Who was Narasimhavarman II, and what was his primary role?

Narasimhavarman II was a Pallava monarch, an emperor from the Pallava dynasty, who reigned from approximately 695 CE to 728 CE. He is recognized as a significant ruler in ancient Indian history.

What alternative names or titles was Narasimhavarman II known by?

Narasimhavarman II was popularly known by the titles Rajasimha and Rajamalla. These titles likely reflected his royal status and possibly his military prowess or architectural achievements.

What was the duration of Narasimhavarman II's reign as a Pallava monarch?

Narasimhavarman II reigned as a Pallava monarch for approximately 33 years, from around 695 CE to 728 CE. This period marked a significant era for the Pallava dynasty.

Which Pallava monarch preceded Narasimhavarman II on the throne?

Narasimhavarman II was preceded by Paramesvaravarman I as the Pallava monarch. Paramesvaravarman I was his father, establishing a direct line of succession.

Who succeeded Narasimhavarman II to the Pallava throne?

Narasimhavarman II was succeeded by his son, Paramesvaravarman II, to the Pallava throne. This indicates the continuation of the dynastic rule.

Who were the known spouses of Narasimhavarman II?

Narasimhavarman II had two known spouses: Rangapataka and Lokamadevi. Royal marriages often played a role in political alliances and dynastic stability.

What were the names of Narasimhavarman II's sons?

Narasimhavarman II had two sons, Mahendravarman III and Paramesvaravarman II. However, Mahendravarman III predeceased his father, leading to Paramesvaravarman II's succession.

To which dynasty did Narasimhavarman II belong?

Narasimhavarman II belonged to the Pallava dynasty, an ancient South Indian dynasty that was prominent in the region from the 200s to the 800s CE.

What was the religious affiliation of Narasimhavarman II?

Narasimhavarman II was a follower of Hinduism. His religious endowments and temple constructions primarily dedicated to Shiva further highlight his devotion to the Hindu faith.

What significant architectural complexes are credited to Narasimhavarman II?

Narasimhavarman II is credited with the construction of several notable architectural complexes, including the Shore Temple Complex, the Isvara and Mukunda Temples in Mamallapuram, the Talagirisvara Temple in Panamalai, and the Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchi. These structures are significant examples of Pallava architecture.

Which Buddhist structure is attributed to Narasimhavarman II, and what was its common name?

Narasimhavarman II is credited with the construction of a Buddhist Vihara at Nagipattinam, which was commonly known as the 'China-pagoda'. This suggests a period of religious tolerance and possibly cultural exchange.

How do historians generally regard Narasimhavarman II's reign?

Historians generally regard Narasimhavarman II's reign as a period of great literary and architectural advancements. He is often grouped with other prominent Pallava rulers like Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I, indicating his significant contributions to the dynasty's legacy.

What was the military standing of the Pallavas when Narasimhavarman II ascended the throne?

By the time Narasimhavarman II ascended the throne, the Pallavas were considered the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent. This strong military foundation was inherited from his predecessor.

How was Narasimhavarman II's father, Parameswaravarman I, described in the Amaravati Pallava inscription?

The Amaravati Pallava inscription praised Narasimhavarman II's father, Parameswaravarman I, as being 'as vigorous and strong as lord Sambhu (Shiva)'. This highlights his reputation as a formidable warrior monarch.

What information does the Vayalur inscription provide about the Pallava lineage leading up to Narasimhavarman II?

The Vayalur inscription, issued on the eve of Narasimhavarman II's coronation, details a lineage of 54 rulers. This extensive lineage spans the epochs of Krita, Dvapara, and Kali Yugas, and includes 47 kings who descended from Aswattaman, the legendary warrior ancestor of the Pallavas.

What evidence suggests the Pallavas were a major power during Narasimhavarman II's reign?

The Pallavas' status as a major power during Narasimhavarman II's reign is evidenced by his close relationship with Tang China and mentions of 'Dvipalaksam', which indicate Pallava influence extending to the Lakshadweep islands. This suggests a wide sphere of political and maritime control.

What does the mention of 'Dvipalaksam' indicate about Pallava influence during Narasimhavarman II's rule?

The mention of 'Dvipalaksam' indicates that the Pallavas exerted influence in the Lakshadweep islands during Narasimhavarman II's reign. This suggests a significant naval or maritime presence and control over distant territories.

What was the general state of warfare during Narasimhavarman II's period?

Narasimhavarman II's period was generally characterized by relative freedom from major wars. Despite being a militarist, his reign was largely peaceful, allowing for internal development and continued Pallava domination of Southeast Asia.

What kind of relationship did Narasimhavarman II have with Tang China?

Narasimhavarman II had a close and strategic relationship with Tang China. In the 8th century, the Tang dynasty under Emperor Xuanzong forged a military alliance with the Pallavas, recognizing their power and seeking their support.

What military title did Emperor Xuanzong of Tang confer upon Narasimhavarman II?

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang conferred the title of General of South China upon Narasimhavarman II. This appointment was part of a military alliance aimed at protecting Chinese interests from the Tibetan Empire.

What specific request did Narasimhavarman II make to Emperor Xuanzong regarding his army?

Narasimhavarman II sent an embassy to Emperor Xuanzong of Tang to inform him of his intention to use his war elephants and cavalry to confront the Ta-che (Arabs) and T’ou-po (Tibetans). He requested the emperor to give a name to his army as a gesture of friendship.

What name did the Tang Emperor Xuanzong give to Narasimhavarman II's army?

In response to Narasimhavarman II's request, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang greatly praised his intention and named his army ‘the army which cherished virtue’. This was a symbolic gesture of the alliance between the two powers.

Who is believed to have led Narasimhavarman II's embassy to Tang China around 720 CE?

The historian Nilakanta Sastri states that the venerated Southern Indian Buddhist Monk Vajrabodhi definitely led Narasimhavarman II's embassy to Tang China around 720 CE. This highlights the role of religious figures in diplomatic relations.

What was the Chinese name given to Narasimhavarman II by Emperor Xuanzong?

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang sent an ambassador to confer the title of General of South China on the 'King of the kingdom of South India', who was referred to by the Chinese name *Che-li-Na-lo-seng-k’ia pao-to-pa-mo*, which translates to Sri Narasimha Potavarman.

What was the significance of the temple Narasimhavarman II built in honor of the Tang Chinese emperor?

Narasimhavarman II built a temple in honor of the Tang Chinese emperor and requested a name for it, signifying a deep level of diplomatic respect and cultural exchange. This temple could potentially be the Buddhist Vihara known as 'China-pagoda' at Nagapattinam.

What name was given to the temple built by Narasimhavarman II in honor of the Tang Chinese emperor?

The Tang Chinese emperor sent an inscribed tablet reading *Koei-hoa se*, meaning 'which cause to return virtue', as the name for the temple built by Narasimhavarman II in his honor. This name reflects the positive diplomatic relations between the two empires.

According to historian Nilakanta Sastri, what motivated the Chinese court to seek an alliance with Narasimhavarman II?

According to historian Nilakanta Sastri, the Chinese court was impressed by Narasimhavarman II's political power in India and was anxious to enlist his support in their plans against the Tibetans. The Tibetans and Arabs were considered more direct enemies of China than of any Indian state at that time.

What were Narasimhavarman II's contributions to literature?

Narasimhavarman II was a skilled dramatist and poet who wrote many works in Sanskrit, although most of them are now missing. His literary contributions often drew themes from ancient Indian epics and religious texts.

What themes were common in Narasimhavarman II's Sanskrit plays?

Narasimhavarman II's Sanskrit plays commonly featured themes derived from the great Indian epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha, as well as the Puranas. These ancient narratives provided rich material for his dramatic works.

Which ancient Indian dance-drama forms utilize Narasimhavarman II's plays?

Ancient Indian dance-drama forms such as *Kutiyattam*, which is still practiced in Kerala, and *Chakyar koothu*, an ancient Tamil dramatized worship service, utilize some of Narasimhavarman II's plays for their subject matter, including works like *Kailasodharanam*.

Can you name a specific play written by Narasimhavarman II and its subject matter?

One specific play written by Narasimhavarman II was titled *Kamsavadham*, which dealt with the narrative of Lord Krishna's slaying of Kamsa. This play reflects his engagement with Hindu mythological themes.

Which prominent Sanskrit litterateur was patronized by Narasimhavarman II?

The prominent Sanskrit litterateur Dandin spent several years in Narasimhavarman II's court and was patronized by the monarch. This patronage indicates Narasimhavarman II's support for literary arts and scholars.

What was Narasimhavarman II's reputation as a devotee?

Narasimhavarman II was known as a great devotee, particularly of the God Shiva. He was credited with mastering the great agamic worship rituals, similar to his preceptor Drona, and is remembered as a foremost devotee of Shiva.

What famous divine intervention story is associated with Narasimhavarman II's coronation?

A famous divine intervention story associated with Narasimhavarman II's coronation recounts that the God Shiva appeared in the monarch's dream and instructed him to postpone his own coronation. This was so Shiva could first bless an impoverished saint named Pusalar, an event well-documented in Pallava grants.

How did Narasimhavarman II demonstrate his religious devotion according to the Kasakudi plates?

According to the Kasakudi plates of Nandivarman Pallavamalla, Narasimhavarman II demonstrated his religious devotion by bestowing his wealth upon temples and Brahmanas. This act of charity and patronage was a common way for rulers to express piety.

Which deities did Narasimhavarman II worship, as indicated by his Reyuru grant?

As indicated by his Reyuru grant, Narasimhavarman II was a devout worshiper of Shiva, Vishnu, and Subramanya. However, his architectural commissions suggest a particular inclination towards Shiva worship.

What was the primary dedication of the temples commissioned by Narasimhavarman II?

All of the temples commissioned by Narasimhavarman II were dedicated to Shiva, which strongly suggests his primary inclination towards Shiva worship within Hinduism. These temples served as centers for devotion to the deity.

What was the name of the main shrine within the Kailasanathar Temple Complex commissioned by Narasimhavarman II?

The main shrine within the Kailasanathar Temple Complex, which Narasimhavarman II commissioned in the Pallava capital of Kanchipuram, was titled 'Rajasimhesvara'. This name likely honored Narasimhavarman II himself, incorporating one of his popular titles.

With which Nayanar saint is Narasimhavarman II generally identified?

Narasimhavarman II is generally identified with Kalarsinga Nayanar, one of the 63 Nayanars, who were revered Shiva saints. His epithet 'one who is lion to crowd of evil kings' reflects this association.

What characterized Narasimhavarman II's reign in terms of general conditions?

Narasimhavarman II's reign was characterized by peace and prosperity. This stable environment allowed him to focus on significant cultural and architectural endeavors, leading to the construction of many beautiful temples.

Besides the Kailasanathar Temple, what other significant temples did Narasimhavarman II build?

Besides the Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram, Narasimhavarman II also built several other significant temples, including the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram, the Iravatanesvara Temple at Kanchipuram, and the Talagirisvara Temple at Panamalai. These structures are enduring testaments to his architectural patronage.

Where is the Shore Temple located, and who is credited with its construction?

The Shore Temple is located at Mahabalipuram, and Narasimhavarman II is credited with its construction. This temple is a renowned example of Pallava architecture, known for its distinctive coastal setting.

What is depicted in the rock cut image referenced in the literature section, featuring Varaha and Vamana?

The source material references a rock cut sculpture depicting Varaha and Vamana, who are two significant incarnations of the Hindu deity Vishnu. Such rock cuts are characteristic of ancient Indian art and often found in temple complexes.

What is depicted in the second rock cut image referenced in the literature section, featuring Durga and Mahishasura?

The source material references a rock cut bas-relief depicting the Hindu goddess Durga engaged in battle with the demon Mahishasura. This iconic scene from Hindu mythology symbolizes the triumph of good over evil.

What was the fate of Narasimhavarman II's son, Mahendravarman III?

Narasimhavarman II's son, Mahendravarman III, unfortunately predeceased his father. This event meant that his other son, Paramesvaravarman II, ultimately succeeded to the throne.

What was the historical range of the Pallava Monarchs listed in the provided infobox?

The Pallava Monarchs listed in the provided infobox reigned over a period spanning from the 200s to the 800s CE, indicating the long and influential history of the Pallava dynasty in South India.

Narasimhavarman Ii Wiki: Echoes of Rajasimha: The Golden Age of Pallava Grandeur

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The Monarch

An Illustrious Reign

Narasimhavarman II, widely recognized by his honorifics Rajasimha and Rajamalla, was a pivotal Pallava emperor who governed from approximately 695 CE to 728 CE. His era is celebrated as a period of significant cultural and political advancement, solidifying his place among the greatest Pallava rulers, alongside Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I.

Reign: c. 695 – c. 728 CE
Predecessor: Paramesvaravarman I
Successor: Paramesvaravarman II
Spouses: Rangapataka, Lokamadevi
Issue: Mahendravarman III, Paramesvaravarman II
Dynasty: Pallava
Father: Paramesvaravarman I
Religion: Hinduism

Accession and Military Might

Upon Narasimhavarman II's ascension, the Pallava Empire had already established itself as a formidable military power across the Indian subcontinent. His father, Paramesvaravarman I, was renowned as an exceptional warrior monarch, lauded in inscriptions such as the Amaravati Pallava inscription for his strength, likened to Lord Shiva. Narasimhavarman II adeptly built upon this legacy, further extending Pallava influence.

The Vayalur inscription, issued at the time of Narasimhavarman II's coronation, meticulously traces a lineage of 54 rulers. This extensive genealogy spans the Krita, Dvapara, and Kali Yugas, including 47 kings descended from the legendary warrior ancestor of the Pallavas, Aswattaman, culminating in Emperor Narasimhavarman II.

Pallava Monarchs Overview

Narasimhavarman II was part of a long and distinguished line of Pallava rulers who shaped the history of South India for centuries. His reign represents a high point in this dynasty's cultural and political achievements.

Monarch	Reign (CE)
Virakurcha	(??–??)
Vishnugopa I	(??–??)
Vishnugopa II	(??–??)
Simhavarman III	(??–??)
Simhavishnu	575–600
Mahendravarman I	600–630
Narasimhavarman I	630–668
Mahendravarman II	668–670
Paramesvaravarman I	670–695
Narasimhavarman II	695–728
Paramesvaravarman II	728–731
Nandivarman II	731–795
Dantivarman	795–846
Nandivarman III	846–869
Nrpatungavarman	869–880
Aparajitavarman	880–897

His Reign

A Period of Peace and Prosperity

Narasimhavarman II, like many Pallava monarchs before him, was a formidable military leader. However, his reign was notably characterized by a relative absence of major conflicts, fostering an environment of peace and prosperity. This stability allowed for significant advancements in architecture and literature, which became defining features of his rule.

Expanding Influence

During Narasimhavarman II's time, the Pallavas maintained their status as a dominant power. Historical records, such as mentions of Dvipalaksam, indicate that Pallava influence extended to the Lakshadweep islands. Furthermore, the Pallava Empire continued its strong presence and domination across Southeast Asia, underscoring its widespread geopolitical significance.

Diplomacy

Alliance with Tang China

In the 8th century, Narasimhavarman II forged a crucial military alliance with the powerful Tang dynasty of China, led by Emperor Xuanzong. This strategic partnership aimed to protect Chinese territories and interests from the expansionist Tibetan Empire. The Pallava monarch was bestowed with the prestigious title of "General of South China," highlighting the high regard in which he was held by the Tang court.

The "Army Which Cherished Virtue"

Around 720 CE, Narasimhavarman II dispatched an embassy to Tang China, informing Emperor Xuanzong of his intent to deploy his war elephants and cavalry against the Ta-che (Arabs) and T'ou-po (Tibetans). As a gesture of goodwill, he requested a name for his army. The emperor, greatly impressed, named it "the army which cherished virtue." Historian Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the venerated Southern Indian Buddhist Monk Vajrabodhi likely led this significant embassy.

A Temple for the Emperor

Further cementing the diplomatic ties, Narasimhavarman II constructed a temple in honor of the Tang Chinese emperor and sought a name for it from the emperor himself. The emperor responded by sending an inscribed tablet bearing the name Koei-hoa se, meaning "which cause to return virtue." This temple is believed to be the Buddhist Vihara, popularly known as 'China-pagoda,' which Narasimhavarman II built at Nagapattinam.

The Arts

A Royal Dramatist and Poet

Narasimhavarman II was not only a powerful ruler but also a highly accomplished dramatist and poet, composing numerous works in Sanskrit. Although many of his literary creations are now lost, his Sanskrit plays frequently drew themes from the epic narratives of the Ramayana, the Mahabharatha, and the Puranas. His artistic contributions continue to influence traditional Indian performing arts.

Kutiyattam: This ancient form of dance drama, still practiced in Kerala, incorporates some of his plays, such as Kailasodharanam, into its repertoire.
Chakyar Koothu: Another venerable Tamil dramatized worship service also utilizes his works.
Kamsavadham: A notable play focusing on Lord Krishna's slaying of Kamsa, showcasing his devotion and narrative skill.

Patronage of Dandin

The esteemed Sanskrit litterateur Dandin spent several years at Narasimhavarman II's court, enjoying the monarch's patronage. While the exact nature of Dandin's standing is not fully detailed, inscriptions from the period suggest a high level of intellectual and literary engagement within the court. Narasimhavarman II himself was recognized for his profound erudition and mastery of the great Agamic worship rituals, akin to his preceptor Drona.

Devotion

A Foremost Devotee of Shiva

Above all his accomplishments, Narasimhavarman II is profoundly remembered as an ardent devotee of Lord Shiva. His deep spiritual commitment is evident in his epithets, such as Sivachudamani (crest-jewel of Shiva) and Agamanusari (follower of Agamas), which highlight his adherence to Shaivite traditions and his mastery of sacred rituals.

Religious Endowments

The Kasakudi plates of Nandivarman Pallavamalla record Narasimhavarman II's generosity, stating that he bestowed his wealth upon temples and Brahmanas. His Reyuru grant further confirms his devout worship of Shiva, Vishnu, and Subramanya. The fact that all the temples he commissioned were dedicated to Shiva strongly suggests a particular inclination towards Shaivism.

Divine Encounters and Humility

A famous account describes Lord Shiva appearing in the monarch's dream, instructing him to postpone his coronation to first bless an impoverished saint named Pusalar. This event is well-documented in numerous Pallava grants from Narasimhavarman's reign and those of his successors. He is also identified with Kalarsinga Nayanar, one of the 63 Nayanars (Shaivite saints), and was a contemporary of other Nayanar saints like Sundarar, Dandi Adigal Nayanar, and Pusalar. Narasimhavarman famously declared before Lord Shiva in Tiruvarur, alongside the Nayanar saint Seruthunai, that he considered himself not a monarch but a sincere servant of the Lord Shiva.

Temples

Architectural Masterpieces

Narasimhavarman II's reign, characterized by peace and prosperity, facilitated the construction of several magnificent temples that stand as enduring testaments to Pallava architectural prowess. These structures showcase a distinct style, often referred to as the "Rajasimha style," known for its grand scale and intricate carvings.

The Shore Temple Complex

Among his most celebrated architectural achievements is the Shore Temple Complex at Mamallapuram. This iconic structure, overlooking the Bay of Bengal, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a prime example of Dravidian temple architecture. It is a complex of three shrines, two dedicated to Shiva and one to Vishnu, reflecting the syncretic religious practices of the era.

Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram

In the Pallava capital of Kanchipuram, Narasimhavarman II commissioned the grand Kailasanathar Temple Complex. The main shrine within this complex is known as "Rajasimhesvara," a direct tribute to the monarch. The complex also features a smaller shrine initiated by his pious queen, Rangapataka, and a frontal shrine named "Mahendresvara," commissioned by his son Mahendravarman III, illustrating a family legacy in religious patronage.

Other Notable Constructions

Beyond these major complexes, Narasimhavarman II is also credited with the construction of several other significant temples, further enriching the architectural landscape of the Pallava domain:

The Isvara and Mukunda Temples in Mamallapuram.
The Talagirisvara Temple in Panamalai.
The Iravatanesvara Temple at Kanchipuram.
A Buddhist Vihara at Nagipattinam, famously known as 'China-pagoda', reflecting his diverse religious patronage and foreign relations.

Succession

The Royal Lineage

Narasimhavarman II had two sons, Mahendravarman III and Paramesvaravarman II. Tragically, Mahendravarman III predeceased his father, altering the direct line of succession. Consequently, Paramesvaravarman II ascended to the throne, continuing the Pallava dynasty after his illustrious father.

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References

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Echoes of Rajasimha

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Monarch 👑

📜 An Illustrious Reign

🛡️ Accession and Military Might

🏛️ Pallava Monarchs Overview

His Reign 🌍

🕊️ A Period of Peace and Prosperity

🌊 Expanding Influence

Diplomacy 🤝

🇨🇳 Alliance with Tang China

🐘 The "Army Which Cherished Virtue"

🏯 A Temple for the Emperor

The Arts 🎭

✍️ A Royal Dramatist and Poet

📚 Patronage of Dandin

Devotion 🙏

🕉️ A Foremost Devotee of Shiva

🎁 Religious Endowments

🌟 Divine Encounters and Humility

Temples 🏗️

✨ Architectural Masterpieces

🌅 The Shore Temple Complex

🕉️ Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram

📍 Other Notable Constructions

Succession 👑

👨‍👦 The Royal Lineage

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Monarch

An Illustrious Reign

Accession and Military Might

Pallava Monarchs Overview

His Reign

A Period of Peace and Prosperity

Expanding Influence

Diplomacy

Alliance with Tang China

The "Army Which Cherished Virtue"

A Temple for the Emperor

The Arts

A Royal Dramatist and Poet

Patronage of Dandin

Devotion

A Foremost Devotee of Shiva

Religious Endowments

Divine Encounters and Humility

Temples

Architectural Masterpieces

The Shore Temple Complex

Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram

Other Notable Constructions

Succession

The Royal Lineage

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice