What was the historical basis for the territory that would become New York state, and who were its initial European colonists?

The territory that eventually became New York state was initially settled by European colonists as part of the New Netherland colony during the 17th century. These colonists were primarily of Dutch, Flemish, Walloon, and German stock, and they operated under the command of the Dutch West India Company. The colony was intended to exploit the North American fur trade and encompassed parts of present-day New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Delaware.

When and how did English control begin over the territory of New Netherland?

English control over New Netherland began in 1664. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, English forces, led by Richard Nicolls, took control of the Dutch colony. This transfer of power marked the end of Dutch rule, although the Dutch briefly retook the colony from 1673 to 1674 before it permanently became an English and later British possession until the American colonies declared independence.

What was the arrangement for colonial governors in New York and New Jersey starting in 1702?

Beginning in 1702, the provinces of New York and the neighboring colony of New Jersey shared a royal governor. This arrangement started with the appointment of Edward Hyde, Lord Clarendon, as the Royal Governor of both New York and New Jersey. This shared governorship continued until 1738 when New Jersey received its own distinct royal governor.

What was the primary purpose of the New Netherland colony established by the Dutch West India Company?

The New Netherland colony was established by the Dutch West India Company primarily as a private business venture. Its main objective was to exploit the lucrative North American fur trade. By the 1650s, the colony had grown significantly and became an important trading port in the North Atlantic.

Who was Cornelius Jacobsen May, and what were his key contributions as the first Director of New Netherland?

Cornelius Jacobsen May served as the first Director of New Netherland from 1624 to 1625. He played a crucial role in the early exploration of the region, charting Delaware Bay, New York Bay, and the Hudson River. May also established the initial Dutch presence with a base on Nut Island (later Governors Island) and outposts such as Fort Nassau on the Delaware River. The area known as Cape May was named in his honor.

What significant construction projects were initiated under Willem Verhulst's directorship?

Willem Verhulst, who served as Director from 1625 to 1626, initiated the construction of key fortifications in New Netherland. He oversaw the beginning of Fort Amsterdam on the southern tip of Manhattan Island and also the construction of Fort Wilhelmus on the Delaware River. Verhulst's tenure was short due to his unpopularity with the colonists.

What is Peter Minuit most famously known for during his time as Director-General?

Peter Minuit, who served as Director-General from 1626 to 1631, is most famously known for the purchase of the island of Manhattan from Native Americans. This significant transaction occurred on May 24, 1626, and is historically noted as being completed for goods valued at 60 Dutch guilders. This acquisition formed the foundation for the settlement of New Amsterdam.

Who was Sebastiaen Jansen Krol, and what role did he play before and during his brief term as Director General?

Sebastiaen Jansen Krol served as Director General of New Netherland in 1632, but he had previously held a significant position as Commander at Fort Orange (present-day Albany) before and after his term. His leadership during this period helped maintain Dutch presence in the region.

What were some of the key events and challenges during Wouter van Twiller's governorship?

Wouter van Twiller served as Director from 1633 to 1638. Despite being a former Dutch West India Company warehouse clerk who gained his position through family connections, his tenure saw notable events. He purchased Nut Island (later Governor's Island) from the Canarsee tribe and also experienced the loss of the colony's claim to the Connecticut River valley to New England settlers, while also pushing back against Virginia settlers attempting to establish themselves on the Delaware River valley.

What conflicts arose during Willem Kieft's directorship, and what was the outcome for him?

Willem Kieft's directorship (1638-1647) was marked by conflict with the indigenous Lenape tribe, as he attempted to drive them out of the area. His aggressive actions, including attacks on settlements like Pavonia and Corlears Hook, led to Kieft's War. Due to these conflicts and his management, Kieft was fired by the Dutch West India Company in 1647 and died at sea while returning to Amsterdam.

Who was Peter Stuyvesant, and what were some of his notable actions as Director General?

Peter Stuyvesant served as the last Director General of New Netherland from 1647 to 1664. During his tenure, he authorized charters for settlements like Communipaw and Bergen (now Jersey City) in 1660. He also dealt with conflicts such as the Peach War in 1655, where New Amsterdam and surrounding areas were attacked by the Lenape, and led successful campaigns in the Esopus Wars against the Lenape and Esopus tribes. Ultimately, he surrendered New Netherland to the British forces.

What happened to New Netherland during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and what was the city renamed?

During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch recaptured New Amsterdam from the English in 1673. Under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Captain Anthony Colve, the city was renamed New Orange. This Dutch control was brief, lasting only until the following year.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Westminster (1674) for New York?

The Second Treaty of Westminster, signed in 1674, formally ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War and compelled the Dutch to relinquish their claim to New Netherland, including the city then known as New Orange, back to the British. This treaty confirmed British sovereignty over the territory, which had been renamed New York by the English in 1664.

Who was Anthony Colve, and what was the duration of his governorship?

Anthony Colve was a Dutch former naval captain who served as Governor of the recaptured colony of New Netherland (renamed New Orange) from 1673 to 1674. His authority ended with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster in 1674, which returned the colony to English control, although news of the treaty's terms took time to reach the New World.

What was the Dominion of New England, and how did it affect New York's governance?

The Dominion of New England was a consolidated administrative entity created by the English Crown that incorporated the New England colonies, New York, and New Jersey. New York was part of this Dominion for a short period, specifically from May 1688 to April 1689. During this time, its governance was integrated into the larger Dominion structure, rather than operating as a separate province.

Who was Richard Nicolls, and what was his role in the transition of New York from Dutch to English rule?

Richard Nicolls was an English military leader who played a pivotal role in the transfer of New Netherland to English control. He commanded the English forces that arrived in 1664, demanding the surrender of the Dutch colony. Nicolls then served as the first English governor of the territory, which was renamed New York, from 1664 to 1668.

Who was Francis Lovelace, and during what years did he serve as Governor of New York?

Francis Lovelace served as the Governor of New York from 1668 to 1673. He succeeded Richard Nicolls and held the position during a period of English administration before the brief Dutch recapture of the colony.

Who was Edmund Andros, and what were his terms of service as governor in New York?

Edmund Andros served as Governor of New York from 1674 to 1683, following the final English acquisition of the colony. He later also served as the governor of the Dominion of New England, which included New York for a period. His initial governorship established English administrative structures after the Dutch era.

What role did Anthony Brockholls play in the colonial government of New York?

Anthony Brockholls served as the Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and acted as governor of New York from approximately 1681 to 1683. He held a position of authority during the period leading up to Thomas Dongan's governorship.

Who was Thomas Dongan, and what significant period did his governorship cover?

Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, served as Governor of New York from 1683 to 1688. His tenure marked a significant period of English administration following the earlier Dutch rule and the brief restoration. He was governor when New York was incorporated into the Dominion of New England.

Who was Jacob Leisler, and what was his role during the period of the Dominion of New England?

Jacob Leisler was a militia officer who led a rebellion and effectively took control of New York from 1688 to 1691. His actions occurred during the period when New York was part of the Dominion of New England, and he governed in opposition to the established Dominion authority until the arrival of a new royal governor.

Who were the acting governors of New York between 1691 and 1710, and what does 'acting governor' signify?

Between 1691 and 1710, several individuals served as acting governors of New York, including Richard Ingoldesby (twice), Pieter Schuyler, Gerardus Beekman, and John Nanfan. An acting governor typically assumes the duties of the governor temporarily, often due to the absence, death, or incapacitation of the appointed governor, or during transitions between administrations.

Who was Henry Sloughter, and what was the duration of his governorship?

Henry Sloughter served as Governor of New York in 1691. His term was notably brief, as he died in the same year he took office. His appointment followed the period of Jacob Leisler's rule.

Who was Benjamin Fletcher, and what years did he govern New York?

Benjamin Fletcher served as the Governor of New York from 1692 to 1697. His administration followed the brief governorship of Henry Sloughter and the acting governorships that ensued.

Who was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, and when did he serve as Governor?

Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, served as the Governor of New York from 1698 until his death on March 5, 1701 (which was 1700 Julian, but 1701 Gregorian). His governorship occurred during a period of significant colonial administration.

Who was Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, and what was his role in governing New York and New Jersey?

Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, served as the Royal Governor of both New York and New Jersey from 1702 to 1708. He was Queen Anne's cousin and his appointment marked the beginning of a period where these two provinces shared a single royal governor, a situation established after the unification of East and West Jersey.

Who was John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace, and when did he hold the governorship?

John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace, served as the Governor of New York from 1708 until his death in 1709. His tenure followed that of Edward Hyde, Lord Clarendon.

Who was Robert Hunter, and during what years did he serve as Governor of New York?

Robert Hunter served as the Governor of New York from 1710 to 1719. His administration followed a series of acting governors and preceded William Burnet's term.

What were the years of William Burnet's governorship in New York?

William Burnet served as the Governor of New York from 1720 to 1728. He succeeded Robert Hunter and was followed by John Montgomerie.

Who was Rip Van Dam, and what was his role as acting governor?

Rip Van Dam served as the acting governor of New York from 1731 to 1732. Acting governors typically step in during periods when a formal governor is absent or has left office, ensuring continuity of government. His term followed John Montgomerie's governorship.

Who was William Cosby, and when did he serve as Governor of New York?

William Cosby served as the Governor of New York from 1732 to 1736. His governorship followed the acting term of Rip Van Dam.

Who was George Clarke, and what was his role as acting governor?

George Clarke served as the acting governor of New York from 1736 to 1743. He took over the gubernatorial duties after William Cosby's term ended and before George Clinton's appointment.

Who was George Clinton, and what were the years of his governorship?

George Clinton served as the Governor of New York from 1743 to 1753. His long tenure followed the acting governorship of George Clarke and preceded the brief term of Sir Danvers Osborn.

Who was Sir Danvers Osborn, and what characterized his brief governorship?

Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet, served as Governor of New York in 1753. His term was exceptionally short, as he died in the same year he took office. He succeeded George Clinton and was followed by James De Lancey as acting governor.

Who was Charles Hardy, and when did he serve as Governor of New York?

Charles Hardy served as the Governor of New York from 1755 to 1758. His administration took place during the mid-18th century, following a period of acting governorships.

Who was Cadwallader Colden, and in what capacities did he serve the colonial government?

Cadwallader Colden served multiple times as the acting governor of New York. He held this position from 1760 to 1762, again from 1763 to 1765, from 1769 to 1770, and finally from 1774 to 1775. His long involvement in colonial administration highlights his significant role during the later British period.

Who was Robert Monckton, and during what years did he govern New York?

Robert Monckton served as the Governor of New York from 1762 to 1763. His term occurred between two periods when Cadwallader Colden was acting governor.

Who was Sir Henry Moore, and when did he serve as Governor of New York?

Sir Henry Moore, 1st Baronet, served as the Governor of New York from 1765 to 1769. His governorship followed a period of acting leadership by Cadwallader Colden.

Who was John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, and what were the years of his governorship in New York?

John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, served as the Governor of New York from 1770 to 1771. His term was brief and preceded William Tryon's governorship.

Who was William Tryon, and what were the periods of his service as Governor of New York?

William Tryon served as the Governor of New York in two periods: from 1771 to 1774 and again from 1775 to 1780. His tenure spanned crucial years leading up to and during the early stages of the American Revolution.

Who were the last colonial governors of New York before the American Revolution?

The last individuals to serve as governors of New York before the American colonies declared independence in 1776 were William Tryon, who served until 1774 and then again from 1775 to 1780, and Cadwallader Colden, who served as acting governor from 1774 to 1775. Following Tryon's departure, military governors James Robertson and Andrew Elliot briefly held command until 1783.

What is the purpose of the 'See also' section in the article?

The 'See also' section provides links to related articles that offer further information on topics connected to the list of colonial governors. It directs readers to lists of governors of New York state after independence, the Directors-General of New Netherland, and the colonial governors of New Jersey, allowing for a broader understanding of the region's leadership history.

What information does the 'Bibliography' section provide?

The 'Bibliography' section lists sources that were consulted or are recommended for further reading on the topic. In this case, it specifically mentions 'Paterson, David. "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity."' published by Skyhorse Publishing, indicating a source related to leadership history.

What does the image caption of Johannes Vingboons' drawing depict?

The image caption describes a drawing by Johannes Vingboons depicting the city of New Amsterdam in 1664. This was the same year the Dutch authorities surrendered the New Netherland colony to English forces under Richard Nicolls, marking a significant transition in colonial control.

What does the map titled 'Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ' from 1685 illustrate?

The 1685 map, a reprint of an earlier 1650 version titled 'Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ,' visually represents territories including Virginia, New Netherland, and New England. This map provides a historical geographical context for the colonial divisions of the era.

What was the nature of the Dutch West India Company's involvement in New Netherland?

The Dutch West India Company was the entity that established and commanded the New Netherland colony in the 17th century. It was a private enterprise focused on exploiting the North American fur trade, and it directed the colonial administration, including appointing the Director-General.

What geographical area did New Netherland claim?

New Netherland, the 17th-century colonial province of the Dutch Republic and the Dutch West India Company, claimed territories along the eastern coast of North America. Its claimed area extended from the Delmarva Peninsula down to southwestern Cape Cod.

Which present-day U.S. states were formed from the settled areas of New Netherland?

The settled areas of New Netherland now constitute significant portions of several present-day U.S. states. These include New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, as well as parts of Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.

Where was the provincial capital of New Netherland located?

The provincial capital of New Netherland was New Amsterdam. It was situated at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, overlooking Upper New York Bay.

What event led to the transfer of New Netherland to England according to the Treaty of Breda?

The transfer of New Netherland to England was a consequence of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Following the English takeover in 1664, the territory officially changed hands per the terms of the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the conflict.

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Forging a Colony: An Overview

Dutch Foundations

The region destined to become New York was initially settled by European colonists as the Dutch province of New Netherland in the 17th century. This venture, driven by the Dutch West India Company, aimed to exploit the North American fur trade. The colony grew into a significant port, characterized by a diverse population and its capital, New Amsterdam, situated on Manhattan Island.

English Ascendancy

In 1664, English forces seized control of New Netherland, renaming it New York. Despite a brief Dutch recapture between 1673 and 1674, the territory remained under English and later British rule until the American Revolution. This period saw the establishment of the Province of New York, with its governance evolving under various colonial administrators.

Shared Governance

From 1702 to 1738, New York and the neighboring colony of New Jersey shared a common royal governor. This arrangement, initiated under Queen Anne, reflected the administrative structures of the time and influenced the development of both regions before New Jersey was granted its own distinct governor.

Dutch Era: Directors of New Netherland (1624–1664; 1673–1674)

The leadership of New Netherland was vested in Directors or Director-Generals, appointed by the Dutch West India Company. These individuals managed the colony's affairs, trade, and defense during its formative years.

#	Director (or Director-General)	Took Office	Left Office	Key Contributions & Notes
1	Cornelius Jacobsen May	1624	1625	Explored key waterways; established initial outposts. Cape May named in his honor.
2	Willem Verhulst	1625	1626	Initiated construction of Fort Amsterdam; faced colonial discontent.
3	Peter Minuit	1626	1631	Facilitated the famous purchase of Manhattan Island for 60 guilders.
4	Sebastiaen Jansen Krol	1632	1633	Served as Commander at Fort Orange before and after his term.
5	Wouter van Twiller	1633	1638	Expanded colonial claims; faced territorial disputes with New England and Virginia settlers.
6	Willem Kieft	1638	1647	Oversaw periods of conflict, including Kieft's War; dismissed by the Company.
7	Peter Stuyvesant	1647	1664	Last Dutch Director-General; authorized settlements, managed conflicts (Peach War, Esopus Wars), and ultimately surrendered the colony to the English. Also served as Director of Curaçao.

Brief Restoration: New Orange (1673–1674)

During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly recaptured New Amsterdam, renaming it New Orange. This period of Dutch administration was short-lived, concluding with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster.

Portrait	Governor	Took Office	Left Office	Notes
	Anthony Colve	1673	1674	Governed during the brief Dutch restoration; authority ended with the Treaty of Westminster.

British Era: Governors of New York (1664–1673; 1674–1783)

Following the English takeover, the territory was organized as the Province of New York. Governors were appointed by the Crown, overseeing administration, law, and defense, with a brief interruption during the Dominion of New England.

#	Governor	Took Office	Left Office	Notes
1	Richard Nicolls	1664	1668	Served as military governor following the English conquest.
2	Francis Lovelace	1668	1673	Continued English administration.
3	Anthony Colve (Dutch Governor)	1673	1674	Governed during the brief Dutch rule as "New Orange".
4	Edmund Andros	1674	1683	Initial governor after the final English restoration.
5	Anthony Brockholls	1681	1683	Commander-in-Chief and acting governor.
6	Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick	1683	1688	Established the first representative assembly.
7	Francis Nicholson	1688	1691	Served under the Dominion of New England; de facto rule until 1689.
8	Jacob Leisler	1688	1691	Led a rebellion against the Dominion's authority.
9	Henry Sloughter	1691	1691	Appointed governor, but died shortly after arrival.
10	Richard Ingoldesby	1691	1692	Military officer serving as acting governor.
11	Benjamin Fletcher	1692	1697	Governed during a period of piracy suppression efforts.
12	Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont	1698	1701	Died in office; focused on combating piracy and corruption.
13	John Nanfan	1701	1702	Acting governor following Bellomont's death.
14	Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon	1702	1708	First governor to also govern New Jersey.
15	John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace	1708	1709	Died in office.
16	Pieter Schuyler	1709	1709	Acting governor.
17	Richard Ingoldesby	1709	1710	Acting governor for a second time.
18	Gerardus Beekman	1710	1710	Acting governor.
19	Robert Hunter	1710	1719	Known for efforts against piracy and promoting settlement.
20	Pieter Schuyler	1719	1720	Acting governor.
21	William Burnet	1720	1728	Focused on border defense and trade regulation.
22	John Montgomerie	1728	1731	Died in office.
23	Rip Van Dam	1731	1732	Acting governor.
24	William Cosby	1732	1736	His administration was marked by significant political conflict.
25	George Clarke	1736	1743	Acting governor during a period of political tension.
26	George Clinton	1743	1753	Longest-serving royal governor; oversaw French and Indian War preparations.
27	Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet	1753	1753	Died by suicide shortly after arrival.
28	James De Lancey	1753	1755	Acting governor.
29	Charles Hardy	1755	1758	Naval officer who served as governor.
30	James De Lancey	1758	1760	Acting governor for a second term.
31	Cadwallader Colden	1760	1762	Acting governor; influential figure in colonial administration.
32	Robert Monckton	1762	1763	British military commander before becoming governor.
33	Cadwallader Colden	1763	1765	Acting governor.
34	Sir Henry Moore, 1st Baronet	1665	1769	Governed during a period of increasing colonial unrest.
35	Cadwallader Colden	1769	1770	Acting governor.
36	John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore	1770	1771	Later served as Governor of Virginia.
37	William Tryon	1771	1774	Governor during the lead-up to the Revolution.
38	Cadwallader Colden	1774	1775	Acting governor.
39	William Tryon	1775	1780	Continued as governor during the Revolutionary War, though often absent.
40	James Robertson	1780	1783	Military governor during the latter part of the war.
41	Andrew Elliot	1783	1783	Military governor at the end of British rule.

Historical Context

Administrative Evolution

The transition from Dutch to English rule marked a significant shift in governance. The English governors inherited and adapted existing administrative structures, while also introducing new legal and political frameworks, including the establishment of a representative assembly under Thomas Dongan.

Conflict and Diplomacy

Colonial governors navigated complex relationships with indigenous tribes, other European powers (particularly France), and internal political factions. Events like Kieft's War, the Peach War, and the French and Indian War profoundly shaped the colony's trajectory and the governors' responsibilities.

Shaping a Colony

The leadership during these periods laid the groundwork for the future state of New York. Figures like Peter Stuyvesant, Thomas Dongan, and George Clinton played pivotal roles in shaping the colony's administration, economy, and social fabric, influencing its path towards eventual statehood.

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References

Jacobs, Jaap. New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America. (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 35.

van der Sijs, Nicoline. Cookies, Coleslaw and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009), 21.

Dolin, Eric Jay. Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011) passim.

World Digital Library. Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664. Retrieved 21 March 2013

Farnham, Mary Frances (compiler). "Farnham Papers (1603â1688)" in Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine. (Portland, Maine: Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd Series. 1901â1902), 7:311â314.

Parry, Clive (editor). Consolidated Treaty Series 231 Volumes. (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, 1969â1981), 10:231.

Burrows, Edwin G., and Wallace, Mike. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), xivff.

Merwick, Donna. The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland Early American Series. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).

Shorto, Russell. The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America. (New York City: Vintage Books, 2004).

Barrevald, Dirk J. From New Amsterdam to New York: The Founding of New York by the Dutch in July 1625. (Lincoln, Nebraska: Writers Club Press, 2001), 248.

Prak, Maarten. The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 116.

A full list of references for this article are available at the List of colonial governors of New York Wikipedia page

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Colonial Pillars

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

📜 Forging a Colony: An Overview

🏛️ Dutch Foundations

👑 English Ascendancy

🤝 Shared Governance

🇳🇱 Dutch Era: Directors of New Netherland (1624–1664; 1673–1674)

⏳ Brief Restoration: New Orange (1673–1674)

🇬🇧 British Era: Governors of New York (1664–1673; 1674–1783)

📊 Historical Context

⚙️ Administrative Evolution

⚔️ Conflict and Diplomacy

🗺️ Shaping a Colony

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Forging a Colony: An Overview

Dutch Foundations

English Ascendancy

Shared Governance

Dutch Era: Directors of New Netherland (1624–1664; 1673–1674)

Brief Restoration: New Orange (1673–1674)

British Era: Governors of New York (1664–1673; 1674–1783)

Historical Context

Administrative Evolution

Conflict and Diplomacy

Shaping a Colony

Teacher's Corner

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References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice