What is the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and who administers it?

The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.

Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?

The National Museum of Natural History is situated on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. This prominent location places it within a significant cultural and historical area of the nation's capital.

Is admission to the NMNH free, and how many days a year is it open?

Yes, admission to the National Museum of Natural History is free. The museum is open 364 days a year, providing ample opportunity for the public to visit.

How many visitors did the NMNH receive in 2023, and how did this rank it among US museums?

In 2023, the National Museum of Natural History welcomed 4.4 million visitors, making it the third most-visited museum in the United States that year. This high number reflects its popularity and significance as a cultural institution.

In what year did the National Museum of Natural History building on the National Mall open?

The museum building on the National Mall opened its doors to the public on March 17, 1910. It was one of the first Smithsonian buildings specifically constructed to house the national collections and research facilities.

What is the approximate total area of the main NMNH building, and how much is dedicated to exhibition and public space?

The main building of the National Museum of Natural History has an overall area of approximately 1.5 million square feet (140,000 m²). Of this, about 325,000 square feet (30,200 m²) are designated for exhibition and public use.

How many specimens are held in the museum's collections, and what is the significance of this number?

The museum's collections contain over 146 million specimens, which represents the largest natural history collection in the world. This vast number underscores the museum's role in preserving and studying the planet's biodiversity and cultural heritage.

What categories of items are included in the NMNH's extensive collections?

The extensive collections at the National Museum of Natural History include over 146 million specimens spanning categories such as plants, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, human remains, and cultural artifacts.

How many professional natural history scientists work at the NMNH, and what is notable about this group?

The museum is home to approximately 185 professional natural history scientists. This makes it the largest group of scientists globally dedicated to the study of natural and cultural history.

When was the United States National Museum, the precursor to the NMNH, founded, and as part of which institution?

The United States National Museum was founded in 1846 as an integral part of the Smithsonian Institution. This marked the beginning of a national effort to collect and preserve scientific and cultural artifacts.

What was the National Museum Building, now known as the Arts and Industries Building, completed in 1881, used for?

The National Museum Building, which is now known as the Arts and Industries Building, was constructed to accommodate the growing collections of the Smithsonian Institution. It opened in March 1881 and served as a primary exhibition space.

What architectural style characterizes the main building of the National Museum of Natural History?

The main building of the National Museum of Natural History is designed in the Neoclassical style. This architectural approach was common for major public buildings during the period it was constructed.

What significant donation did Kenneth E. Behring make to the museum, and for what purpose?

Kenneth E. Behring made a significant donation of $20 million to the National Museum of Natural History in 1997. This contribution was intended to modernize the museum's facilities and exhibits.

Who was Frank Talbot, and what distinction did he hold as director of the NMNH?

Frank Talbot, an ichthyologist, served as the director of the National Museum of Natural History from 1989 to 1994. He holds the distinction of being the first, and as of 2024, the only Australian to be appointed to this role.

What were the academic credentials and previous roles of Cristián Samper before becoming director of the NMNH in 2003?

Before becoming the permanent director of the NMNH on March 31, 2003, Cristián Samper held an M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He had also founded the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute and led the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

What controversy arose concerning the "Arctic: A Friend Acting Strangely" exhibit, and what were the accusations?

The "Arctic: A Friend Acting Strangely" exhibit faced controversy when it was alleged that its discussion of global warming was toned down and its certainty made more uncertain. Accusations suggested that museum officials, including Director Cristián Samper, made these changes to avoid political criticism, a claim Samper denied.

What significant donation did the Victoria and Roger Sant family make to the museum, and for what purpose?

The Victoria and Roger Sant family donated $15 million to endow the museum's new Ocean Hall in June 2008. They later made another $10 million donation to endow the director's position.

What milestone related to the Hope Diamond was celebrated in August 2009?

In August 2009, the National Museum of Natural History celebrated the 50th anniversary of its acquisition of the Hope Diamond. This milestone was marked by giving the famous gemstone its own exhibit and a new setting.

What are the seven departments into which research is divided at the NMNH?

Research at the National Museum of Natural History is organized into seven departments: Anthropology, Botany, Entomology, Invertebrate Zoology, Mineral Sciences, Paleobiology, and Vertebrate Zoology.

How much of the Smithsonian Institution's collections does the NMNH represent, and how does its collection size compare globally?

The National Museum of Natural History represents 90% of the Smithsonian Institution's collections. Its collection of over 146 million specimens is recognized as the largest natural history collection in the world.

Provide specific numbers for the museum's insect, plant, and fish collections.

The museum's collections include approximately 30 million insects, 4.5 million plants preserved in its herbarium, and 7 million fish stored in liquid-filled jars.

How many cultural artifacts are housed, and how many of those are photographs?

The museum houses approximately 2 million cultural artifacts. Of these, 400,000 are photographs, which are primarily held within the National Anthropological Archives.

How many specimens are loaned out annually from the museum's collections?

Through active loan and exchange programs, the museum loans out approximately 3.5 million specimens each year, allowing researchers and institutions worldwide to access its collections.

What is the approximate number of gems, minerals, and rock/ore specimens in the Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals?

The National Gem and Mineral Collection, displayed in the Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, contains over 15,000 gems, 350,000 minerals, and 300,000 rock and ore specimens.

How comprehensive is the museum's meteorite collection, and what does it include?

The museum's meteorite collection is considered one of the most comprehensive of its kind, housing approximately 45,000 specimens that include examples of every known type of meteorite.

Name three famous gems housed in the National Gem and Mineral Collection.

Three famous gems housed in the National Gem and Mineral Collection are the Hope Diamond, the Star of Asia sapphire, and the Carmen Lúcia Ruby.

Who funded the Hall of Human Origins, and what was the amount of their contribution?

The David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins was funded significantly by David H. Koch, who contributed $15 million towards the exhibit's total cost of $20.7 million.

What are some key elements and themes presented in the Hall of Human Origins?

The Hall of Human Origins explores key elements of human evolution, such as walking upright, the development of larger brains, and symbolic thought. Its core concept is 'What Does It Mean To Be Human,' and it features interactive displays like a human family tree and a gallery on human impact on the world.

What criticism has the Hall of Human Origins faced regarding its content?

The Hall of Human Origins has faced criticism for allegedly downplaying the significance of human-caused global warming in its exhibits.

What notable dinosaur skeletons are featured in the Deep Time Exhibit/Fossil Hall?

The Deep Time Exhibit/Fossil Hall features fossilized skeletons and cast models, including a Tyrannosaurus rex cast positioned to face a Triceratops cast. The Triceratops exhibit is noted for being the first dinosaur skeleton shown in virtual motion using scanning and digital technology.

What is the significance of the "Wankel Rex" specimen, and where was it found?

The "Wankel Rex," also known as the "Devil Rex," is significant as the first complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton to be displayed at the museum. This specimen, which is about 85 percent complete, was found on land owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Montana's Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge.

How did the "Nation's T. rex" arrive at the museum, and what was done with it upon arrival?

The "Nation's T. rex" traveled from the Museum of the Rockies and arrived at the National Museum of Natural History on April 15, 2014, after delays caused by the 2013 federal government shutdown. Upon arrival, it was displayed in the Rex Room while specialists performed conservation assessments and the Smithsonian Digitization Program scanned each bone to create a 3D model for research.

What is notable about the Hall of Mammals' collection in terms of size and scope?

The Hall of Mammals houses the largest collection of vertebrate specimens globally, nearly twice the size of the next largest mammal collections. This collection was initiated by C. Hart Merriam and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

What does the O. Orkin Insect Zoo feature, and which company sponsors it?

The O. Orkin Insect Zoo features live insects and exhibits focused on insects and entomologists. It showcases different habitats, such as freshwater ponds, houses, mangrove swamps, deserts, and rainforests, to demonstrate insect adaptations. The zoo is sponsored by Orkin, a pest control company.

When did the Sant Ocean Hall open, and what is its significance in the museum's history?

The Sant Ocean Hall opened on September 27, 2008, and represents the largest renovation of the museum since its initial opening in 1910. It draws from the museum's extensive collection of marine specimens.

Name a few specific marine specimens or models displayed in the Sant Ocean Hall.

The Sant Ocean Hall displays include a North Atlantic right whale, a model of a giant Lion's mane jellyfish, a large aquarium with live marine fish and corals, a female giant squid, an adult coelenterate, and a Basilosaurus.

What aspects of Africa's peoples and cultures does the "African Voices" exhibit examine?

The "African Voices" exhibit examines the diversity, dynamism, and global influence of Africa's peoples and cultures across time, focusing on themes related to family, work, community, and the natural environment.

What does the "Butterflies + Plants: Partners In Evolution" exhibit allow visitors to observe?

The "Butterflies + Plants: Partners In Evolution" exhibit, which is a live butterfly pavilion, allows visitors to observe the intricate ways butterflies and other animals have evolved and adapted alongside their plant partners over millions of years.

What type of specimens are displayed in the Bone Hall, and how are they organized?

The Bone Hall displays a variety of vertebrate skeletons that are grouped according to their evolutionary relationships. An example specimen shown is that of the extinct Steller's sea cow.

What makes the Q?rius exhibit interactive and educational for visitors?

The Q?rius exhibit, opened in 2013, is designed to be interactive and educational by utilizing microscopes and touch screens. It also features a 'collection zone' with over 6,000 specimens and artifacts that visitors can handle, along with opportunities to meet Smithsonian scientists.

What cultures and historical discoveries were featured in the former Western Cultures Hall?

The former Western Cultures Hall explored examples from various Western cultures, including those from northern Iraq, ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It also featured the recent discovery of Ötzi the Iceman, a Copper Age mummy found in an Italian glacier.

What was the purpose of the Korea Gallery exhibit, and what types of items were used to communicate its message?

The Korea Gallery was a special showcase celebrating Korean traditions and examining its global influence. It used Smithsonian ceramics, photographs, ritual objects, and traditional Korean carpentry to convey its message, highlighting cultural continuity and modern Korean experiences.

What is featured in the lower level's Urban Bird Habitat Garden?

The lower level of the museum features the Urban Bird Habitat Garden, which showcases migratory and native birds found in the Washington, D.C. area.

For whom was the Baird Auditorium named?

The Baird Auditorium, located beneath the museum's rotunda, is named after Spencer Fullerton Baird, who served as the second Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Who constructed the Baird Auditorium, and what specific technique was used for its ceiling?

The Baird Auditorium was constructed by the R. Guastavino Company, under the direction of Rafael Guastavino, Jr. The ceiling utilizes the Catalan vault technique, employing acoustical tiles.

What did the American Institute of Architects call the Baird Auditorium?

The American Institute of Architects referred to the Baird Auditorium as the museum's "greatest interior space," highlighting its architectural significance.

Name two significant historical events or performances that took place in the Baird Auditorium.

Two significant events held in the Baird Auditorium were the astronomical 'Great Debate' (also known as the Shapley–Curtis Debate) in 1920, discussing the size of the universe, and concerts by musicians Merle Travis in 1976 and Muddy Waters in 1977.

What types of exhibits or areas of the museum are depicted in the gallery section?

The gallery section includes images of the museum's Rotunda (both day and night views), the Hall of Dinosaurs (both old and new configurations), the Hall of Mammals, the Hall of Ocean Life, and the FossiLab where fossil preparation occurs.

What topics are listed in the "See also" section?

The "See also" section lists John Varden and the "List of most-visited museums in the United States" as related topics.

What are some of the international and national databases listed under Authority control for the museum?

The Authority control section lists international databases such as ISNI, VIAF, and GND, and national databases including the Library of Congress (United States), BnF (France), NLA (Australia), and others from Norway, Latvia, Croatia, Chile, Korea, Vatican, Israel, and Catalonia.

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About the Museum

An Overview

The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), administered by the Smithsonian Institution, is a premier natural history museum situated on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It offers free admission and operates 364 days a year. In 2023, it welcomed 4.4 million visitors, ranking as the third most visited museum in the United States.

Scale and Scope

Established in 1910, the NMNH was designed specifically to house the nation's extensive collections and research facilities. The main building encompasses 1.5 million square feet, dedicating 325,000 square feet to exhibition and public spaces. It is staffed by over 1,000 employees, including approximately 185 professional scientists focused on natural and cultural history research.

Vast Collections

The museum stewards one of the world's largest and most comprehensive natural history collections, comprising over 146 million specimens. These artifacts span diverse fields, including botany, zoology, paleontology, mineralogy, anthropology, and malacology, representing the largest such repository globally.

Historical Trajectory

Foundational Years

The museum's origins trace back to 1846 with the founding of the United States National Museum. Initially housed in the Smithsonian Institution Building (the Castle), the growing collections necessitated a dedicated structure. The Arts and Industries Building opened in 1881, but by 1902, Congress authorized a new, larger building on the National Mall.

The Mall Building

Designed by Hornblower & Marshall, the Neoclassical structure on the National Mall opened its doors in March 1910, becoming the first Smithsonian building solely for collections and research. Fully completed in June 1911, it cost approximately $3.5 million. This building continues to be the primary venue for the museum's public exhibitions.

Modern Era Developments

The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw significant leadership transitions and major renovations. Notable events include substantial donations for new halls (e.g., Behring Hall of Mammals, Sant Hall of Oceans), the controversial handling of climate change information in an exhibit, and the appointment of Kirk Johnson as Director in 2012. The museum building itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.

Curated Treasures

Biological Diversity

The museum houses an unparalleled collection of biological specimens, including approximately 4.5 million preserved plants and millions of insects. The vertebrate zoology division alone holds a vast number of specimens, with the fish collection alone containing 7 million specimens preserved in liquid. The amphibian and reptile collection has grown significantly, now exceeding 580,000 records.

Earth Sciences

Representing the geological and mineralogical wealth of the planet, the collections include around 350,000 minerals and 300,000 rock and ore samples. The museum is also a global center for meteorite research, holding nearly one million specimens, encompassing every known type. The gem collection is equally significant, featuring famous pieces like the Hope Diamond.

Human Cultures

The anthropological collections encompass roughly 2 million artifacts, providing insights into human history and cultural diversity. This includes a significant archive of 400,000 photographs. The museum also holds a substantial number of Native American remains, with ongoing efforts regarding repatriation.

Research Departments

The museum's scientific endeavors are organized across seven core departments:

Anthropology
Botany
Entomology
Invertebrate Zoology
Mineral Sciences
Paleobiology
Vertebrate Zoology

These departments support the work of around 185 scientists, fostering global research in natural and cultural history.

Featured Exhibitions

Geology, Gems, and Minerals

This renowned hall showcases a spectacular array of gems and minerals, including iconic pieces like the Hope Diamond, the Star of Asia sapphire, and the Carmen Lúcia Ruby. It holds approximately 15,000 gems and 350,000 minerals, offering a dazzling glimpse into the Earth's geological artistry.

Human Origins

The David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins explores the evolutionary journey of humankind over six million years. Featuring 76 human skulls and interactive displays, it examines key milestones like bipedalism and brain development. The exhibit also addresses human impact on the environment, though it has faced scrutiny regarding its portrayal of climate change.

Deep Time / Fossil Hall

This expansive hall immerses visitors in the history of life on Earth. It prominently features impressive fossil skeletons, including a striking display of a Tyrannosaurus rex confronting a Triceratops. The hall underwent a significant renovation, reopening in 2019 with the "Nation's T. rex" as a centerpiece.

Ocean Hall

Opened in 2008 and named for the Roger Sant family, this hall celebrates marine biodiversity. It presents over 674 specimens and models, including a full-size North Atlantic right whale, a model of a giant squid, and a vibrant aquarium. The accompanying Smithsonian Ocean Portal provides extensive online resources.

Insect Zoo

Sponsored by Orkin, the O. Orkin Insect Zoo brings the world of insects to life with live specimens and engaging exhibits. Visitors can explore diverse habitats—from deserts to rainforests—and learn about the crucial roles insects play in ecosystems.

Pioneering Research

Scientific Expertise

The museum is a global hub for natural history research, employing approximately 185 scientists across its seven departments. These experts conduct fieldwork, analyze collections, and publish findings that advance our understanding of the natural world and human cultures.

Global Fieldwork

NMNH maintains field stations in locations such as Belize, Alaska, and Kenya, facilitating research in diverse environments. Its collections are also accessed globally through extensive loan programs, with millions of specimens loaned out annually for study.

Collection Access

Beyond the public displays, the majority of the museum's 146 million specimens are housed in research areas and the Museum Support Center in Maryland. These collections are vital resources, accessible to researchers worldwide through loan programs and digital initiatives.

Architectural & Event Spaces

Baird Auditorium

Located beneath the museum's rotunda, the Baird Auditorium is an architectural marvel, completed in 1909 using Guastavino tile vaulting. Celebrated by the American Institute of Architects, its "daring geometry" and acoustics make it a significant interior space. It has hosted notable events, including the 1920 Shapley–Curtis Debate on the scale of the universe and various musical performances.

Urban Bird Habitat Garden

The lower level features an exhibit showcasing the Urban Bird Habitat Garden, displaying migratory and native birds found in the Washington, D.C. area, illustrating local biodiversity.

Q?rius

This interactive learning space, opened in 2013, encourages hands-on exploration. With microscopes, touch screens, and over 6,000 handleable specimens, Q?rius offers engaging activities and opportunities for visitors to interact directly with Smithsonian scientists and collections.

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References

[1]TEA-AECOM Museum Index for 2022, published June 2023

Bache, Rene. "America's $3,500,000 National Museum, Just Completed, Most Remarkable Structure of Its Kind in the World." Washington Post. March 6, 1910.

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Taps Biologist For Natural History Museum." Washington Post. January 30, 2003.

Olson, Elizabeth. "A Biologist Will Lead Smithsonian Museum." New York Times. January 30, 2003.

"Biologist Named to Head Smithsonian Natural History Museum." Associated Press. January 29, 2003.

Epstein, Edward. "East Bay Developer Pumps Millions Into Smithsonian Project." San Francisco Chronicle. November 15, 2003.

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Museum to Get $60 Million Exhibit." Washington Post. September 16, 2004.

Pogrebin, Robin. "Smithsonian Scrambles to Regain Its Footing." New York Times. April 4, 2007.

"Acting Director Named at Smithsonian's Natural History Museum." Associated Press. March 30, 2007.

Grimaldi, James V. and Trescott, Jacqueline. "Scientists Fault Climate Exhibit Changes." Washington Post. November 16, 2007.

"Head of Smithsonian's Natural History Museum Returning to OU." Associated Press. January 23, 2008.

Schmid, Randolph E. "Hope Diamond to Get New Setting for Anniversary." Associated Press. August 19, 2009.

Zongker, Brett. "Smithsonian Opens $21M Human Evolution Hall." Associated Press. March 17, 2010; Brotherton, Elizabeth. "Natural History Details Origin of Our Species." Roll Call. March 22, 2010.

Zongker, Brett. "Head of Smithsonian Natural History Museum Resigns." Associated Press. January 23, 2012.

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Natural History Museum Gets $35 Million Gift." Washington Post. May 4, 2012; "Koch Gives Smithsonian $35M for New Dinosaur Hall." Associated Press. May 3, 2012.

Trescott, Jaqcqueline. "Sants Give $10 Million to Natural History Museum." Washington Post. June 27, 2012.

Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "Smithsonian Names New Director of Natural History Museum." Washington Post. July 26, 2012; Zongker, Brett. "Smithsonian Picks Paleontologist to Lead DC Museum." Associated Press. July 26, 2012.

A full list of references for this article are available at the National Museum of Natural History Wikipedia page

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Information Accuracy

This content has been generated by an AI based on publicly available data from Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, it may not be entirely comprehensive, up-to-date, or free from interpretation. Always consult official museum resources for the most current information.

This is not an official publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The information provided is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement or official representation.

Earth's Tapestry

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

About the Museum ℹ️

🏛️ An Overview

📏 Scale and Scope

💎 Vast Collections

Historical Trajectory ⏳

📜 Foundational Years

🏗️ The Mall Building

🏛️ Modern Era Developments

Curated Treasures 💎

🌿 Biological Diversity

🪨 Earth Sciences

👤 Human Cultures

🔬 Research Departments

Featured Exhibitions 🖼️

💎 Geology, Gems, and Minerals

🚶 Human Origins

🦖 Deep Time / Fossil Hall

🐳 Ocean Hall

🐜 Insect Zoo

Pioneering Research 🔬

🧑‍🔬 Scientific Expertise

🌍 Global Fieldwork

📚 Collection Access

Architectural & Event Spaces ✨

🔊 Baird Auditorium

🌳 Urban Bird Habitat Garden

💡 Q?rius

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

About the Museum

An Overview

Scale and Scope

Vast Collections

Historical Trajectory

Foundational Years

The Mall Building

Modern Era Developments

Curated Treasures

Biological Diversity

Earth Sciences

Human Cultures

Research Departments

Featured Exhibitions

Geology, Gems, and Minerals

Human Origins

Deep Time / Fossil Hall

Ocean Hall

Insect Zoo

Pioneering Research

Scientific Expertise

Global Fieldwork

Collection Access

Architectural & Event Spaces

Baird Auditorium

Urban Bird Habitat Garden

Q?rius

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Important Disclaimers

Information Accuracy