What is a Master of Arts degree?

The Master of Arts (MA) is a master's degree awarded by universities, typically studied within the humanities and social sciences, and is usually contrasted with a Master of Science degree. It can be obtained through coursework, examinations, research, or a combination of these.

What do the acronyms MA or AM stand for in the context of a Master of Arts degree?

MA or AM are abbreviations for Master of Arts. The degree originates from the Latin terms Magister in Artibus or Artium Magister.

How does a Master of Arts degree typically differ from a Master of Science degree?

A Master of Arts degree is usually awarded for studies within the humanities and social sciences, whereas a Master of Science degree is typically for scientific disciplines. However, some universities may offer an MA for fields traditionally considered scientific.

What is the historical origin of the Master of Arts degree?

The Master of Arts degree traces its origins to the Licentia docendi, a teaching license from the University of Paris, which aimed to produce graduate teachers.

How does the Bologna Process influence the awarding of master's degrees in the Czech Republic and Slovakia?

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which follow the Bologna Process, master's degrees are awarded under a system that typically involves a two-year program following a three-year bachelor's program, requiring a thesis and final exams.

What titles are awarded for master's degrees in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and what do they signify?

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a master's degree can result in the title Mgr. for social sciences or humanities, MgA. for studies in the arts, or Ing. for studies in natural sciences or mathematics-heavy programs.

What was the traditional German master's degree equivalent to the Master of Arts, and what was its duration?

In Germany, the traditional equivalent was the Magister Artium, which typically required between four and four and a half years of study.

In Germany, which fields traditionally awarded the Magister Artium degree?

The Magister Artium was traditionally granted in social sciences and most humanities, including international business, European studies, and economics, with exceptions for visual and performing arts.

How do the new German Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees compare in terms of duration and equivalence?

New German Bachelor and Master of Arts degrees together require five years of study, making them considered equivalent to the old Magister Artium degrees, which also typically took around five years.

What was the degree awarded in the Netherlands before the introduction of the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees in 2002?

Before 2002, the Netherlands awarded the doctorandus degree (or ingenieur for technical subjects), which encompassed the same course load as a combined bachelor's and master's program.

What titles could individuals in the Netherlands use after completing the doctorandus or ingenieur program before the MA/MSc system?

Graduates could use the title drs. (Doctorandus) or ir. (Ingenieur) before their name, or opt for the new master's degree postnominals like MA or MSc.

What is the Polish equivalent of a Master of Arts degree, and how is the title used?

The Polish equivalent is magister, and its abbreviation mgr is placed before the person's name, similar to the title Dr.

How are master's degrees structured in Poland following the reforms of the 1990s?

In the 1990s, the traditional five-year MA programs were replaced by separate three-year bachelor's and two-year master's programs.

What are the requirements for obtaining a master's degree in Poland, and what does it qualify for?

Completion of a research thesis is required for a master's degree in Poland, and all master's degrees awarded qualify individuals for a doctorate program.

How are master's degrees structured in Finland, Denmark, and Norway?

In Finland, Denmark, and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught and research degree awarded after two years of study following a bachelor's degree, and it requires the completion of a scientific thesis.

What is the specific Finnish master's degree called, and what is its abbreviation?

In Finland, the master's degree is called filosofian maisteri (Finnish) or filosofie magister (Swedish), abbreviated as FM or fil.mag.

What is the intermediate degree offered in Sweden between a bachelor's and a master's, and what does it entail?

Sweden offers an intermediate degree called magister, which requires one year of study after a bachelor's degree, including a scientific thesis. This often forms the first half of a full master's program.

In the UK and Ireland, what is the typical nature of a Master of Arts degree at most universities?

At most universities in the UK and Ireland, the MA is typically a taught postgraduate degree involving lectures, examinations, and a dissertation based on independent research, usually taking one to two years of full-time study.

How are master's degrees in the UK and Ireland generally classified nowadays?

Nowadays, master's degrees in the UK and Ireland are normally classified into categories such as Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction, although historically they were awarded without grades.

What is unique about the Master of Arts degree at the ancient Scottish universities (Aberdeen, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Oxford, St. Andrews)?

At these specific universities, the MA is awarded as a four-year undergraduate degree, distinct from the postgraduate MA common elsewhere.

How is the Master of Arts title conferred at Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin?

At Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, the MA title is conferred after a certain number of years to those who have already graduated as Bachelor of Arts, without requiring further examination.

Why is the abbreviation Oxon, Cantab, or Dubl often appended to the MA initials for graduates of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin?

The abbreviation is appended to clarify that these are nominal, unexamined degrees conferred based on standing, rather than representing postgraduate academic achievement.

What was the finding of the 2000 Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education research regarding employer awareness of the Oxford and Cambridge MA?

The research found that two-thirds of employers were unaware that the Oxford and Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of postgraduate academic achievement.

What was the purpose of Chris Leslie's private member's bill in 2011 concerning master's degrees?

The bill aimed to prohibit universities from awarding master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment were met, arguing that unearned qualifications like the Oxford/Cambridge MA were a historical anachronism and gave an unfair advantage.

What are the common types of earned master's degrees offered at Oxford and Cambridge?

Common earned master's degrees include the Master of Philosophy (MPhil), Master of Studies (MSt), Master of Letters (MLitt), and Master of Business Administration (MBA). They also offer integrated undergraduate master's degrees like MEng and MMath.

How are earned master's degrees typically classified at Oxford and Cambridge?

Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, although the top five percent may be awarded a Distinction.

In Canada and the United States, what are the primary types of master's degrees awarded, and how are they structured?

In Canada and the US, the Master of Arts (MA) and Master of Science (MS) are the basic graduate degrees, typically structured as course-based, research-based, or a combination of both.

What is the typical duration for a Master of Arts program in North America?

A Master of Arts program in North America usually takes one to two years of full-time study for a non-thesis option, while a thesis option may take longer depending on the research complexity.

Which North American universities use the Latin abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees?

Harvard University, Dartmouth College, the University of Chicago, MIT, the University of Pennsylvania, and Brown University use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees.

Can a Master of Arts degree be awarded in a scientific discipline in North America, and where is this common?

Yes, a Master of Arts degree can be awarded in a scientific discipline, which is common at Ivy League universities.

What are the requirements for a thesis in a North American Master of Arts program?

A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge, demonstrate the ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, defend the approach and conclusions scholarly, meet current discipline standards, and clearly show how the research advances knowledge in the field.

What is the typical duration for a Master of Arts program at Harvard or McGill for highly research-focused students?

Qualified students admitted to a very high research Master of Arts program at institutions like Harvard or McGill may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature, potentially earning credits at the PhD level.

What is the purpose of the Licentia docendi mentioned in relation to the MA's origins?

The Licentia docendi was a teaching license from the University of Paris designed to produce masters who were graduate teachers of their subjects, forming the historical basis for the MA degree.

What is the distinction between a taught Master of Arts and a research-based master's degree?

A taught MA typically involves lectures, examinations, and a dissertation based on research, often completed in one to two years. A research-based master's degree, like an MLitt, focuses primarily on independent research culminating in a thesis.

What does the term Magister Artium mean?

Magister Artium is the Latin term for Master of Arts.

In Poland, what title is awarded to students who complete engineering studies after the initial three-year program?

In Poland, after completing a three-year engineering program, students can continue for another two years to earn a magister degree, using the combined title mgr inż. (Master Engineer).

What is the doctorandus degree in the Netherlands equivalent to in terms of study load?

The doctorandus degree in the Netherlands comprised the same course load as a combined bachelor's and master's program.

What is the difference between the magister degree and the master's degree in Sweden?

In Sweden, the magister is an intermediate degree requiring one year of study after a bachelor's, while a full master's degree typically requires a fifth year of study and a master's thesis.

What is the MLitt degree, and where is it offered as a research degree?

The MLitt is a research degree offered at the University of Cambridge, and also awarded in arts, humanities, divinity, and social sciences at some Scottish universities.

What is the MPhil degree at Oxford and Cambridge, and how long does it typically take?

The Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is a common earned master's degree at Oxford and Cambridge, typically considered a two-year research degree.

What is the MSt degree at Oxford and Cambridge, and what does it involve?

The Master of Studies (MSt) is a one-year master's degree at Oxford and Cambridge that often combines coursework with research.

What is the BCL degree at Oxford, and for whom is it intended?

The Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) is a master's degree at Oxford, specifically for students coming from a common law background.

What is the Magister Juris at Oxford, and for whom is it intended?

The Magister Juris is a master's degree at Oxford intended for students from civil law jurisdictions.

What is the Diplom degree in Germany, and in which regions was it used?

The Diplom was the degree awarded in East Germany, where all degree courses led to this qualification, unlike in West Germany which had the Magister Artium.

What is the distinction between the magister degree and the Master of Arts degree in the context of the Czech Republic and Slovakia?

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the title Mgr. (Magister) is generally awarded for master's studies in social sciences or humanities, while MgA. (Magister of Arts) is specifically for studies in the arts. Both are types of master's degrees.

What is the ingenieur degree in the Netherlands, and how does it relate to the MA/MSc system?

The ingenieur degree was awarded in the Netherlands for technical subjects before the introduction of MA/MSc degrees. Graduates could opt for the ir. title or the new master's postnominals.

What is the filosofian maisteri in Finland?

Filosofian maisteri is the Finnish term for the master's degree awarded in Finland, equivalent to a Master of Arts, abbreviated as FM.

What is the kandidat degree in Sweden?

The kandidat degree is the bachelor's degree in Sweden, upon which the magister or master's degrees are built.

What is an Honours degree in the UK context?

An Honours degree is a type of undergraduate degree in the UK, and historically, master's degrees were awarded without such classifications.

What is the Master of Laws (LLM) degree, and how does it relate to other master's degrees in law?

The Master of Laws (LLM) is the standard taught master's degree for law, but certain courses may lead to other degrees like MA, MLitt, MSt, or BCL, which are generally considered equivalent substitutes.

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Defining the Master of Arts

Postgraduate Qualification

The Master of Arts (MA), derived from the Latin Magister in Artibus or Artium Magister, is a master's degree awarded by universities worldwide. It is typically distinguished from the Master of Science (MS) degree, often focusing on disciplines within the humanities and social sciences.

Scope of Study

Traditionally, MA programs encompass fields such as history, literature, languages, linguistics, public administration, political science, communication studies, law, and diplomacy. However, institutional conventions vary, and some universities may confer the MA for studies in natural sciences and mathematics.

Attainment Pathways

Earning an MA generally involves a combination of rigorous coursework, comprehensive examinations, and dedicated research culminating in a thesis. The specific balance between these components can differ significantly between programs and institutions.

Historical Roots

The Medieval University

The origins of the Master of Arts degree trace back to the medieval European university system. Specifically, it evolved from the Licentia docendi (license to teach) established at institutions like the University of Paris. This license was intended to qualify individuals as "masters," enabling them to teach their chosen subjects at a graduate level.

Global Evolution

Over centuries, the MA degree structure and its associated disciplines have evolved and adapted across different educational systems globally. While its core remains rooted in scholarly pursuit, the specific requirements and fields of study have diversified significantly, reflecting regional academic traditions and the changing landscape of knowledge.

MA in Europe

Czech Republic & Slovakia

Following the Bologna Process, these nations typically award a Mgr. (social sciences/humanities) or Ing. (science/math) title after a master's program, usually two years post-bachelor's. A thesis and comprehensive exams are standard requirements.

Germany

Historically, Germany awarded the Magister Artium. Since 2001, new Bachelor and Master of Arts degrees have been introduced, aligning with the Bologna Process. The traditional Magister Artium and the new MA are generally considered equivalent, often requiring five years of combined study.

Netherlands

The MA and MS degrees were implemented in 2002, replacing the earlier doctorandus degree. These master's programs typically span one to two years and require a thesis.

Poland

The Polish equivalent is "magister" (mgr). Programs usually involve a two-year master's phase following a three-year bachelor's, culminating in a research thesis. This degree qualifies graduates for doctoral studies.

Nordic Countries

In countries like Finland, Denmark, and Norway, a master's degree typically takes two years post-bachelor's and includes a significant research thesis. Sweden also offers a one-year magister degree as an intermediate step towards a full master's.

MA in the UK & Ireland

Taught Master's

In most UK universities, the MA is a taught postgraduate degree, typically lasting one to two years. It involves lectures, examinations, and a dissertation. These degrees are usually classified (Pass, Merit, Distinction).

Scotland's Undergraduate MA

Notably, the ancient universities of Scotland award the MA as a four-year undergraduate degree, distinct from the postgraduate MA common elsewhere.

Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (Conferred)

At Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, the MA can be conferred upon Bachelor of Arts graduates after a set number of years, without further examination. This is often considered a nominal or administrative degree, signifying seniority rather than additional academic study.

Oxford & Cambridge (Earned)

These universities also offer earned master's degrees, such as the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) for research, or Master of Studies (MSt) and Master of Letters (MLitt). Integrated undergraduate master's degrees (e.g., MEng, MMath) are also available.

MA in North America

Standard Graduate Degree

In Canada and the United States, the MA and MS are the primary graduate degrees. They typically require a bachelor's degree for admission and can be either course-based, research-based, or a combination of both.

Latin Nomenclature

Some prestigious institutions, including Harvard, Dartmouth, and the University of Pennsylvania, utilize the Latin abbreviations Artium Magister (AM) and Scientiæ Magister (SM) for certain master's degrees, even when the field of study might be scientific.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis

MA programs often offer distinct pathways: a non-thesis option typically completed in one to two years, and a thesis option that may extend longer, involving substantial research and a formal dissertation demonstrating original contribution to knowledge.

Academic Disciplines

Humanities and Arts

The MA is deeply rooted in the humanities. Programs often focus on literature, history, philosophy, languages, classics, religious studies, and fine arts, fostering critical analysis, historical understanding, and aesthetic appreciation.

Social Sciences

Many MA programs are situated within the social sciences. Disciplines include political science, sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, communication studies, and public administration, emphasizing theoretical frameworks and empirical research methods.

Professional Applications

Fields like law (often as an LLM, but sometimes MA), diplomacy, public policy, and education frequently offer MA degrees, preparing graduates for specialized professional roles requiring advanced analytical and research skills.

Degree Structure & Requirements

Coursework and Examinations

A significant component of most MA programs involves structured coursework. Students engage with advanced theories, methodologies, and scholarly debates within their chosen field. This is often assessed through essays, presentations, and comprehensive examinations designed to test mastery of the subject matter.

The Research Thesis

A cornerstone of many MA degrees is the research thesis. This substantial academic paper requires students to formulate an original research question, conduct independent investigation, analyze findings, and present scholarly arguments. It demonstrates the student's capacity for advanced academic inquiry.

Duration and Intensity

The duration of an MA program varies globally, typically ranging from one to four years. Programs often require full-time commitment, demanding rigorous engagement with academic material and research, preparing students for doctoral studies or specialized careers.

Unique Degrees & Nuances

Conferred MAs (Oxbridge/Dublin)

At institutions like Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, the MA can be conferred upon Bachelor of Arts graduates after a specified period (e.g., four years post-BA) without further examination. This practice, while historically significant, is often viewed as nominal, signifying seniority rather than postgraduate academic achievement.

This tradition means that an MA from these universities does not always indicate postgraduate study. Employers may need clarification, as the degree does not necessarily reflect advanced academic work beyond the bachelor's level. This has led to discussions about academic integrity and potential advantages in the job market.

Global Variations

The structure, duration, and specific requirements for an MA differ substantially across countries and educational systems. From the integrated undergraduate MA in Scotland to the distinct postgraduate pathways in continental Europe and North America, understanding these variations is key to appreciating the global academic landscape.

Europe: Often follows the Bologna Process, with distinct bachelor's and master's cycles. Titles like Mgr., Ing., or Magister are common.
UK (most): Typically a one-to-two-year taught postgraduate degree with classification.
North America: MA/MS degrees can be thesis or non-thesis, often requiring significant research components.
Scotland: MA is a four-year undergraduate degree.

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The Master of Arts

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Defining the Master of Arts ℹ️

🎓 Postgraduate Qualification

📚 Scope of Study

✍️ Attainment Pathways

Historical Roots 📜

🏛️ The Medieval University

🌍 Global Evolution

MA in Europe 🇪🇺

🇨🇿 Czech Republic & Slovakia

🇩🇪 Germany

🇳🇱 Netherlands

🇵🇱 Poland

🇸🇪 Nordic Countries

MA in the UK & Ireland 🇬🇧

🖋️ Taught Master's

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scotland's Undergraduate MA

🏛️ Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (Conferred)

🔬 Oxford & Cambridge (Earned)

MA in North America 🇺🇸

📚 Standard Graduate Degree

⚖️ Latin Nomenclature

📈 Thesis vs. Non-Thesis

Academic Disciplines 🏛️

🎭 Humanities and Arts

📊 Social Sciences

⚖️ Professional Applications

Degree Structure & Requirements ⚙️

📝 Coursework and Examinations

📈 The Research Thesis

⏳ Duration and Intensity

Unique Degrees & Nuances 💡

🎓 Conferred MAs (Oxbridge/Dublin)

🌍 Global Variations

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining the Master of Arts

Postgraduate Qualification

Scope of Study

Attainment Pathways

Historical Roots

The Medieval University

Global Evolution

MA in Europe

Czech Republic & Slovakia

Germany

Netherlands

Poland

Nordic Countries

MA in the UK & Ireland

Taught Master's

Scotland's Undergraduate MA

Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (Conferred)

Oxford & Cambridge (Earned)

MA in North America

Standard Graduate Degree

Latin Nomenclature

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis

Academic Disciplines

Humanities and Arts

Social Sciences

Professional Applications

Degree Structure & Requirements

Coursework and Examinations

The Research Thesis

Duration and Intensity

Unique Degrees & Nuances

Conferred MAs (Oxbridge/Dublin)

Global Variations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice