When was Yugoslavia established, and what was its initial name?

Yugoslavia was formed on December 1, 1918, following the realignment of European nations after World War I. Its initial name was the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

What significant change occurred in the naming of Yugoslavia in 1929?

In 1929, the nation, previously known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

What geographical area did the Kingdom of Yugoslavia encompass?

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia occupied a significant area in the Balkans. This territory included the present-day states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and most of present-day Slovenia and Croatia.

When did the United States officially recognize the newly formed Yugoslavia and establish diplomatic relations?

The United States recognized the newly formed nation of Yugoslavia and commissioned its first envoy on July 17, 1919.

What was the prior arrangement for U.S. diplomatic representation in the region before the establishment of a dedicated envoy to Yugoslavia?

Before establishing a dedicated envoy to Yugoslavia, the U.S. had an envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary who was commissioned to Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia, and was based in Bucharest, Romania.

How did World War II impact the U.S. diplomatic presence in Yugoslavia?

At the onset of World War II, the Yugoslav government relocated and formed a government in exile, first in London and later in Cairo. During this period, U.S. ambassadors continued to represent the United States from these exile locations.

When was the U.S. embassy transferred back to Belgrade after World War II?

The U.S. embassy was transferred back to Belgrade in 1945, following the conclusion of World War II.

What were some of the different names Yugoslavia used between 1943 and 1992?

Between 1943 and 1992, the nation was known by several names, including the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (1943), the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946), and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963).

What was the U.S. response when the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was formed in 1992?

After the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, the United States announced on May 21, 1992, that it did not recognize the newly formed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which comprised the republics of Serbia and Montenegro.

Who represented the U.S. government in Belgrade between the non-recognition of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the re-establishment of an ambassador?

Following the U.S. non-recognition of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, a series of *chargés d'affaires* represented the U.S. government until the embassy was closed in 1999.

When did the United States re-recognize the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and re-establish an ambassadorial post?

In 2001, the United States recognized the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia again and commissioned an ambassador to Belgrade.

What change in state structure and name occurred in 2003, and how did it affect the U.S. ambassador's role?

In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ratified a Constitutional Charter, establishing a new state union and changing the country's name to Serbia and Montenegro. The U.S. ambassador at the time continued in the same post, now serving as the ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro.

Who was the first U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia?

The first U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia was Henry Percival Dodge, who was commissioned on July 17, 1919.

What was the title of the U.S. representatives to Yugoslavia before the diplomatic level was raised to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary?

Before the diplomatic level was raised to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, U.S. representatives held the title of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.

Who was the last U.S. Ambassador to hold the title specifically for Yugoslavia before the country's final dissolution?

William Dale Montgomery was the last U.S. Ambassador commissioned to a state known as Yugoslavia, serving until February 29, 2004.

What is the significance of the date July 17, 1919, in the context of U.S.-Yugoslav relations?

July 17, 1919, marks the date the United States commissioned its first envoy to the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, signifying the official establishment of diplomatic relations at that level.

When did the mission of Henry Percival Dodge as U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia conclude?

Henry Percival Dodge's mission as U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia terminated on March 21, 1926.

Who succeeded Henry Percival Dodge as the U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia?

John Dyneley Prince succeeded Henry Percival Dodge, being commissioned on February 23, 1926, and presenting his credentials on May 5, 1926.

What distinction is noted for John Dyneley Prince's appointment and tenure?

John Dyneley Prince was a political appointee and was commissioned to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He continued to serve as ambassador even after the nation was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia when the country was renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia?

John Dyneley Prince was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia when the country was renamed from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. He had been commissioned earlier and continued his service.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia immediately preceding World War II?

Arthur Bliss Lane served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from August 9, 1937, until May 17, 1941, making him the ambassador at the beginning of World War II.

What special circumstances surrounded the appointment of Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. as U.S. Ambassador?

Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. was appointed U.S. Ambassador on July 30, 1941. He was a political appointee and served near the Yugoslav government-in-exile, first in England and later in Cairo, Egypt, as the embassy in Belgrade was not operational during the war.

When was Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary?

Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. was promoted to the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in September 1942, while still serving near the Yugoslav government-in-exile.

Who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia after the government-in-exile moved back to England in March 1944?

Following the Yugoslav government-in-exile's return to England in March 1944, Lincoln MacVeagh served as the U.S. Ambassador, presenting his credentials on December 9, 1943, and terminating his mission on March 11, 1944.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia when the embassy was transferred back to Belgrade in 1945?

Richard C. Patterson, Jr. was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia during the period the embassy was transferred back to Belgrade in 1945. He had presented his credentials in November 1944 and his mission concluded in October 1946.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1947 to 1949?

Cavendish W. Cannon served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia, presenting his credentials on July 14, 1947, and terminating his mission on October 19, 1949.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia during the period of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946) and the early years of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (established 1963)?

Several ambassadors served during these periods. George V. Allen served from January 1950 to March 1953, James Williams Riddleberger from November 1953 to January 1958, Karl L. Rankin from February 1958 to April 1961, and George F. Kennan from May 1961 to July 1963.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia when the embassy was closed in March 1999?

Richard M. Miles was serving as the U.S. Chargé d'affaires ad interim when the embassy was closed on March 23, 1999. He had been in that role since August 1996.

What was the role of Robert Rackmales and Rudolf V. Perina in U.S.-Yugoslav relations?

Robert Rackmales and Rudolf V. Perina both served as Chargés d'affaires ad interim. Rackmales served from May 1992 to July 1993, and Perina served from July 1993 to February 1996, representing the U.S. government during the period when formal ambassadorial relations were suspended after 1992.

When was the U.S. embassy in Belgrade closed, and what event preceded this closure?

The U.S. embassy in Belgrade was closed on March 23, 1999. This closure occurred as NATO armed forces began military action against Serbia-Montenegro on the evening of March 24, 1999, following the departure of the last embassy personnel the day before.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro after the country's name change in 2003?

William Dale Montgomery, who had been commissioned as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in November 2001, continued in his post as the ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro after the name change in 2003. His mission concluded on February 29, 2004.

What is the distinction between a 'Career FSO' and a 'Political appointee' as noted for U.S. ambassadors to Yugoslavia?

A 'Career FSO' refers to a career Foreign Service Officer, indicating a professional diplomat within the U.S. State Department. A 'Political appointee' is an individual nominated by the President, often chosen for political reasons or specific expertise, who may not be a career diplomat.

What does the title 'Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary' signify in the context of early U.S. representation to Yugoslavia?

The title Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary was the highest diplomatic rank used by the U.S. to represent its interests in Yugoslavia during the initial period of diplomatic relations, before the elevation to ambassadorial status.

What does the term 'Chargé d'affaires ad interim' imply regarding diplomatic representation?

A Chargé d'affaires ad interim is an official who temporarily heads a diplomatic mission in the absence of the ambassador or when an ambassador has not yet been appointed. It signifies a leadership role at the mission, though typically not at the ambassadorial level.

What event led to the U.S. embassy in Belgrade being closed in March 1999?

The closure of the U.S. embassy in Belgrade in March 1999 was related to the escalating political situation and subsequent military actions. While the U.S. had not recognized the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the successor state in 1992, the embassy operated until March 1999, when NATO began military action against Serbia-Montenegro.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1961 to 1963?

George F. Kennan served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from March 7, 1961, to July 28, 1963.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1977 to 1981?

Lawrence S. Eagleburger served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia, presenting his credentials on June 21, 1977, and terminating his mission on January 24, 1981.

What is the significance of the note regarding Warren Zimmermann's ambassadorship?

The note for Warren Zimmermann states that the United States announced on May 21, 1992, that it would not recognize the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Zimmermann's mission terminated on May 16, 1992, shortly before this announcement.

When did the diplomatic mission of Karl L. Rankin as U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia begin and end?

Karl L. Rankin presented his credentials as U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia on February 19, 1958, and his mission terminated on April 22, 1961.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1981 to 1985?

David Anderson served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia, presenting his credentials on August 19, 1981, and terminating his mission on June 26, 1985.

What was the duration of the U.S. embassy's closure in Belgrade between 1992 and 2001?

The U.S. embassy in Belgrade was effectively closed from March 1999 until 2001, when the United States re-recognized the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and commissioned a new ambassador. However, formal diplomatic representation was handled by *chargés d'affaires* from May 1992 until the embassy closure in March 1999.

Who was the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1971 to 1975?

Malcolm Toon served as the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia, presenting his credentials on October 23, 1971, and terminating his mission on March 11, 1975.

What does the infobox indicate about the current status of the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia position?

The infobox indicates that the incumbent position for Ambassador of the United States to Yugoslavia is currently None, reflecting the dissolution of Yugoslavia as a state.

When was the title of U.S. representative to Yugoslavia elevated to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary?

The diplomatic relations between Belgrade and Washington were raised from ministerial to the ambassadorial level towards the end of the 1930s. Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. was the first appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in July 1941, though he was promoted to this rank in September 1942.

What was the final date Yugoslavia ceased to exist in a form recognized by the U.S. ambassadorial list?

The U.S. ambassadorial list indicates that the mission to Yugoslavia was abolished on February 4, 2003, when the country was renamed Serbia and Montenegro. The ambassador continued in the post for Serbia and Montenegro until February 29, 2004.

List Of Ambassadors Of The United States To Yugoslavia Wiki: Chronicles of Diplomacy: US Envoys to Yugoslavia

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Historical Context

Formation of Yugoslavia

The nation of Yugoslavia was established on December 1, 1918, following the geopolitical realignments in Europe after World War I. Initially named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. This state encompassed territories that now form Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and significant portions of Slovenia and Croatia. The United States formally recognized this new nation and appointed its first envoy on July 17, 1919.

Diplomatic Evolution

Prior to the establishment of a dedicated envoy to Yugoslavia, the U.S. had a minister plenipotentiary accredited to Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia, residing in Bucharest. By the late 1930s, diplomatic relations between Belgrade and Washington were elevated from ministerial to ambassadorial status. During World War II, the Yugoslav government-in-exile operated from London and later Cairo, with U.S. ambassadors representing American interests in those locations. The embassy returned to Belgrade in 1945.

Shifting Identities and Recognition

Between 1943 and 1992, the nation underwent several name changes, including the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of the SFRY in 1992, Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The U.S. initially withheld recognition, leading to the departure of the ambassador and the closure of the embassy in 1999. Recognition was re-established in 2001, and a new ambassador was commissioned. In 2003, the state union was renamed Serbia and Montenegro, with the U.S. ambassador continuing in that role.

Ambassadors to Yugoslavia

Diplomatic Representatives

The following table details the individuals who served as United States envoys and ambassadors to Yugoslavia, including their appointment dates, the presentation of credentials, and the termination of their mission. This list spans the various political entities that constituted Yugoslavia throughout its history.

Ambassadors of the United States to Yugoslavia
Name	Title	Appointed	Presented credentials	Terminated mission	Notes
Henry Percival Dodge – Career FSO	Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	July 17, 1919	October 5, 1919	March 21, 1926
John Dyneley Prince – Political appointee	Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	February 23, 1926	May 5, 1926	August 31, 1932
Charles S. Wilson – Career FSO	Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	August 3, 1933	September 11, 1933	July 28, 1937
Arthur Bliss Lane – Career FSO	Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	August 9, 1937	October 23, 1937	May 17, 1941
Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. – Political appointee	Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	July 30, 1941	October 3, 1941	September 28, 1943	Promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary September 1942
Lincoln MacVeagh – Political appointee	Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	November 12, 1943	December 9, 1943	March 11, 1944
	Richard C. Patterson, Jr. – Political appointee	September 21, 1944	November 17, 1944	October 25, 1946
Cavendish W. Cannon – Career FSO	Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	April 10, 1947	July 14, 1947	October 19, 1949
	George V. Allen – Career FSO	October 27, 1949	January 25, 1950	March 11, 1953
	James Williams Riddleberger – Career FSO	July 31, 1953	November 16, 1953	January 11, 1958
	Karl L. Rankin – Career FSO	December 13, 1957	February 19, 1958	April 22, 1961
	George F. Kennan – Career FSO	March 7, 1961	May 16, 1961	July 28, 1963
	Charles Burke Elbrick – Career FSO	January 29, 1964	March 17, 1964	April 28, 1969
William K. Leonhart – Career FSO	Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	May 1, 1969	June 30, 1969	October 18, 1971
	Malcolm Toon – Career FSO	October 7, 1971	October 23, 1971	March 11, 1975
	Laurence H. Silberman - Political appointee	May 8, 1975	May 26, 1975	December 26, 1976
	Lawrence S. Eagleburger – Career FSO	June 8, 1977	June 21, 1977	January 24, 1981
David Anderson – Career FSO	Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	July 27, 1981	August 19, 1981	June 26, 1985
	John Douglas Scanlan – Career FSO	July 12, 1985	July 26, 1985	March 6, 1989
	Warren Zimmermann – Career FSO	July 11, 1988	March 21, 1989	May 16, 1992	The United States announced on May 21, 1992, that it would not recognize the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, as the successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	Robert Rackmales	Chargé d'affaires ad interim	May 1992	N/A	July 1993
	Rudolf V. Perina	Chargé d'affaires ad interim	July 1993	N/A	February 1996
	Lawrence Butler	Chargé d'affaires ad interim	February 1996	N/A	August 1996
	Richard M. Miles	Chargé d'affaires ad interim	August 1996	N/A	March 1999	The embassy was closed March 23, 1999. Miles and the last Embassy personnel left March 24, and NATO armed forces began military action against Serbia-Montenegro that evening.
	William Dale Montgomery – Career FSO	Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	November 26, 2001	January 4, 2002	February 29, 2004	The United States again recognized the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 2001 and posted an ambassador to that nation.

Montgomery served as the final U.S. ambassador to a state designated as Yugoslavia. Subsequent ambassadors in Belgrade were commissioned to Serbia and Montenegro until 2006, and thereafter to Serbia.

Notes

Clarifications on Appointments

Dodge was commissioned to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Prince was commissioned to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and continued to serve as ambassador after the nation was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929.
Wilson was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on January 15, 1934.
Wilson was commissioned to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
The king had fled Belgrade on April 14, 1941, in anticipation of a German invasion.
Biddle served near the Yugoslav government-in-exile in England.
Biddle was also commissioned to the governments-in-exile of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Poland; resident in London.
The government-in-exile of Yugoslavia transferred to Cairo on September 28, 1943.
MacVeagh served near the Yugoslav government-in-exile in Cairo.
MacVeagh was also commissioned to the government-in-exile of Greece; resident in Cairo.
The government-in-exile of Yugoslavia transferred back to England on March 11, 1944. On July 1, 1944, Rudolf E. Schoenfeld was designated Chargé d'Affaires ad interim near the Government of Yugoslavia established in England.
Patterson served near the government-in-exile in London. The U.S. Embassy was transferred back to Belgrade on March 31, 1945.
Rankin was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on January 29, 1968.
Leonhart was commissioned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Montgomery was originally commissioned to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and continued to serve after its name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro on February 4, 2003.

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References

Prince was commissioned to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and continued to serve as ambassador after the nation was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929.

Wilson was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on January 15, 1934.

Biddle was also commissioned to the governments-in-exile of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Poland; resident in London.

Patterson served near the government-in-exile in London. The U.S. Embassy was transferred back to Belgrade March 31, 1945.

Allen was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on February 2, 1950.

Rankin was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on January 29, 1968.

Montgomery was originally commissioned to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and continued to serve after its name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro on February 4, 2003.

A full list of references for this article are available at the List of ambassadors of the United States to Yugoslavia Wikipedia page

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Chronicles of Diplomacy

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