What is Bazaar Malay, and how did it originate?

Bazaar Malay, also known as low Malay or Melayu Pasar, was a lingua franca that emerged through interethnic contact and trade across the Southeast Asian archipelago. It is generally believed to have been a pidgin language, influenced by interactions between Malay speakers, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.

What were some distinctive characteristics of Bazaar Malay?

Bazaar Malay featured several simplifications common in pidgins. Notably, possessives were formed using 'punya' (meaning 'its owner' or 'to have'), plural pronouns were created with 'orang' (person), and only the Malayic affixes 'tər-' and 'bər-' remained productive. Additionally, 'ada' functioned as a progressive particle, and reduced forms of 'ini' (this) and 'itu' (that) appeared before nouns.

How were causative constructions formed in Bazaar Malay?

Causative constructions in Bazaar Malay were typically formed using verbs like 'kasi' or 'bəri' (to give), or 'bikin' or 'buat' (to make), followed by the verb that was being caused.

What preposition was commonly used in Bazaar Malay for multiple functions?

A single preposition, often 'sama', was used in Bazaar Malay to serve multiple functions, including indicating direct and indirect objects.

What is Baba Malay, and where is it spoken?

Baba Malay is a language spoken by the Peranakans in Malacca, Malaysia, and Singapore. It developed as a contact language between Hokkien male settlers and local Malay women.

What is the grammatical and lexical composition of Baba Malay?

Baba Malay is characterized by having more Hokkien grammar while retaining a significant Malay lexicon. This blend reflects its origins as a creole formed from the interaction of Hokkien and Malay speakers.

What is Baba Indonesian, and where is it spoken?

Baba Indonesian, also known as Peranakan Indonesian, is a variant of Baba Malay spoken by Chinese-Indonesians in various regions of Indonesia, particularly in East Java, Central Java, West Java, North Sumatra, and West Kalimantan.

What languages contribute to Baba Indonesian, especially in Surabaya?

Baba Indonesian is a mixture of Indonesian (the national language), local languages, and Chinese elements. In Surabaya, the variant known as Basa Suroboyoan has a strong emphasis on low Javanese (ngoko Javanese) and an informal tone, and is spoken by both Chinese-Indonesians and non-Chinese-Indonesians when interacting with them.

What is Betawi Malay, and what is its relationship with Jakarta Indonesian?

Betawi Malay, also known as Batavian Malay or Jakartanese, is the language of the Betawi people in and around Jakarta, Indonesia. Its traditional dialects differ significantly from Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, which is the vernacular Indonesian used as a lingua franca in the region. In modern Jakarta, Betawi and Indonesian exist on a continuum, with traditional Betawi varieties forming the basilect and Standard Indonesian the acrolect.

What is Thousand Islands Malay, and what languages influenced it?

Thousand Islands Malay, also known as Orang Pulo language or Melayu Campuran, is a Malay-based creole spoken by the Orang Pulo people inhabiting the Thousand Islands off the coast of Jakarta, Indonesia. It emerged from a mixture of various Indonesian languages, notably Buginese and Malay.

What is Malaccan Creole Malay, and who are its primary speakers?

Malaccan Creole Malay, also known as Malay Chetty or Chitties/Chetties Malay, is a Malay-based creole language spoken by the Chetties (Indian Peranakans) primarily in Malacca, Malaysia, and Singapore. These communities adopted Chinese and Malay cultural practices while retaining their Hindu heritage.

What are the linguistic influences on Sri Lanka Malay?

Sri Lankan Malay, also known as Sri Lankan Creole Malay, is a Malay-based creole language formed from a mixture of Sinhala and Shonam (Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil), with Malay serving as the primary lexifier language.

When did Singapore Bazaar Malay emerge, and what was its purpose?

Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged around the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819. Its purpose was to overcome communication and business transaction barriers among the diverse groups involved in trade.

What languages influenced Singapore Bazaar Malay, and what is its current status?

Singapore Bazaar Malay was influenced by Tamil and Hokkien, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language and Malay the lexifier. While it served as a lingua franca, its status is declining, with English and Singlish becoming the dominant languages among younger generations.

What are some loanwords found in Sabah Malay?

Sabah Malay incorporates loanwords from various languages, including Dusun, Tausug, Sama-Bajau languages, Chabacano, Brunei Malay, Indonesian, and standard Malaysian, as well as other ethnic languages native to Sabah and North Kalimantan.

What is the linguistic makeup of Makassar Malay?

Makassar Malay is a creole-based mixed language that utilizes Bazaar Malay lexicon, Makassarese inflections, and a syntax that blends both Malay and Makassarese elements.

How is Makassar Malay used in South Sulawesi and surrounding areas?

Makassar Malay is widely spoken as a first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, particularly by those born after the 1980s. It has also spread as a regional lingua franca or second language throughout southern Sulawesi and parts of Eastern Indonesia and East Kalimantan, facilitating communication between different tribal and ethnic groups.

What is Balinese Malay, and what is its current status?

Balinese Malay, also known as Loloan Malay or Omong Kampong, is a dialect of Malay spoken on the island of Bali, primarily by ethnic Malays in the northwestern districts of Melaya and Negara. Its current status is considered threatened.

What was Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin, and who used it?

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin was a pidgin language that developed in Broome, Western Australia, in the early 20th century. It facilitated communication among the diverse groups involved in the pearling industry, including Japanese, Malays, Torres Strait Islanders, Koepangers, Hakka Chinese, Filipinos, Sri Lankans, Koreans, and Indigenous Australians.

What are some common phonetic and grammatical features of Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles?

Common features include the vowel 'e' (schwa) becoming 'a', 'e', or assimilating to a following vowel; 'i' and 'u' being lowered to 'e' and 'o' respectively, especially at syllable ends; loss of final plosives (p, t, k) and nasals; and the reduction of perfective markers like 'juga' to 'ju' or 'jo', 'lebih' to 'le', and 'mau' to 'mo'.

How does Alor Malay relate to Kupang Malay?

Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay, but it differs significantly from it, particularly in its pronoun system.

What is the origin and role of Ambonese Malay?

Ambonese Malay, or simply Ambonese, is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ambon Island in Eastern Indonesia. It was initially brought by traders from Western Indonesia and later developed during the Dutch colonial era, where it was used by missionaries and taught in schools, becoming a lingua franca in the region.

What makes Banda Malay distinct from Ambonese Malay?

Banda Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay spoken in the Banda Islands. It is perceived by speakers of Ambonese Malay as sounding 'funny' due to its unique linguistic features.

What is the linguistic history and influence on Dili Malay?

Dili Malay, spoken in Dili, Timor Leste, originated as a pidgin language before developing into a creole language. Due to the historical Portuguese presence, it has loanwords from Portuguese and Tetum, with minor influences from other native languages.

What are the linguistic characteristics and influences of Gorap?

Gorap is a Malay-based creole language spoken by the Gorap ethnic group in Halmahera, Indonesia. It shares vocabulary with Papuan languages and languages from Sulawesi, such as Buginese and Cia-Cia, with about 60% of its attested words showing shared vocabulary with these languages. Gorap is classified as endangered by UNESCO.

What is Kupang Malay, and how is it used today?

Kupang Malay, or Kupang language, is a Malay-based creole language spoken in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It is currently used as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communication and also has native speakers.

What is Larantuka Malay, and what is its origin and function?

Larantuka Malay, also known as Nagi or Melayu Larantuka, is a Malay-based creole language spoken in eastern Flores, Indonesia, particularly in Larantuka. It is thought to originate from Malacca and serves as the mother tongue for the Nagi people and a second language for nearby communities.

What is Manado Malay, and what is its local name and orthography?

Manado Malay, also known as Manadonese or Minahasa Malay, is a creole language spoken in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its local name is 'bahasa Manado'. Since it is primarily a spoken language, there is no standard orthography.

What are the influences on Sula Malay?

Sula Malay, spoken in the Sula Islands and Taliabu Island, is heavily influenced by other languages, including loanwords from Ambonese Malay and Dutch. It also features vocabulary contractions, similar to North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay).

What is North Moluccan Malay, and what is its local name?

North Moluccan Malay, also known as Ternate Malay, is a Malay-based creole language spoken in North Maluku, Indonesia, for intergroup communication. Its local name is 'bahasa Pasar', meaning 'market language'.

What is Papuan Malay, and how is it evolving?

Papuan Malay, or Irian Malay, is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the Indonesian part of New Guinea. It originated as a contact language for trading and daily communication among tribes and is now increasingly being influenced by Standard Indonesian, with a growing number of native speakers.

What is the linguistic composition of Ternate/North Moluccan Malay?

North Moluccan Malay is a Malay-based creole language. One of its varieties is Sula Malay, which was influenced by Ambonese Malay. It is commonly written using Indonesian orthography.

What is the origin and function of the Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin example provided?

The example 'Chirikurok -kaa hokurok -kaa peke kriki.' illustrates the pidgin's structure, combining English ('three o'clock', 'four o'clock', 'creek') and Japanese ('or') with Malay ('go'). It translates to 'We will enter the creek at three or four o'clock,' showing how different languages were mixed for communication.

What are some of the phonetic changes observed in Eastern Indonesia Malay creoles?

Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles exhibit phonetic changes such as the reduction of the vowel 'e' (schwa) to 'a', 'e', or assimilation to a following vowel. Additionally, 'i' and 'u' can be lowered to 'e' and 'o', especially at the end of syllables, and final plosives (p, t, k) and nasals are often lost.

How does the Malay language spread contribute to the diversity of creole languages?

Malay's historical role as a classical, literary, and trade language facilitated its spread across Southeast Asia. This widespread use, coupled with interethnic contact and trade, led to the development of various regional dialects and eventually resulted in the formation of numerous Malay-based pidgins and creole languages.

What is the significance of 'Melayu Pasar' or 'Bazaar Malay' in the context of Malay trade languages?

Melayu Pasar, or Bazaar Malay, was a crucial lingua franca that facilitated trade and communication among diverse ethnic groups in the Southeast Asian Archipelago. Its development as a pidgin language, influenced by multiple languages, highlights the adaptive nature of language in contact situations.

What is the relationship between standard Malay and its creole forms?

Creole forms of Malay, like Baba Malay or Ambonese Malay, often develop from simplified contact varieties (pidgins) of standard or regional Malay. These creoles typically retain much of the lexicon from Malay but may develop distinct grammatical structures influenced by substrate languages or the creolization process itself.

What role did trade play in the development of Malay creole languages?

Trade was a primary driver for the development of Malay creole languages. As Malay became a lingua franca for commerce across maritime Southeast Asia, contact between speakers of Malay and various other languages led to the simplification and eventual creolization of the language to facilitate these interactions.

How do loanwords from languages like Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch influence Malay creoles?

Loanwords from languages like Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch are integrated into Malay creoles, reflecting the specific contact situations in which they developed. For instance, Baba Malay shows Hokkien grammatical influence and lexicon, while Dili Malay incorporates Portuguese and Tetum words, demonstrating how substrate and adstrate languages shape creole vocabulary and grammar.

What does the term 'Peranakan' refer to in the context of Baba Malay and Baba Indonesian?

The term 'Peranakan' refers to people of mixed heritage, specifically those of Chinese and Malay or Indonesian descent, who developed distinct cultural and linguistic identities. Baba Malay and Baba Indonesian are spoken by these Peranakan communities.

What is the general trend regarding the number of speakers for many of these Malay creole languages?

For many of the Malay creole languages discussed, such as Singapore Bazaar Malay and Balinese Malay, there is a trend of declining speaker numbers, often due to factors like education policies, language shift towards dominant languages like English or Indonesian, and the languages being primarily spoken by older generations.

What is the significance of the ISO 639-3 codes mentioned for various Malay creoles?

The ISO 639-3 codes (e.g., mbf for Baba Malay, bew for Betawi, msi for Sabah Malay) are unique three-letter identifiers assigned to languages. These codes are crucial for linguistic documentation, data management, and ensuring clear identification of specific languages and their varieties in databases and research.

How do languages like Gorap demonstrate the influence of Papuan languages on Malay-based creoles?

Gorap, a Malay-based creole spoken in Halmahera, Indonesia, shows influence from Papuan languages by sharing approximately 60% of its vocabulary with them, alongside influences from Sulawesi languages. This indicates a complex linguistic interaction where Malay served as the lexifier but was significantly shaped by local Papuan linguistic structures.

What does the term 'lexifier' mean in the context of creole languages like Sri Lanka Malay?

In Sri Lanka Malay, Malay is the 'lexifier,' meaning it provided the majority of the vocabulary. However, the grammar and other linguistic features were significantly influenced by substrate languages like Sinhala and Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil, which is typical in creole formation.

What is the role of 'market language' or 'bahasa pasar' in the context of Malay creoles?

'Bahasa pasar' (market language) is often used synonymously with Bazaar Malay or pidgin Malay. It refers to the simplified, trade-oriented variety of Malay that emerged to facilitate communication in commercial settings across diverse linguistic communities, as seen in places like Singapore and North Maluku.

How did the Dutch colonization influence the development or use of Malay creoles?

Dutch colonization played a role in the development and use of some Malay creoles. For instance, Ambonese Malay was used as a tool by missionaries during the Dutch colonization of the Maluku Islands, and loanwords from Dutch are present in some creoles like Sula Malay, reflecting this historical contact.

What is the linguistic affiliation of Balinese Malay, and what are its writing systems?

Balinese Malay is classified as a Malay-based creole language. It is written using the Latin script, the Jawi script, and also the Balinese script, reflecting the cultural and linguistic influences in its region.

What does the presence of multiple Wikipedia Incubator links at the end of the article suggest about these Malay creole languages?

The presence of links to Wikipedia Incubator pages for languages like Balinese Malay, Betawi, Kupang Malay, Makassar Malay, Manado Malay, North Moluccan Malay, and Papuan Malay suggests that these languages are recognized but may not yet have fully established Wikipedia projects, indicating ongoing development or a smaller speaker base compared to more established languages.

Malay Trade And Creole Languages Wiki: Lingua Franca: The Tapestry of Malay Trade and Creole Languages

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Overview: The Genesis of Malay Lingua Francas

Historical Context

Beyond its classical and literary forms, Malay evolved through interethnic contact and trade across the Southeast Asian Archipelago. Following the rise of the Srivijaya empire, Malay established itself as a vital lingua franca. This historical role paved the way for the development of distinct trade languages and creoles.

Bazaar Malay: The Trade Language

Known as Bazaar Malay or Low Malay (Melayu Pasar), this language emerged as a simplified form of Malay used in trade and interethnic communication. It is widely believed to have originated as a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay speakers, Hokkien traders, and European colonial languages like Portuguese and Dutch.

Linguistic Foundation

Bazaar Malay featured significant simplifications characteristic of pidgins. Key developments included the formation of possessives using punya ('to have'), the use of orang ('person') for plural pronouns, and the productive use of Malay affixes like tə(r)- and bə(r)-. The particle ada often marked progressive aspect.

Bazaar Malay Linguistics: Key Features

Grammatical Simplifications

Bazaar Malay exhibited distinct grammatical structures:

Possessives: Formed with punya (e.g., Aku punya rumah - "My house").
Plural Pronouns: Formed using orang (e.g., orang saya - "we").
Verb Morphology: Reduced use of affixes, with tə(r)- and bə(r)- remaining productive.
Aspect: Ada functioned as a progressive marker.

Lexical and Syntactic Features

Further characteristics included:

Pronoun Reduction: Shortened forms of ini ('this') and itu ('that') appeared as ni and tu before nouns.
Prepositional Usage: A single preposition, often sama, served multiple functions, including direct and indirect object marking.
Causative Constructions: Formed using verbs like kasi/bəri ('to give') or bikin/buat ('to make').

Illustrative Examples

Consider these examples demonstrating Bazaar Malay structures:

Rumahku ('my house') became Aku punya rumah (lit. "I have house").
Aku pukul dia ('I hit him') could become Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. "I give hit him").
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani ('Ardi is hit by Dani') might be rendered as Ardi kena pukul dek Dani.

Peranakan Varieties: Baba Malay & Indonesian

Baba Malay

Baba Malay, spoken by the Peranakans in Malacca and Singapore, emerged from contact between Hokkien settlers and local Malay women. It is characterized by a significant influence from Hokkien grammar alongside a Malay lexicon. As of 2014, approximately 2,000 speakers were recorded.

Example: Dia suka datang sini sembang. ("He likes to come here and gossip.")

Baba Indonesian

A related variant, Baba Indonesian, is spoken by Chinese-Indonesians in regions like East Java. It represents a blend of Indonesian, local languages (particularly Javanese), and Chinese elements, especially in specialized vocabulary. The Surabayan variety, Basa Suroboyoan, is a notable example.

Example: Kamu mbok ojok gitu! ("Don't act that way!")

Indonesian Creole Landscapes

Betawi Malay

The vernacular of Jakarta, Betawi Malay, developed from Batavia's diverse linguistic environment. Traditional Betawi dialects exhibit significant divergence from standard Indonesian, often existing in a post-creole continuum with colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, where the latter incorporates influences from Betawi and other migrant languages.

Makassar Malay

Prominent in South Sulawesi, Makassar Malay is a creole language built upon Bazaar Malay lexicon, Makassarese inflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax. It serves as a regional lingua franca, particularly among younger generations in urban centers.

Balinese Malay

Also known as Loloan Malay or Omong Kampong ("village speak"), this variety is spoken by ethnic Malays in northwestern Bali. It is considered a threatened language, reflecting the dynamic linguistic landscape of the Indonesian archipelago.

Other Indonesian Varieties

Numerous other Malay-based creoles and pidgins exist across Indonesia, including Gorap (Halmahera), Kupang Malay (Timor), Larantuka Malay (Flores), Manado Malay (North Sulawesi), Sula Malay (North Maluku), Ternate/North Moluccan Malay, and Papuan Malay (New Guinea). These languages showcase diverse influences and regional adaptations.

Global Threads: Beyond the Archipelago

Sri Lanka Malay

In Sri Lanka, a Malay-based creole emerged from the interaction of Malay traders with local Sinhala and Tamil populations. This language reflects a unique blend of linguistic heritage, adopted by communities such as the Sri Lankan Malays and Indian Peranakans.

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin

In Western Australia, the pearling industry fostered the development of Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin. This pidgin facilitated communication among a diverse workforce, including Japanese, Malays, Torres Strait Islanders, Chinese, Filipinos, and various Indigenous Australian groups.

Sabah Malay

Sabah Malay, spoken in Malaysian Borneo, is a creolised variant of standard Malay. It incorporates loanwords from numerous local languages such as Dusun, Tausug, Sama-Bajau, as well as influences from Indonesian, Brunei Malay, and Chabacano, reflecting its role as a trade language in a multicultural region.

Eastern Indonesian Creoles: A Spectrum of Diversity

Common Features

Creoles in Eastern Indonesia often share common phonological and grammatical features derived from Bazaar Malay. These include vowel shifts (e.g., ə to a, e, or assimilation), lowering of high vowels in certain contexts, loss of final plosives and nasals, and reduction of grammatical markers (e.g., sudah to su or so).

Key Varieties

Notable examples include:

Ambonese Malay: A significant lingua franca in Eastern Indonesia, used in schools and churches.
Banda Malay: A distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, perceived as unique by speakers.
Kupang Malay: Spoken in West Timor, serving as a lingua franca with native speakers.
Larantuka Malay: Spoken in Flores, considered a derivative of Malaccan Malay.
Manado Malay: A creole spoken in North Sulawesi, often without a standardized orthography.
Ternate/North Moluccan Malay: Used for intergroup communication across North Maluku, often called bahasa Pasar.
Papuan Malay: A creole in Indonesian New Guinea, functioning as a lingua franca and increasingly having native speakers.

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References

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Lingua Franca

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview: The Genesis of Malay Lingua Francas 🌐

🗺️ Historical Context

🗣️ Bazaar Malay: The Trade Language

🔗 Linguistic Foundation

Bazaar Malay Linguistics: Key Features 🗣️

⚙️ Grammatical Simplifications

➡️ Lexical and Syntactic Features

💬 Illustrative Examples

Peranakan Varieties: Baba Malay & Indonesian 🎭

🇲🇾🇸🇬 Baba Malay

🇮🇩 Baba Indonesian

Indonesian Creole Landscapes 🇮🇩

🏙️ Betawi Malay

🏝️ Makassar Malay

🌸 Balinese Malay

🌏 Other Indonesian Varieties

Global Threads: Beyond the Archipelago 🔗

🇱🇰 Sri Lanka Malay

🇦🇺 Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin

🇲🇾 Sabah Malay

Eastern Indonesian Creoles: A Spectrum of Diversity 🌏

🌊 Common Features

🏝️ Key Varieties

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview: The Genesis of Malay Lingua Francas

Historical Context

Bazaar Malay: The Trade Language

Linguistic Foundation

Bazaar Malay Linguistics: Key Features

Grammatical Simplifications

Lexical and Syntactic Features

Illustrative Examples

Peranakan Varieties: Baba Malay & Indonesian

Baba Malay

Baba Indonesian

Indonesian Creole Landscapes

Betawi Malay

Makassar Malay

Balinese Malay

Other Indonesian Varieties

Global Threads: Beyond the Archipelago

Sri Lanka Malay

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin

Sabah Malay

Eastern Indonesian Creoles: A Spectrum of Diversity

Common Features

Key Varieties

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice