgang's talent as a profound responsibility, referring to his son as the 'miracle which God let be born in Salzburg' and feeling a 'missionary's' duty to guide him.

What impact did the children's musical instruction and touring have on Leopold Mozart's own professional activities?

The children's musical instruction and extensive touring significantly reduced Leopold Mozart's other professional activities; Nannerl later stated he 'entirely gave up both violin instruction and composition' after 1762, and he ceased composing altogether by 1771.

Why did Leopold Mozart not achieve further promotion beyond deputy Kapellmeister in Salzburg?

Leopold Mozart did not advance beyond the position of deputy Kapellmeister in Salzburg, a situation attributed by the *Grove Dictionary* to the considerable amount of time he spent away from Salzburg on concert tours with his children, particularly the longest journey of about three-and-a-half years.

How did the Mozart family's living arrangements in Salzburg change around 1773?

Around 1773, the Mozart family, feeling prosperous enough, moved from their home in the Getreidegasse, where the children were born, to the *Tanzmeisterhaus*, or 'Dancing-Master's House', which offered them eight rooms.

What activities took place in the *Tanzmeisterhaus* after the Mozarts moved there?

After moving to the *Tanzmeisterhaus*, the Mozarts utilized its large rooms for teaching, domestic concerts, storing keyboard instruments sold by Leopold, and for *Bölzlschiessen*, a recreational activity involving shooting airguns at humorous paper targets.

What recreational activity is depicted in the October 1777 image featuring Wolfgang and his cousin?

The October 1777 image depicts a *Bölzlschiessen* target, showing Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his cousin Maria Anna Thekla Mozart engaged in this form of recreation, which involved shooting airguns at humorously designed paper targets.

What significant personal loss did Leopold Mozart experience in 1778?

In 1778, Leopold Mozart experienced the significant personal loss of his wife, Anna Maria, who died in Paris while accompanying Wolfgang on a job-hunting tour.

What are the contrasting scholarly perspectives on Leopold Mozart's role as a father to his adult children?

Scholars hold contrasting views on Leopold Mozart's role as a father to his adult children; Maynard Solomon portrays him as tyrannical and possessive, while Ruth Halliwell offers a more sympathetic view, seeing his correspondence as a sensible effort to guide an irresponsible Wolfgang.

What was Nannerl's living situation after Wolfgang permanently left home in 1781?

After Wolfgang left home permanently in 1781, Nannerl, then in her early thirties, lived with her father Leopold and their servants in Salzburg until her marriage in 1784.

What is known about Nannerl's marriage and Leopold Mozart's potential influence on it?

Nannerl married Johann Baptist Franz von Berchtold zu Sonnenburg in August 1784 at age 33. While she was reportedly in love with an earlier suitor, Franz Armand d'Ippold, the reason she did not marry him is unknown, though biographers often speculate Leopold blocked the marriage to keep her at home.

How did Leopold Mozart continue to provide support to Nannerl after her marriage and relocation?

After Nannerl's marriage and move to St. Gilgen, Leopold Mozart continued to support her from a distance by assisting with shopping, engaging servants, relaying news, organizing fortepiano maintenance, arranging for Wolfgang's music to be copied and sent to her, gathering musicians for her visits, looking after her health, and encouraging her to assert herself with her husband.

What role did Leopold Mozart assume in raising Nannerl's first child?

In July 1785, Nannerl's first child, a son named Leopoldl, stayed with his grandfather Leopold Mozart in Salzburg after Nannerl returned home. Leopold, with the help of his servants, took on the responsibility of raising the infant.

How did Leopold Mozart communicate with Nannerl regarding her son, Leopoldl?

Leopold Mozart frequently sent letters to Nannerl, at least once a week, which typically began with the phrase 'Leopoldl is healthy' and provided a comprehensive report on the child's well-being and development.

What are the different interpretations concerning Leopold Mozart's decision to raise his grandson?

Maynard Solomon suggests Leopold Mozart may have hoped to train another musical prodigy by raising his grandson, while Ruth Halliwell proposes an alternative possibility that the child-rearing conditions in the Berchtold household were suboptimal.

What significant life decision did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart make in 1781, and what was Leopold's reaction?

In 1781, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart made the significant decision to leave Salzburg permanently and remain in Vienna to pursue a freelance career, a move Leopold strongly opposed, desiring Wolfgang's return to Salzburg, which led to a harsh family quarrel.

How did Leopold Mozart respond to Wolfgang's marriage to Constanze Weber?

Leopold Mozart was strongly opposed to Wolfgang's marriage to Constanze Weber in 1782, and he only gave his permission late, reluctantly, and under duress.

What notable event occurred during Leopold Mozart's visit to Vienna in 1785?

During Leopold Mozart's visit to Vienna in 1785, at the peak of Wolfgang's career success, he witnessed his son's achievements as a performer and, on February 12, heard Joseph Haydn's widely quoted praise for Wolfgang's string quartets.

What famous commendation did Joseph Haydn give about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Leopold?

Joseph Haydn famously praised Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Leopold, stating, 'Before God and as an honest man I tell you that your son is the greatest composer known to me either in person or by name: He has taste, and, furthermore, the most profound knowledge of composition'.

What was Leopold Mozart's reaction when Wolfgang requested him to care for his children in 1786?

When Wolfgang asked Leopold to care for his two children in 1786 while he and Constanze embarked on a concert tour, Leopold refused, likely with harsh words, expressing suspicion about Wolfgang's motives and concerns about being left with the children indefinitely.

Where was Leopold Mozart buried?

Leopold Mozart was buried in communal grave no. 84 in the St. Sebastian Cemetery in Salzburg.

How did Leopold Mozart's health deteriorate, and what was Wolfgang's response to his father's death?

Leopold Mozart's health began failing in late 1786 and he became seriously ill by April 4, 1787. Wolfgang wrote in alarm upon hearing the news but could not travel to Salzburg to see him. When Leopold died on May 28, Wolfgang was unable to attend the funeral due to the long travel time, though he expressed profound sadness in a letter to a friend.

What is Leopold Mozart's most enduringly popular composition?

Leopold Mozart's most enduringly popular composition is his *Cassation in G for Orchestra and Toys*, often referred to as the 'Toy Symphony'.

What types of musical works did Leopold Mozart compose prior to 1757, according to a contemporary report?

According to a contemporary report from before 1757, Leopold Mozart composed many contrapuntal and church items, a great number of symphonies, over 30 large serenades, many concertos for various instruments (like transverse flute, oboe, bassoon, Waldhorn, and trumpet), countless trios and divertimentos, 12 oratorios, theatrical pieces including pantomimes, and occasional works such as martial music, Turkish music, music with a 'steel keyboard', a musical sleigh ride, marches, 'Nachtstücke', and hundreds of minuets and opera dances.

How did Leopold Mozart incorporate naturalistic elements and unusual instruments into his compositions?

Leopold Mozart incorporated naturalistic elements and unusual instruments into his compositions by calling for shotguns in his *Jagdsinfonie*, including bagpipes, hurdy-gurdy, a dulcimer, whoops, whistles, and pistol shots in his *Bauernhochzeit*, and requiring bells and whips in his *Musikalische Schlittenfahrt*.

What is the current scholarly understanding of the scope and quality of Leopold Mozart's musical oeuvre?

Leopold Mozart's oeuvre was extensive, but much of it is lost, making a full assessment challenging. Scholars have only recently begun to evaluate its scope and quality, with some surviving works, like his Symphony in G major, being found to compare favorably with those of his contemporaries, demonstrating his sensitivity to orchestral color.

Besides light music, what other substantial works by Leopold Mozart are known to survive?

Beyond his light music, some more substantial works by Leopold Mozart that survive include his *Sacramental Litany* in D major from 1762 and three fortepiano sonatas, all of which were published during his lifetime.

Leopold Mozart Wiki: Leopold Mozart: The Architect of a Musical Dynasty

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Overview

A Man of Many Talents

Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (1719–1787) was a German composer, accomplished violinist, and influential music theorist. While his own musical contributions are significant, he is predominantly remembered today as the father and primary teacher of the prodigious Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his seminal violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule (1756).

A Foundational Text

Published in the year of Wolfgang's birth, Leopold's Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule stands as a comprehensive treatise on violin playing. This work achieved widespread recognition across Europe, undergoing multiple German editions and translations into Dutch and French. It remains an invaluable resource for musicians and scholars studying 18th-century performance practices, cementing Leopold's reputation as a leading pedagogue of his era.

Shaping a Genius

Leopold Mozart's life took a transformative turn with the discovery of his children's extraordinary musical talents. He dedicated himself to their education, particularly that of Wolfgang, whom he regarded as a "miracle." This commitment led him to curtail his own compositional activities and embark on extensive concert tours across Europe, showcasing his children's abilities to aristocracy and the public alike. His meticulous instruction and unwavering advocacy were instrumental in nurturing Wolfgang's early development.

Life

Childhood & Education

Born in Augsburg on November 14, 1719, Leopold Mozart was the son of a bookbinder. From a young age, he demonstrated musical aptitude as a choirboy. He pursued a rigorous education at a local Jesuit school, St. Salvator, where he excelled in logic, science, and theology, graduating magna cum laude in 1735. During his student years, he actively participated in student theater as an actor and singer, and developed proficiency as a violinist and organist. Despite his parents' aspirations for him to become a Catholic priest, Leopold's own inclinations led him towards a different path.

University Years in Salzburg

After a brief period away from formal education, Leopold moved to Salzburg in November 1737 to continue his studies at the Benedictine University, focusing on philosophy and jurisprudence. He earned a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1738. However, his academic journey was cut short in September 1739 when he was expelled for poor attendance, notably having "hardly attended Natural Science more than once or twice." This marked a turning point, leading him fully into a professional music career in Salzburg, where he would reside for the remainder of his life, apart from extensive travels.

Family & Home Life

In 1747, Leopold married Anna Maria Pertl. Together, they had seven children, though tragically, only two survived past infancy: Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia, known as "Nannerl," and Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Theophilus, later known as Wolfgang Amadeus. By 1773, the family, feeling financially secure, moved to the larger Tanzmeisterhaus in Salzburg. This eight-room residence served not only as their home but also as a space for teaching, domestic concerts, and even a unique family recreation involving airguns and humorous paper targets, known as Bölzlschiessen.

Career

Court Musician in Salzburg

Leopold Mozart embarked on his professional music career in 1740, initially serving as a violinist and valet to a university canon. In 1743, he secured a position as a fourth violinist in the musical establishment of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, Count Leopold Anton von Firmian. His responsibilities included composition and teaching violin (and later piano) to the choirboys of Salzburg Cathedral. He steadily rose through the ranks, becoming second violinist in 1758 and deputy Kapellmeister in 1763. Despite his dedication and talent, he never attained the highest position of Kapellmeister, a circumstance often attributed to his prolonged absences from Salzburg due to his children's concert tours.

The Master Pedagogue

While scholarly opinions vary on Leopold's success as a composer, there is universal agreement on his profound impact as a pedagogue. His monumental work, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, published in 1756, is a testament to his pedagogical prowess. This comprehensive treatise on violin playing quickly became a standard text, circulating widely and establishing his reputation across Europe. It provided detailed instructions on technique, interpretation, and musicality, making it an indispensable guide for aspiring violinists and a crucial document for understanding 18th-century performance practices.

The Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule was more than just a technical manual; it was a philosophical guide to music education. Its influence extended beyond violinists, shaping the understanding of musical aesthetics and performance across the continent. Key aspects of its impact include:

Standardization of Technique: It provided a systematic approach to violin playing, covering posture, bowing, fingering, and ornamentation.
Musical Interpretation: Leopold emphasized the importance of expression and understanding the emotional content of music, a hallmark of the emerging Classical style.
Widespread Adoption: Its multiple editions and translations attest to its popularity and authority, making it a cornerstone of musical instruction for decades.
Historical Insight: For modern musicians, it offers invaluable insights into historically informed performance, allowing for a more authentic recreation of 18th-century music.

Family

Nannerl's Early Training

Leopold's journey as a dedicated music teacher began around 1759, when he started giving keyboard lessons to his seven-year-old daughter, Maria Anna, affectionately known as Nannerl. Her rapid progress and evident talent quickly established her as a child prodigy. Leopold meticulously documented her musical development, laying the groundwork for her impressive concert career alongside her younger brother.

Wolfgang's Phenomenal Rise

The toddler Wolfgang Amadeus, observing his sister's lessons, soon began to imitate her, initially picking out thirds on the keyboard. Under Leopold's intensive instruction, Wolfgang's progress was astonishingly swift. By 1762, both children were ready for public performance, prompting Leopold to embark on extensive concert tours across Europe. These tours, which included major cities like Munich, Vienna, Paris, and London, were designed to showcase his children's extraordinary talents to royal courts and the general public, a mission Leopold viewed with almost missionary zeal.

Adult Children Relations

Leopold's relationships with his adult children were complex and often strained. After Wolfgang permanently left Salzburg in 1781 to pursue a freelance career in Vienna, a significant family quarrel ensued, as Leopold strongly opposed the move. He also initially resisted Wolfgang's marriage to Constanze Weber in 1782. With Nannerl, who married in 1784 and moved to St. Gilgen, Leopold remained a crucial source of support, assisting with household affairs, musical arrangements, and even providing medical advice. In 1785, Nannerl's first child, Leopoldl, was left in his grandfather's care in Salzburg, a role Leopold embraced with apparent joy, raising the infant until his own death in 1787.

Works

Compositions & Legacy

Leopold Mozart's compositional output, though often overshadowed by his son's monumental achievements, was extensive and varied. He willingly prioritized his children's careers, leading to a reduction in his own creative work after 1762, and ceasing altogether by 1771. Despite this, a number of his works survive and remain popular, offering valuable insights into the musical landscape of the mid-18th century. His Cassation in G for Orchestra and Toys, famously known as the "Toy Symphony," continues to delight audiences with its charming and innovative use of toy instruments.

A contemporary report from before 1757 details Leopold Mozart's prolific output:

Numerous contrapuntal and other church items.
A great number of symphonies, some for four string parts only, others with full customary instrumentation.
Over 30 large serenades featuring solos for various instruments.
Many concertos, particularly for transverse flute, oboe, bassoon, Waldhorn, and trumpet.
Countless trios and divertimentos for diverse instrumentations.
12 oratorios and a number of theatrical pieces, including pantomimes.
Occasional pieces such as martial music, Turkish music, music with 'steel keyboard,' and a musical sleigh ride.
Hundreds of minuets, opera dances, and similar items.

Naturalistic & Programmatic Music

Leopold Mozart was keenly interested in infusing his compositions with a naturalistic and programmatic feel, often incorporating unconventional elements to evoke specific scenes or sounds. His Jagdsinfonie (Hunting Symphony), or Sinfonia da Caccia, for four horns and strings, notably calls for the use of shotguns, creating a vivid sonic depiction of a hunt. Similarly, his Bauernhochzeit (Peasant Wedding) features folk instruments like bagpipes, hurdy-gurdy, and dulcimer, alongside vocal interjections (whoops and whistles) and pistol shots, immersing the listener in the festive atmosphere. The Musikalische Schlittenfahrt (Musical Sleigh Ride) further exemplifies this style, employing bells and whips to paint a lively winter scene.

Legacy

Scholarly Interpretations

Leopold Mozart remains a figure of considerable debate among biographers. Some scholars, like Cliff Eisen, argue against what they perceive as his misrepresentation by later biographers, portraying him as a man of broad cultural achievement who, though perhaps haughty or difficult, deeply cared for his son and was primarily driven by the ambition to secure a fitting worldly position for Wolfgang's genius. This perspective emphasizes his role as a dedicated father and mentor.

Contrasting Views

Conversely, other biographers, such as Maynard Solomon, offer a harsher assessment, depicting Leopold as a loving but ultimately tyrannical and possessive father who struggled to grant his adult children independence, leading to significant personal hardship for them. Daniel Steptoe further criticizes Leopold for blaming Wolfgang for his mother's death, a "crushing reply" to a grieving young man. Robert Spaethling views Wolfgang's departure from Salzburg and marriage as a "drama of liberation" from his father's influence. These contrasting interpretations highlight the complexity of Leopold Mozart's character and his enduring impact on the narrative of his famous son.

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References

Halliwell 1998, p. 383 suggests that Constanze had already moved in with Wolfgang before marriage, a potential disastrous situation given the mores of the time.

This is the ordinary flute, played by blowing across it ("transversely"), as opposed to the recorder.

Sources: Wolfgang Plath and Cliff Eisen, cited in Solomon 1995, p. 33

See, for instance, Solomon 1995. Other biographers who assert similar views are cited in Halliwell 1998, pp. 365â366.

Cliff Eisen, "About this Recording" Catalogue No.: 8.570499 Naxos.com

A full list of references for this article are available at the Leopold Mozart Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional historical or musical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting primary historical sources, academic research, or expert musicological analysis. Always refer to reputable scholarly works and consult with qualified historians or musicologists for specific research or performance inquiries. Never disregard professional academic advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Leopold Mozart: The Architect of a Musical Dynasty

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

👨‍🏫 A Man of Many Talents

📜 A Foundational Text

🌟 Shaping a Genius

Life 🗓️

👶 Childhood & Education

🎓 University Years in Salzburg

🏡 Family & Home Life

Career 💼

🏛️ Court Musician in Salzburg

📚 The Master Pedagogue

Family 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

🎹 Nannerl's Early Training

🎶 Wolfgang's Phenomenal Rise

💔 Adult Children Relations

Works 🎵

🎼 Compositions & Legacy

🎭 Naturalistic & Programmatic Music

Legacy 🏛️

🧐 Scholarly Interpretations

⚖️ Contrasting Views

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Man of Many Talents

A Foundational Text

Shaping a Genius

Life

Childhood & Education

University Years in Salzburg

Family & Home Life

Career

Court Musician in Salzburg

The Master Pedagogue

Family

Nannerl's Early Training

Wolfgang's Phenomenal Rise

Adult Children Relations

Works

Compositions & Legacy

Naturalistic & Programmatic Music

Legacy

Scholarly Interpretations

Contrasting Views

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice