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Total Categories: 5
Bazaar Malay originated primarily from formal literary interactions between Malay scholars and European linguists.
Answer: False
The genesis of Bazaar Malay is attributed to interethnic contact and trade across the Southeast Asian archipelago, rather than formal literary engagements. It is widely considered a pidgin language, shaped by interactions involving Malay speakers, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.
In Bazaar Malay, possessive relationships were typically indicated using the word 'punya'.
Answer: True
Bazaar Malay exhibited grammatical simplifications characteristic of pidgins, including the use of 'punya' to denote possessive relationships.
The term 'Melayu Pasar' refers to a creole language spoken exclusively in the Riau Islands.
Answer: False
'Melayu Pasar,' or Bazaar Malay, denotes a simplified trade language or lingua franca, often pidginic in nature, which emerged across various regions of the Malay Archipelago, not exclusively within the Riau Islands.
Trade served as a minor factor in the development of Malay creole languages.
Answer: False
Trade was a primary catalyst for the development of Malay creole languages. Its role as a lingua franca for commerce across maritime Southeast Asia fostered the interethnic contact necessary for the simplification and subsequent creolization of Malay.
What was the primary function of Bazaar Malay?
Answer: A pidgin lingua franca for interethnic communication and trade.
Bazaar Malay functioned primarily as a pidgin lingua franca, facilitating communication and commerce among diverse ethnic groups across the Southeast Asian archipelago.
Which of the following is a characteristic simplification found in Bazaar Malay?
Answer: The formation of plural pronouns using 'orang' (person).
Bazaar Malay exhibited several pidginic simplifications, including the formation of plural pronouns by employing the word 'orang' (person) preceding the pronoun.
How were causative constructions typically formed in Bazaar Malay?
Answer: By employing verbs like 'kasi' or 'bikin' followed by the caused verb.
Causative constructions in Bazaar Malay were commonly expressed by utilizing verbs such as 'kasi' or 'bikin' (to make/cause), followed by the verb denoting the action being caused.
What does the term 'Melayu Pasar' signify in the context of Malay languages?
Answer: A simplified trade language or lingua franca, often a pidgin.
'Melayu Pasar,' or Bazaar Malay, denotes a simplified trade language or lingua franca, frequently pidginic in nature, developed for intergroup communication in commercial settings.
Baba Indonesian is exclusively spoken in Indonesia, with no presence in neighboring countries like Malaysia or Singapore.
Answer: False
This assertion is inaccurate. While Baba Indonesian is spoken by Chinese-Indonesians in various Indonesian regions, its related form, Baba Malay, is also prevalent in Malaysia and Singapore, indicating a broader regional presence for these Peranakan linguistic varieties.
Traditional Betawi Malay dialects are virtually identical to modern Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian.
Answer: False
Traditional Betawi Malay dialects and modern Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian exist on a linguistic continuum rather than being identical. Betawi varieties represent the basilect, while Standard Indonesian functions as the acrolect in the Jakarta region.
Thousand Islands Malay is primarily influenced by Javanese and Sundanese languages.
Answer: False
Thousand Islands Malay (Orang Pulo language) emerged from a mixture of various Indonesian languages, with Buginese and Malay identified as primary influences, rather than Javanese and Sundanese.
Makassar Malay features Makassarese inflections and a syntax that blends both Malay and Makassarese elements, using a Bazaar Malay lexicon.
Answer: True
Makassar Malay is characterized as a creole-based mixed language that integrates the lexicon of Bazaar Malay with Makassarese grammatical inflections and a blended syntax derived from both Malay and Makassarese structures.
Makassar Malay is primarily spoken as a first language only in rural areas of South Sulawesi.
Answer: False
Makassar Malay is spoken as a first language predominantly in Makassar City and its environs, and it also functions as a regional lingua franca throughout southern Sulawesi and adjacent areas, not exclusively in rural locales.
Balinese Malay, also known as Loloan Malay, is considered a thriving language with a growing number of young speakers.
Answer: False
Balinese Malay (Loloan Malay) is currently classified as a threatened language, exhibiting a declining speaker base, particularly among younger generations, rather than being a thriving language.
Larantuka Malay is believed to have originated in the Flores region itself.
Answer: False
Larantuka Malay (Nagi) is hypothesized to have originated from Malacca, rather than developing intrinsically within the Flores region.
Manado Malay has a standardized orthography used across North Sulawesi.
Answer: False
Manado Malay (bahasa Manado) is primarily a spoken vernacular, and consequently, it lacks a standardized orthography that is uniformly applied across North Sulawesi.
In which regions is Baba Indonesian, also known as Peranakan Indonesian, spoken?
Answer: Across various regions of Indonesia, including East Java, Central Java, West Java, North Sumatra, and West Kalimantan.
Baba Indonesian, or Peranakan Indonesian, is spoken by Chinese-Indonesian communities across several Indonesian provinces, notably East Java, Central Java, West Java, North Sumatra, and West Kalimantan.
What is the relationship between traditional Betawi Malay and modern Jakarta Indonesian?
Answer: They exist on a continuum, with traditional Betawi as the basilect and Standard Indonesian as the acrolect.
Traditional Betawi Malay varieties and modern Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian are situated on a linguistic continuum, where Betawi dialects represent the basilect and Standard Indonesian functions as the acrolect.
Which languages are noted as primary influences in the formation of Thousand Islands Malay?
Answer: Buginese and Malay
Thousand Islands Malay (Orang Pulo language) is primarily influenced by Buginese and Malay, reflecting the linguistic landscape of its formation.
What best describes the linguistic makeup of Makassar Malay?
Answer: A creole using Bazaar Malay lexicon, Makassarese inflections, and blended syntax.
Makassar Malay is characterized as a creole language that employs the lexicon of Bazaar Malay, incorporates Makassarese grammatical inflections, and features a syntax blending elements from both Malay and Makassarese.
What is the primary role of Makassar Malay in South Sulawesi and surrounding areas today?
Answer: It serves as a regional lingua franca or second language, facilitating inter-ethnic communication.
Makassar Malay functions significantly as a regional lingua franca and second language throughout southern Sulawesi and adjacent territories, enabling communication across diverse ethnic groups.
Where is Balinese Malay (Loloan Malay) primarily spoken?
Answer: On the island of Bali, in northwestern districts.
Balinese Malay, also known as Loloan Malay, is predominantly spoken on the island of Bali, specifically within the northwestern districts of Melaya and Negara.
What is the suspected origin of Larantuka Malay (Nagi)?
Answer: It is thought to originate from Malacca.
Larantuka Malay (Nagi) is hypothesized to have its origins in Malacca, rather than developing intrinsically within the Flores region.
What is the local name for Manado Malay, and what is notable about its writing system?
Answer: Local name: 'bahasa Manado'; has no standard orthography.
Manado Malay is locally known as 'bahasa Manado,' and notably, it lacks a standardized orthography due to its primary status as a spoken vernacular.
In Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles, the vowel 'e' (schwa) tends to be preserved without change.
Answer: False
Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles commonly exhibit phonetic changes where the vowel 'e' (schwa) is often reduced, assimilated, or modified, rather than being preserved unchanged.
Alor Malay is linguistically identical to Kupang Malay, differing only in its regional dialect.
Answer: False
While Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay, significant linguistic differences exist, particularly in their respective pronoun systems, indicating they are distinct varieties rather than identical dialects.
Ambonese Malay was primarily developed as a trade language during the Portuguese colonial era.
Answer: False
Ambonese Malay's development as a lingua franca was significantly influenced by the Dutch colonial era, during which it was utilized by missionaries and integrated into educational systems, rather than primarily during the Portuguese period.
Banda Malay is considered a dialect of Ambonese Malay with very few distinguishing features.
Answer: False
Banda Malay is recognized as a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, possessing unique linguistic characteristics that lead speakers of Ambonese Malay to perceive it as notably different, often described as sounding 'funny'.
Dili Malay originated as a creole language and later developed pidgin characteristics.
Answer: False
The linguistic trajectory of Dili Malay indicates it originated as a pidgin language, which subsequently underwent creolization to develop into a more complex creole language.
Gorap shares approximately 60% of its vocabulary with Malay languages exclusively.
Answer: False
Gorap, a Malay-based creole, exhibits significant vocabulary overlap (approximately 60%) not only with Malay languages but also substantially with Papuan languages and languages indigenous to Sulawesi, indicating complex linguistic interrelations.
Kupang Malay is currently used only as a lingua franca and has no native speakers.
Answer: False
Kupang Malay functions both as a regional lingua franca for inter-ethnic communication and also possesses a community of native speakers, contradicting the assertion that it is exclusively used as a second language.
Sula Malay is influenced by Dutch and features vocabulary contractions similar to other North Moluccan Malay varieties.
Answer: True
Sula Malay exhibits influences from Dutch vocabulary and incorporates vocabulary contractions, aligning with linguistic features observed in other North Moluccan Malay varieties.
The local name for North Moluccan Malay is 'bahasa Pasar', meaning 'market language'.
Answer: True
North Moluccan Malay is locally referred to as 'bahasa Pasar,' which accurately translates to 'market language,' reflecting its historical function as a lingua franca for trade and intergroup communication.
Papuan Malay is evolving towards greater independence from Standard Indonesian.
Answer: False
Papuan Malay (Irian Malay) is currently undergoing a process of increasing influence from Standard Indonesian, accompanied by a growth in its native speaker base, rather than moving towards greater linguistic autonomy.
Which phonetic change is common in Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles?
Answer: The vowel 'i' can be lowered to 'e', especially at syllable ends.
Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles commonly exhibit phonetic modifications, including the potential lowering of the vowel 'i' to 'e', particularly in syllable-final positions.
How does Alor Malay differ from Kupang Malay?
Answer: Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay but differs notably in its pronoun system.
Alor Malay, while derived from Kupang Malay, exhibits significant divergence, most notably in its system of pronouns.
What was the role of Ambonese Malay during the Dutch colonial era?
Answer: It was used by missionaries and taught in schools, becoming a regional lingua franca.
During the Dutch colonial period, Ambonese Malay was actively employed by missionaries and integrated into educational curricula, thereby solidifying its status as a regional lingua franca.
How is Banda Malay perceived by speakers of Ambonese Malay?
Answer: As sounding 'funny' due to unique linguistic features.
Speakers of Ambonese Malay often perceive Banda Malay as sounding 'funny,' attributing this perception to its distinct linguistic characteristics.
What is the linguistic origin and development path of Dili Malay?
Answer: It originated as a pidgin language before developing into a creole.
Dili Malay's linguistic history indicates an origin as a pidgin language, which subsequently evolved into a creole through the process of creolization.
Gorap, a Malay-based creole, shows significant vocabulary overlap with which language groups?
Answer: With Papuan languages and languages from Sulawesi.
Gorap exhibits substantial vocabulary overlap with Papuan languages and languages indigenous to Sulawesi, in addition to its Malay base.
What is a key characteristic of Kupang Malay's current usage?
Answer: It is used as a lingua franca and also has native speakers.
Kupang Malay currently functions both as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communication and is spoken natively by members of the community.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an influence on Sula Malay?
Answer: Standard Indonesian
Sula Malay is noted to be influenced by Ambonese Malay and Dutch, and it features vocabulary contractions, but Standard Indonesian is not explicitly mentioned as a direct influence in the provided context.
What is the primary function of North Moluccan Malay ('bahasa Pasar')?
Answer: For intergroup communication in North Maluku.
North Moluccan Malay ('bahasa Pasar') primarily serves as a lingua franca for intergroup communication within the North Maluku region.
How is Papuan Malay (Irian Malay) currently evolving?
Answer: It is increasingly influenced by Standard Indonesian and gaining native speakers.
Papuan Malay is undergoing a process of increased influence from Standard Indonesian, concurrently experiencing a growth in its native speaker population.
Baba Malay is characterized by predominantly Hokkien grammar combined with a significant Malay lexicon.
Answer: True
Baba Malay is linguistically characterized by a predominantly Hokkien grammatical structure complemented by a substantial Malay lexicon, reflecting its creolization process.
Malaccan Creole Malay is spoken by Indian Peranakan communities known as the Chetties.
Answer: True
Malaccan Creole Malay, also referred to as Malay Chetty, is indeed the language spoken by the Indian Peranakan communities known as Chetties, primarily in Malacca and Singapore.
Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged shortly after the establishment of the free trade port in 1819.
Answer: True
The emergence of Singapore Bazaar Malay is closely associated with the establishment of the free trade port in 1819, serving as a lingua franca for the burgeoning trade and diverse population.
Hokkien is the dominant substrate language influencing Singapore Bazaar Malay.
Answer: True
Linguistic analysis indicates that Hokkien served as the dominant substrate language, significantly influencing the structure and lexicon of Singapore Bazaar Malay, with Malay acting as the lexifier.
Sabah Malay incorporates loanwords exclusively from Indonesian and Malaysian standard languages.
Answer: False
Sabah Malay exhibits a broader range of loanwords, incorporating influences not only from Indonesian and standard Malaysian but also from indigenous languages of Sabah and North Kalimantan, such as Dusun, Tausug, and Sama-Bajau languages, as well as Chabacano.
What is Baba Malay primarily characterized by?
Answer: A blend of Hokkien grammar and a significant Malay lexicon.
Baba Malay is distinguished by its predominantly Hokkien grammatical framework combined with a substantial Malay lexicon, a direct result of its creolization process.
Who are the primary speakers of Malaccan Creole Malay?
Answer: The Indian Peranakan communities known as Chetties.
Malaccan Creole Malay is spoken by the Indian Peranakan communities referred to as Chetties, predominantly in Malacca and Singapore.
What was the main purpose behind the emergence of Singapore Bazaar Malay around 1819?
Answer: To facilitate communication and business transactions among diverse trading groups.
Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged to overcome communication barriers and facilitate trade and business transactions among the heterogeneous groups converging at the newly established free trade port.
Which language is identified as the dominant substrate language influencing Singapore Bazaar Malay?
Answer: Hokkien
Hokkien is identified as the dominant substrate language that exerted significant influence on the grammatical structure and lexicon of Singapore Bazaar Malay.
Sabah Malay is known to incorporate loanwords from a variety of languages. Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a source?
Answer: Javanese
While Sabah Malay incorporates loanwords from Dusun, Chabacano, and Sama-Bajau languages, Javanese is not explicitly listed as a source of loanwords in the provided information.
Sri Lanka Malay primarily uses Sinhala as its lexifier language, with Malay influences being minimal.
Answer: False
Sri Lanka Malay is a Malay-based creole where Malay serves as the primary lexifier language, providing the majority of the vocabulary. Sinhala and Shonam (Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil) function as significant substrate languages influencing its grammar.
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin was developed to facilitate communication among pearl divers from different European countries.
Answer: False
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin served as a communication tool for a diverse workforce in the pearling industry, which included individuals from various Asian and Pacific Islander backgrounds, not exclusively European countries.
What is the primary lexifier language of Sri Lanka Malay?
Answer: Malay
In Sri Lanka Malay, Malay serves as the principal lexifier language, providing the majority of the lexicon, while Sinhala and Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil act as significant substrate influences.
What was the main purpose of Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin?
Answer: To facilitate communication among the diverse groups working in the pearling industry.
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin served the crucial function of enabling communication among the varied ethnic and linguistic groups employed within the pearling industry.