What is the definition of medical cannabis according to the provided text?

Medical cannabis refers to cannabis products and cannabinoid molecules that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. This includes using the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions.

What is the general consensus on the evidence for the benefits and harms of cannabis-based medicines?

A scoping review of systematic reviews found that the evidence for the benefits of cannabis-based medicines is mixed and inconclusive. The reviews also noted frequent mild adverse effects and generally low-to-moderate quality of evidence.

What are some common short-term adverse effects associated with the use of medical cannabis?

Short-term use of medical cannabis can increase the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Commonly reported side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, and hallucinations. These effects can impair abilities like driving or operating machinery until tolerance develops.

What are the potential long-term concerns associated with medical cannabis use?

Long-term effects of cannabis are not entirely clear, but concerns include potential memory and cognition problems, the risk of addiction, and the possibility of triggering schizophrenia in young people. There is also a risk of accidental ingestion by children.

How is medical cannabis classified by the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)?

The National Institute on Drug Abuse defines medical cannabis as the use of the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat diseases or symptoms. This approach contrasts with conventional medications, which typically contain only one or two isolated chemicals.

What is the significance of the ratio of CBD to THC in cannabis preparations?

A 2014 review indicated that the ratio of CBD (cannabidiol) to THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in botanical and pharmaceutical preparations is crucial. This ratio influences the therapeutic versus psychoactive effects, as CBD is known to attenuate THC's psychoactive properties.

What evidence exists regarding the use of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain?

Low-quality evidence suggests that cannabis-based medicines may offer modest relief for chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain. They may also provide slight improvements in function and sleep for chronic pain patients, although the evidence is limited and inconsistent. Mild harms associated with their use might outweigh the benefits.

What did research find regarding cannabis use and sleep duration in adults?

Research analyzing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) did not find significant differences in sleep duration between cannabis users and non-users. This suggests that while some individuals may perceive cannabis as beneficial for sleep, it may not significantly alter overall sleep patterns across the general population.

How effective is medical cannabis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV)?

Medical cannabis is considered somewhat effective in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). It may serve as a reasonable option for patients who do not improve with standard antiemetic treatments. Comparative studies have found cannabinoids to be more effective than some conventional antiemetics.

What is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)?

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition characterized by recurrent nausea and vomiting that can be caused by long-term, heavy cannabis use. It is a paradoxical effect, as cannabis is often used to treat nausea.

What did a Cochrane review find about the use of cannabinoids for chemotherapy-induced nausea in children?

A 2016 Cochrane review suggested that cannabinoids were probably effective for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea in children. However, the review also noted a high side-effect profile, primarily drowsiness and dizziness, along with altered moods and increased appetite.

What is the evidence regarding cannabis efficacy for neurological conditions like Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

The efficacy of cannabis for neurological problems, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and movement disorders, is not clearly established. While some evidence suggests oral cannabis extract may reduce spasticity, its use for MS is approved in only ten countries, and more research is needed.

What is the relationship between cannabis use and mental health disorders like anxiety and psychosis?

The relationship is complex. While some users report anxiety relief, overall evidence is inconclusive. Cannabis use, especially at high doses, is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, particularly in genetically predisposed individuals, and can trigger temporary psychotic episodes.

What are the main species of the Cannabis genus that produce psychoactive cannabinoids?

The genus *Cannabis* contains two primary species that produce useful amounts of psychoactive cannabinoids: *Cannabis indica* and *Cannabis sativa*. A third species, *Cannabis ruderalis*, has minimal psychogenic properties.

How many compounds are found in cannabis, and how many of these are cannabinoids?

Cannabis contains over 460 identified compounds, of which at least 80 are classified as cannabinoids. These chemical compounds interact with the body's cannabinoid receptors.

What are the primary cannabinoid receptors in the body?

The primary cannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are predominantly found in the brain and are linked to psychoactive effects, while CB2 receptors are located peripherally and are thought to modulate pain and inflammation.

How does the route of administration affect cannabinoid absorption?

Cannabinoid absorption varies significantly depending on the route of administration. Inhaled and vaporized THC have higher bioavailability (10-35%) than oral administration (around 6%), which is also more variable and takes longer to reach peak plasma levels.

What is the FDA's stance on smoked cannabis for medical use?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved smoked cannabis for any medical condition due to a lack of evidence concerning its safety and efficacy. In 2006, the FDA issued an advisory stating that marijuana has a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the U.S., and lacks accepted safety for medical supervision.

Who is credited with introducing cannabis to Western medicine, and what were their findings?

Irish physician William Brooke O'Shaughnessy is credited with introducing cannabis to Western medicine. While in India in the 1830s, he conducted experiments and noted its analgesic and anticonvulsant effects, bringing cannabis back to England in 1842.

Why did the medical use of cannabis decline by the end of the 19th century?

The medical use of cannabis declined due to difficulties in controlling dosages and the rise of more easily administered drugs like opium derivatives. The advent of the hypodermic syringe also favored injectable drugs over cannabis, which is not water-soluble.

What historical events led to the decline and eventual resurgence of medical cannabis use in the United States?

The medical use of cannabis declined significantly after the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and its removal from the U.S. Pharmacopeia in 1941. Interest resurged in the 1970s and 1980s due to reports from cancer and AIDS patients, leading to California's legalization in 1996.

Which countries have legalized the medical use of whole-plant cannabis?

Numerous countries have legalized the medical use of whole-plant cannabis, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Uruguay, among others.

What is the legal status of cannabis under international drug control treaties?

Cannabis and its derivatives are regulated under three UN drug control treaties. It is classified as a Schedule I drug under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, indicating medical indispensability but also risks of abuse and addiction. Previously, it was also in the more restrictive Schedule IV, but it was removed following a WHO recommendation.

How does the legality of medical cannabis differ between the federal level and state levels in the United States?

In the United States, medical cannabis is legal in 38 states, four U.S. territories, and Washington D.C., with varying regulations. However, cannabis remains illegal at the federal level under the Controlled Substances Act, classified as a Schedule I drug. Federal prosecution of individuals acting in accordance with state medical cannabis laws is restricted by the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment.

What are the economic aspects of medical cannabis distribution in the US?

In the US, consumers often grow their own medical cannabis or purchase it from state-licensed dispensaries. Innovative distribution methods like marijuana vending machines and on-demand delivery apps have also emerged in some areas.

Why do health insurance companies in the US typically not cover medical marijuana prescriptions?

Health insurance companies in the US generally do not cover medical marijuana because the FDA has not approved it as a medicine. This lack of FDA approval stems from the federal prohibition and classification of cannabis as a Schedule I drug, which has historically hindered extensive research into its medical benefits and drawbacks.

What positions have major medical organizations taken regarding medical cannabis?

Several medical organizations, including the American Nurses Association and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, support allowing access to medical cannabis. Conversely, the American Academy of Pediatrics opposes its legalization. Many organizations, like the American Medical Association and the American College of Physicians, do not take a stance on legalization but advocate for rescheduling to facilitate research.

What are the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) granted for cannabinoids?

There are three International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for cannabinoids: Dronabinol (for delta-9-THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), and Nabilone (a synthetic cannabinoid analog not found in cannabis plants).

What is Nabiximols, and where is it approved?

Nabiximols is the generic name for a mixture of Cannabidiol and Dronabinol, commonly known by the brand name Sativex. It is an oromucosal spray approved in several European countries, Canada, and New Zealand for conditions like MS spasticity and intractable cancer pain, though it is not yet approved in the United States.

What are the historical uses of cannabis in ancient China and Egypt?

In ancient China, cannabis was used for fiber starting around 10,000 years ago, and Emperor Shen-Nung recommended it for various ailments in 2737 BCE. The Ebers Papyrus from Ancient Egypt (c. 1550 BCE) describes its use in suppositories to relieve hemorrhoid pain.

What role did William Brooke O'Shaughnessy play in the history of medical cannabis?

William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, an Irish physician, is credited with introducing cannabis to Western medicine. He discovered its medical utility, particularly its analgesic and anticonvulsant effects, while in India in the 1830s and subsequently brought it to Europe and the United States.

What are the primary species of Cannabis mentioned in the text, and what are their general characteristics?

The primary species are *Cannabis indica* and *Cannabis sativa*, both known for producing significant amounts of psychoactive cannabinoids. *Cannabis ruderalis* is also mentioned, noted for having few psychogenic properties.

What are the main cannabinoids discussed in the text, and what are their relative effects?

The most psychoactive cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Other significant cannabinoids include cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). While CBD and CBN have less psychotropic effects than THC, they may contribute to the overall effect of cannabis.

How does the metabolism of THC differ between inhaled and edible cannabis consumption?

When inhaled, THC can reach the brain directly before being metabolized by the liver. For edible cannabis, THC travels to the liver first via the bloodstream for metabolism into 11-OH-THC, which contributes to the heightened psychoactive effects of edibles. Both routes eventually lead to the inactive metabolite 11-COOH-THC.

How are THC and CBD metabolites primarily excreted from the body?

Due to substantial metabolism, the metabolites of THC and CBD are primarily excreted via feces rather than urine. Approximately 65% of THC is excreted in feces and 25% in urine, while CBD follows a similar pattern, with most excreted in feces.

What is the terminal half-life of THC and CBD in the body?

The terminal half-life of THC is estimated to be between 25 to 36 hours. For CBD, the terminal half-life is approximately 18 to 32 hours, indicating that these compounds can remain in the system for a considerable duration.

What are the potential risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy?

The text explicitly states that cannabis should not be used during pregnancy. This is a crucial safety guideline, as prenatal exposure can potentially affect fetal development.

What is the evidence regarding cannabis use and its impact on psychosis?

Exposure to THC can induce acute, transient psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and those with schizophrenia. Meta-analyses suggest that cannabis use is associated with an earlier onset of psychosis and increases the risk, particularly in adolescents and those with a genetic predisposition.

What are the main challenges in studying medical cannabis?

The study of medical cannabis is challenging due to legal and governmental restrictions that have limited research. Furthermore, the presence of over 400 different chemicals in the cannabis plant, including around 70 cannabinoids, makes it difficult to isolate and study specific compounds and their effects.

What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in relation to cannabis?

The endocannabinoid system is a biological system that includes endocannabinoids (like anandamide and 2-AG) which activate cannabinoid receptors. Phytocannabinoids from the cannabis plant, such as THC and CBD, interact with these same receptors, influencing various physiological processes.

What are the historical uses of cannabis in ancient India and Greece?

In ancient India, cannabis was recognized for its psychoactive properties and used by doctors to treat illnesses like insomnia, headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, and pain, including during childbirth. The Ancient Greeks used cannabis to treat horses' wounds and sores, and for humans, dried leaves were used for nosebleeds, while seeds were used to expel tapeworms.

What is the significance of landrace strains of cannabis?

Landrace strains are cultivars of cannabis that originated and developed in a specific geographic region over centuries. Examples include Afghani and Hindu Kush from Pakistan/Afghanistan, and Durban Poison from Africa, each adapted to its local environment.

What is the FDA's classification of dronabinol and nabilone in the United States?

In the United States, dronabinol (synthetic delta-9-THC) and nabilone (a synthetic neocannabinoid) are both classified as Schedule II substances by the FDA. This classification indicates a high potential for abuse and addiction, as well as significant side effects.

What does the term 'medical marijuana' refer to?

The term 'medical marijuana' refers to the use of the cannabis plant or its extracts to treat diseases or symptoms. It is often used interchangeably with 'medical cannabis'.

What are the potential benefits of cannabis-based medicines for pain, according to research?

Research suggests that cannabis-based medicines may offer modest relief for chronic pain, especially neuropathic pain. They might also lead to small improvements in physical function and sleep for patients with chronic pain, though the evidence is considered limited and inconsistent.

What is the significance of the UN drug control treaties regarding cannabis?

Cannabis is regulated under three UN drug control treaties: the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic. These treaties classify cannabis and impose obligations on member states regarding its availability for medical use while controlling its potential for abuse.

What was the impact of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 on medical cannabis in the US?

The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed new regulations and fees on physicians who prescribed cannabis. This legislation, along with subsequent bans, significantly contributed to the decline of cannabis's medical use in the United States.

What are the potential cognitive effects of medical cannabis use?

While recreational cannabis use is associated with cognitive deficits, especially when initiated in adolescence, research on the long-term cognitive effects of medical cannabis use is less extensive. One observational study indicated potential improvements in executive function among medical cannabis patients over a 12-month period.

What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the international classification of cannabis?

The WHO conducts scientific assessments of drugs, including cannabis. Its recommendations influence the scheduling of substances under UN drug control treaties. For instance, a WHO recommendation in 2019 led to the removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 2020.

What are some of the key medical organizations that support or oppose medical cannabis access?

Organizations like the American Nurses Association and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society support access to medical cannabis. In contrast, the American Academy of Pediatrics opposes its legalization. Many other organizations, such as the American Medical Association, advocate for rescheduling to facilitate research.

What are the primary chemical compounds in cannabis that interact with cannabinoid receptors?

The primary chemical compounds in cannabis that interact with cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids. The most well-known are THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), which is psychoactive, and CBD (cannabidiol), which is non-psychoactive and known to modulate THC's effects.

Medical Cannabis Wiki: Cannabis in Medicine: A Scholarly Exploration

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Introduction

Definition

Medicinal cannabis refers to the use of cannabis products and cannabinoid molecules prescribed by physicians for therapeutic purposes. Its history as a medicine spans millennia, though rigorous scientific testing has been limited due to legal and governmental restrictions.

Global Health Context

While evidence for benefits is mixed and often inconclusive, with frequent mild adverse effects, cannabis-based medicines may offer modest relief for chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain, and slight improvements in function and sleep. Evidence quality is generally low to moderate.

Legal and Research Landscape

Many medical organizations advocate for rescheduling cannabis to facilitate research and regulatory oversight. However, some bodies, like the American Academy of Pediatrics, oppose its broad legalization. Numerous countries and US states have legalized medical cannabis, though access conditions vary.

Classification

Defining Medical Cannabis

In the U.S., medical cannabis is defined as using the whole plant or its extracts to treat disease symptoms. This contrasts with conventional medications, which typically contain one or two specific chemicals.

Chemical Complexity

A cannabis plant contains over 400 compounds, with approximately 70 identified as cannabinoids. This complexity makes standardized study and classification challenging. The ratio of CBD to THC significantly influences therapeutic versus psychoactive effects, with CBD known to attenuate THC's psychoactivity.

Therapeutic Applications

General Efficacy

A systematic review found mixed evidence for benefits and frequent mild adverse effects. Low-quality evidence suggests potential efficacy in reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea, improving appetite in HIV/AIDS patients, enhancing sleep, and managing tics in Tourette syndrome.

Specific Conditions

When conventional treatments are insufficient, cannabinoids are considered for anorexia, arthritis, glaucoma, and migraine. Their role in mitigating the opioid epidemic as an alternative pain management strategy is under investigation.

Pregnancy Caution

Cannabis use is strongly discouraged during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development. Comprehensive research on long-term effects in adolescents also necessitates careful consideration.

Pain Management

Chronic Pain Relief

Evidence suggests cannabis-based medicines may offer modest relief for chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain. They may also yield slight improvements in physical function and sleep quality for patients experiencing chronic pain.

Evidence and Harms

The evidence for pain relief is often inconsistent, and mild harms are commonly reported. These potential harms may outweigh the perceived benefits, and placebo effects can significantly influence trial outcomes, complicating the assessment of true efficacy.

Placebo and Expectations

Placebo effects play a notable role in pain reduction within cannabinoid clinical trials. While media attention is high, it does not always correlate with clinical outcomes but can shape patient expectations and influence future research results.

Insomnia

Sleep Duration

Analysis of national health survey data indicates no significant difference in sleep duration between cannabis users and non-users. While some individuals report subjective sleep benefits, objective changes in overall sleep patterns across the population are not consistently observed.

Nausea & Vomiting

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea

Medical cannabis shows some effectiveness for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), particularly for patients unresponsive to standard treatments. Comparative studies suggest cannabinoids may be more effective than certain conventional antiemetics.

Side Effects & CHS

Conventional antiemetics can cause side effects like dizziness and dysphoria. Conversely, long-term cannabis use can paradoxically lead to nausea and vomiting, a condition known as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).

Pediatric Use

For children undergoing chemotherapy, cannabinoids appear "probably effective" for managing nausea, though they are associated with a higher side-effect profile, primarily drowsiness and dizziness, but also potential mood alterations and increased appetite.

HIV/AIDS

Efficacy and Safety

Evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of cannabis and cannabinoids for patients with HIV/AIDS, or for associated anorexia, remains limited. Current studies often suffer from methodological limitations, including bias, small sample sizes, and a lack of long-term data.

Neurological Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis

The efficacy of cannabis for neurological issues like multiple sclerosis (MS) and movement disorders is not definitively established. However, oral cannabis extract shows potential effectiveness in reducing patient-reported spasticity measures, particularly when other treatments have failed.

Epilepsy and Spasticity

Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid, has received FDA approval for treating severe epilepsy syndromes (Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes). Nabiximols (Sativex), an oral spray, is approved in several countries for MS-related spasticity and cancer pain.

Tolerance and Addiction

Early reviews suggested no significant issues with tolerance, abuse, or addiction related to cannabis use for MS, though this requires ongoing scrutiny with more extensive research.

Mental Health

Anxiety and Depression

A 2019 review found insufficient evidence for cannabinoid efficacy in treating depressive or anxiety disorders. The relationship between cannabis use and anxiety is complex, with conflicting reports from observational studies and clinical trials.

Psychosis Risk

High-dose THC exposure is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, particularly in predisposed individuals. Cannabis use, especially in adolescence, may trigger transient psychotic episodes and potentially increase the risk of developing psychotic disorders later in life.

Adolescent Use Impact

The impact on depression is less clear, with some studies suggesting an increased risk among adolescent users, though findings are inconsistent. The long-term cognitive effects of medical cannabis use are still under-researched, though some observational studies show improvements in executive function over time.

Adverse Effects

Common Side Effects

Adverse effects are typically not serious but can include tiredness, dizziness, increased appetite, and psychoactive effects. Impaired short-term memory, motor coordination, judgment, and paranoia can occur, particularly at higher doses.

Cognitive Impact

Recreational use, especially starting in adolescence, is linked to cognitive deficits. While research on long-term medical use is limited, some studies suggest potential improvements in executive function over a 12-month period.

Regulatory Status

The FDA has not approved smoked cannabis due to insufficient evidence of safety and efficacy. Approved cannabinoid medications like Dronabinol and Nabilone are classified as Schedule II substances in the US, indicating a high potential for abuse and side effects.

Pharmacology

Plant Species & Cannabinoids

The genus Cannabis includes C. indica and C. sativa, known for psychoactive cannabinoids, and C. ruderalis. Over 70 cannabinoids exist, including THC (psychoactive) and CBD (non-psychoactive), which interact with CB1 (brain) and CB2 (peripheral) receptors.

Absorption & Metabolism

Absorption varies by administration route; inhalation is rapid, while oral administration has lower bioavailability and longer absorption times. THC is metabolized in the liver to active (11-OH-THC) and inactive (11-COOH-THC) compounds.

Distribution & Excretion

THC distributes to fatty tissues and is highly protein-bound. Metabolites are primarily excreted via feces and urine. The half-life for THC is 25-36 hours, and for CBD, it's 18-32 hours.

Historical Context

Ancient Use

Cannabis has been used medicinally for thousands of years across cultures, documented in ancient China (Shen-Nung), Egypt (Ebers Papyrus), India, Greece, and the Islamic world for various ailments.

Western Introduction

William Brooke O'Shaughnessy introduced cannabis to Western medicine in the 1830s from India, noting its analgesic and anticonvulsant properties. Its use declined by the late 19th century due to dosage control issues and the rise of synthetics.

Modern Resurgence

Interest revived in the 1970s-80s among cancer and AIDS patients. California legalized medical cannabis in 1996, followed by Canada in 2001, marking a shift towards broader acceptance and research.

Legal Status

International Framework

Cannabis is regulated under UN drug control treaties. While classified as Schedule I (high potential for abuse, accepted medical use), nations are obligated to ensure access for medical purposes. Recent UN votes moved cannabis out of the more restrictive Schedule IV.

United States Landscape

38 US states and territories permit medical cannabis. Federally, it remains Schedule I, but federal prosecution is limited by amendments like Rohrabacher-Farr. FDA-approved cannabinoid drugs exist but are often Schedule II.

Global Variations

Countries like Canada, the Netherlands, Thailand, and Uruguay have more relaxed policies, allowing purchase without a prescription. Other nations permit only isolated cannabinoid drugs. Access and regulations vary significantly worldwide.

Economics & Distribution

Access Channels

Consumers typically obtain medical cannabis through state-licensed dispensaries or by cultivating it themselves. Innovative distribution methods, such as on-demand delivery apps and vending machines, are emerging in various regions.

Market Dynamics

A significant portion of medical cannabis is exported globally, with major supply chains originating from countries like the UK, Canada, and the Netherlands. Insurance coverage remains a challenge in many regions due to federal scheduling.

Medical Organization Stances

Supportive Organizations

Organizations such as the American Nurses Association, American Public Health Association, and National Multiple Sclerosis Society support access to medical cannabis and advocate for rescheduling to facilitate research.

Opposing Views

Conversely, the American Academy of Pediatrics opposes broad legalization, though it supports rescheduling for research. The American Psychiatric Association also maintains reservations.

Neutral or Cautious Stances

The American Medical Association and American College of Physicians call for a review of cannabis's Schedule I classification to enable better scientific study. Organizations like the American Heart Association note cardiovascular concerns but support rescheduling for nuanced regulation.

Nomenclature & Products

International Nonproprietary Names (INN)

Key cannabinoids with INNs include Dronabinol (delta-9-THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), and Nabilone (a synthetic analog). Nabiximols (Sativex) is a recognized generic name for a THC/CBD mixture, approved in several countries.

Approved Medications

Approved cannabinoid medications like Dronabinol (Marinol, Syndros) and Nabilone (Cesamet) are used primarily as antiemetics for chemotherapy and for anorexia associated with AIDS. Nabiximols (Sativex) treats MS spasticity and cancer pain.

Product Table

A table details approved cannabinoid medications, their brand names, countries of approval, and licensed indications, highlighting their specific therapeutic applications.

Generic Name	Brand Name(s)	Country (non-exhaustive)	Licensed Indications
Nabilone	Cesamet	U.S., Canada	Antiemetic (chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting unresponsive to conventional therapy)
Dronabinol	Marinol	U.S., Canada
Dronabinol	Syndros	U.S.	Anorexia associated with AIDS-related weight loss
Nabiximols	Sativex	Canada, New Zealand, majority of the EU	Spasticity and neuropathic pain associated with MS, intractable cancer pain

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References

Li, Hui-Lin (1974). "An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China", Economic Botany 28.4:437â48, p. 444.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Medical cannabis Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not medical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional medical consultation, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Cannabis in Medicine

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

🌿 Definition

📊 Global Health Context

⚖️ Legal and Research Landscape

Classification 🔬

🔬 Defining Medical Cannabis

🧪 Chemical Complexity

Therapeutic Applications 🧑‍⚕️

🩹 General Efficacy

🤕 Specific Conditions

⚠️ Pregnancy Caution

Pain Management 😖

😌 Chronic Pain Relief

📉 Evidence and Harms

🧠 Placebo and Expectations

Insomnia 😴

🌙 Sleep Duration

Nausea & Vomiting 🤢

🤮 Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea

😵 Side Effects & CHS

👶 Pediatric Use

HIV/AIDS ❤️

❓ Efficacy and Safety

Neurological Conditions 🧠

⚡ Multiple Sclerosis

🎗️ Epilepsy and Spasticity

🚫 Tolerance and Addiction

Mental Health 💭

😟 Anxiety and Depression

🌀 Psychosis Risk

👶 Adolescent Use Impact

Adverse Effects ⚠️

😵 Common Side Effects

🧠 Cognitive Impact

⚖️ Regulatory Status

Pharmacology 🔬

🌿 Plant Species & Cannabinoids

💊 Absorption & Metabolism

➡️ Distribution & Excretion

Historical Context ⏳

📜 Ancient Use

🇬🇧 Western Introduction

🇺🇸 Modern Resurgence

Legal Status ⚖️

🌍 International Framework

🇺🇸 United States Landscape

🇨🇦 Global Variations

Economics & Distribution 💰

🛒 Access Channels

📈 Market Dynamics

Medical Organization Stances 🗣️

👍 Supportive Organizations

👎 Opposing Views

🤔 Neutral or Cautious Stances

Nomenclature & Products 🏷️

📜 International Nonproprietary Names (INN)

📋 Approved Medications

🔬 Product Table

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

Definition

Global Health Context

Legal and Research Landscape

Classification

Defining Medical Cannabis

Chemical Complexity

Therapeutic Applications

General Efficacy

Specific Conditions

Pregnancy Caution

Pain Management

Chronic Pain Relief

Evidence and Harms

Placebo and Expectations

Insomnia

Sleep Duration

Nausea & Vomiting

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea

Side Effects & CHS

Pediatric Use

HIV/AIDS

Efficacy and Safety

Neurological Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis

Epilepsy and Spasticity

Tolerance and Addiction

Mental Health

Anxiety and Depression

Psychosis Risk

Adolescent Use Impact

Adverse Effects

Common Side Effects

Cognitive Impact

Regulatory Status

Pharmacology

Plant Species & Cannabinoids

Absorption & Metabolism

Distribution & Excretion

Historical Context

Ancient Use

Western Introduction

Modern Resurgence

Legal Status

International Framework

United States Landscape

Global Variations

Economics & Distribution

Access Channels

Market Dynamics

Medical Organization Stances

Supportive Organizations

Opposing Views

Neutral or Cautious Stances

Nomenclature & Products

International Nonproprietary Names (INN)

Approved Medications

Product Table

Teacher's Corner

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Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice