Global Sovereignty Atlas
An academic exploration of statehood, recognition, and international standing, detailing the criteria and classifications of sovereign states worldwide.
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Understanding Sovereignty
Defining Sovereign States
A sovereign state is a political entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. It is typically characterized by a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. The concept of statehood, however, is complex and often contentious, with varying interpretations and criteria applied globally.
Global Representation
This atlas provides an overview of the world's sovereign states, categorizing them based on their membership within the United Nations system and the recognition status of their sovereignty. It aims to clarify the intricate landscape of international political entities.
The Challenge of Classification
Compiling a definitive list of sovereign states is inherently complicated due to the absence of a universally binding definition of statehood. This resource navigates these complexities by adhering to established international legal standards and diplomatic recognition practices.
Criteria for Inclusion
Declarative Theory
The predominant standard in customary international law is the declarative theory of statehood, codified by the Montevideo Convention of 1933. This theory posits that a state is a person of international law if it possesses:
- A permanent population.
- A defined territory.
- A government.
- A capacity to enter into relations with other states.
Crucially, statehood under this theory is considered objective and independent of recognition by other states.
The Role of Recognition
While the declarative theory emphasizes objective criteria, the constitutive theory of statehood argues that recognition by other states is essential for an entity to be considered a state. For the purpose of this list, entities are included if they generally satisfy the declarative theory or are recognized by at least one UN member state. Disagreements over these criteria contribute to disputes over sovereignty.
Inclusion Principles
Based on these criteria, this atlas includes entities that consider themselves sovereign states and either meet the declarative theory's requirements or are recognized by at least one UN member state. Entities that do not meet the classification of a sovereign state are considered proto-states.
Categorizing States
UN System Membership
The listed states are primarily categorized by their relationship with the United Nations system:
- UN Member States: Currently, there are 193 member states, representing the vast majority of internationally recognized sovereign nations.
- UN General Assembly Observer States: Two entities hold observer status, allowing participation without full membership rights.
This classification provides a foundational framework for understanding global political participation.
Sovereignty Disputes
A significant number of states face disputes regarding their sovereignty. These disputes can arise from territorial claims, contested borders, or challenges to governmental authority. The classification of 'disputed sovereignty' highlights entities where the extent or legitimacy of their sovereign control is not universally accepted.
Associated States
Some entities maintain a special political status, often in free association with another sovereign state. These arrangements typically grant significant autonomy while the associated state retains responsibility for defense and foreign affairs. Examples include the Marshall Islands and Micronesia, which are associated with the United States.
The Landscape of Recognition
Diplomatic Recognition
Diplomatic recognition is a crucial element in the international system. It signifies a state's acceptance by other states, influencing its ability to engage in international diplomacy, join international organizations, and participate fully in the global community.
Contested Claims
The source material highlights several instances where recognition is contested. For example, the People's Republic of China is not recognized by 11 UN member states and Vatican City, all of which recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead. Similarly, Israel's statehood is partially unrecognised by numerous UN members.
Ambiguity and Nuance
The presence of entities with disputed sovereignty or partial recognition demonstrates that statehood is not always a clear-cut binary. This atlas aims to present these nuances accurately, reflecting the dynamic nature of international relations and the ongoing evolution of state recognition.
Internal Structures & Territories
Federal and Autonomous Regions
Many sovereign states are structured as federations or possess autonomous regions, granting varying degrees of self-governance to constituent parts. Examples include:
- Federations: Brazil (26 states, 1 federal district), Germany (16 states), India (28 states, 8 union territories), Nigeria (36 states, 1 federal territory).
- Autonomous Regions: China (5 autonomous regions like Tibet, Xinjiang), Italy (5 autonomous regions), Spain (17 autonomous communities).
Dependent Territories
Several states exercise sovereignty over dependent territories, which are areas not fully integrated into the sovereign state but under its jurisdiction. These can range from overseas departments (like French Guiana) to self-governing territories (like Greenland, associated with Denmark).
Special Administrative Regions
Some states have established Special Administrative Regions (SARs) with a high degree of autonomy under the principle of 'one country, two systems'. Hong Kong and Macau, administered by China, are prime examples of this unique status, reflecting distinct legal and economic frameworks.
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References
References
- This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute. Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed.
- For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see List of autonomous areas by country.
- Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as Zaire, its official name from 1971 to 1997.
- The designation "Denmark" can refer either to Metropolitan Denmark or to the entire Danish Realm (e.g. in international organisations).
- The country's official name of Myanmar, adopted in 1989, has been mixed and controversial, with the former name Burma still being used in many cases. See Names of Myanmar.
- Formerly known as Ceylon until 1972.
- Formerly the "Republic of Turkey". In 2023, the United Nations recognized "Türkiye" as the official English name of the country after a request made by the Turkish government.
- Though de facto recognized by the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- Question of Western Sahara A/RES/34/37 (1979)
- Question of Western Sahara A/RES/35/19 (1980)
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Academic Disclaimer
Important Notice
This content has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence, drawing upon publicly available data from Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, it is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The complex and often politically sensitive nature of statehood and international recognition means that this overview may not capture every nuance or the most current developments.
This is not political or legal advice. The information provided herein should not be considered a substitute for professional consultation with experts in international law, political science, or diplomacy. Always consult official documentation and qualified professionals for definitive guidance on matters of statehood, sovereignty, and international relations.
The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented.