What is the primary characteristic of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator's historical record?

The primary characteristic of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator's historical record is its controversy regarding his identity and reign. It is widely believed by scholars that he may not have actually reigned but was posthumously granted royal dignity.

Who were the potential parents of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator according to the text?

According to the text, Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator was a son of Cleopatra II, and his father was either Ptolemy VI Philometor or Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Current scholarly consensus leans towards Ptolemy VIII Physcon as his father.

What does the Greek name Ptolemaios Neos Philopator translate to?

The Greek name Ptolemaios Neos Philopator translates to "Ptolemy the Father-loving [God]".

What ancient historians are cited as sources for information about Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

The ancient historians cited as sources for information about Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator include Justin, Diodorus Siculus, Josephus, Livy, and Orosius.

What is the nature of the information provided by these ancient sources regarding Ptolemy VII?

The information provided by these ancient sources is described as succinct and possibly distorted, requiring inferences to understand Ptolemy VII's identity and role.

What was the traditional reconstruction of Ptolemy Neos Philopator's identity in 20th-century scholarship?

The traditional reconstruction in much of the 20th century identified Ptolemy Neos Philopator as the second son of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II. This view held that he reigned briefly with his father in 145 BC and after his father's death, before being murdered by his uncle, Ptolemy VIII Physcon.

Who is credited with challenging the traditional reconstruction of Ptolemy Neos Philopator's identity?

Michel Chauveau is credited with challenging the traditional reconstruction of Ptolemy Neos Philopator's identity through a series of publications.

What did Michel Chauveau's reassessment reveal about the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II?

Michel Chauveau's reassessment revealed that while a second son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II existed, born perhaps before 152 BC, he was not associated on the throne with his father in 145 BC, nor did he become king upon his father's death.

What evidence did Chauveau use to dispute the traditional timeline of Ptolemy VI's son's reign?

Chauveau disputed the traditional timeline by showing that a double dating of Year 36 = Year 1 in July-August 145 BC actually reflected a brief parallel regnal count for Ptolemy VI as king in Syria, not evidence for his son's co-regency.

According to Chauveau's findings, what happened to the surviving son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II?

According to Chauveau's findings, the surviving son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II was not murdered in 145 BC. He served as an eponymous priest in 143 BC and was likely eliminated at a later point, possibly around the birth of Ptolemy Memphites or the marriage of Ptolemy VIII to Cleopatra III.

What alternative timing is suggested for the elimination of Ptolemy VI's surviving son?

An alternative timing suggested for the elimination of Ptolemy VI's surviving son is during the civil war of 132–127 BC. During this period, Ptolemy VIII allegedly summoned this stepson from Cyrene to Cyprus and had him executed to prevent him from being proclaimed king.

With whom has Ptolemy Neos Philopator been alternatively identified based on the reassessment of evidence?

Based on the reassessment of evidence, Ptolemy Neos Philopator has been alternatively identified with Ptolemy Memphites, the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II.

When was Ptolemy Memphites likely born, and why did he receive his by-name?

Ptolemy Memphites was likely born in August 143 BC. He received his by-name Memphites because his father, Ptolemy VIII, was installed as pharaoh in Memphis around the same time.

What gruesome event is Diodorus and Justin said to have reported regarding Ptolemy Memphites?

Diodorus and Justin reported that when Ptolemy VIII fled Alexandria in 132 BC, he took Ptolemy Memphites with him to Cyprus, where the boy was murdered and dismembered on his father's orders, with the remains sent to his mother, Cleopatra II, as a birthday gift.

How was Ptolemy Memphites integrated into the dynastic cult after his death?

After the reconciliation between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II in 124 BC, and in connection with amnesty decrees in 118 BC, Ptolemy Memphites was integrated into the dynastic cult as Theos Neos Philopator, meaning "the New Father-loving God."

Was Ptolemy Memphites ever a reigning king or co-ruler during his lifetime?

Ptolemy Memphites was never a reigning king or co-ruler during his lifetime, except possibly in absentia if his mother, Cleopatra II, intended him to be a co-ruler. He was posthumously deified and added to the cult of deified royals.

Where are the preserved depictions of Ptolemy Memphites located?

Preserved depictions of Ptolemy Memphites are located on the western and eastern exteriors of the Naos of the Temple of Horus at Edfu.

What do these reliefs at the Temple of Edfu show regarding Ptolemy Memphites?

The reliefs show the god Thoth offering eternity to the enthroned Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Physcon. Behind Ptolemy VIII stand a diminutive son, wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, and Cleopatra II.

What do the labels on the western exterior of the Edfu reliefs say about Ptolemy Memphites?

The labels on the western exterior read: "The living ka of the King, the image of Swajba, the divine seed of the Lord of the Country, the King's Eldest Son, the King's Beloved, Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy, may he live forever, the Beloved of Ptah."

What do the labels on the eastern exterior of the Edfu reliefs say about Ptolemy Memphites?

The labels on the eastern exterior read: "Heir of the King, given birth by the Queen, who takes over from the Sole Lord, the King's Eldest Son, the King's Beloved, Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy, may he live forever, Beloved of Ptah, the God Euergetes."

Is there evidence of a formal co-regency between Ptolemy Memphites and his father in these reliefs?

No, there is no attestation of any formal co-regency between Ptolemy Memphites and his father, Ptolemy VIII, despite his representation as king with his name in a royal cartouche.

What is the approximate date of the reliefs representing Ptolemy Memphites at Edfu?

The reliefs representing Ptolemy Memphites are dated to around 140 BC or slightly earlier, which was before his death and subsequent deification as Neos Philopator.

On what is the numbering of the Ptolemaic kings generally based?

The numbering of the Ptolemaic kings is generally based on a combination of the order of names in the Ptolemaic dynastic cult and older historical reconstructions that have since been disproved.

What is an example of a co-ruler often excluded from the traditional numbering?

An example of a co-ruler often excluded from the traditional numbering is Ptolemy Eupator, the son of Ptolemy VI Philometor.

Why is the numbering Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator and Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Physcon considered erroneous?

This numbering is considered erroneous because Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Physcon had already reigned as co-ruler in 170 BC and as sole ruler in 164–163 BC, long before any of his nephews or sons could have claimed the throne.

How is the numbering issue typically resolved to avoid confusion?

To avoid confusion, it is recommended that Ptolemaic kings be referenced alongside their epithets and nicknames, as these provide a less ambiguous form of identification.

What is the alternative numbering sometimes used for Ptolemy VIII and Ptolemy Neos Philopator?

An alternative numbering sometimes used is to number Ptolemy VIII Physcon as Ptolemy VII, and the posthumously royal Ptolemy Neos Philopator (Memphites) as Ptolemy VIII, while keeping subsequent regnal numbers unchanged.

What is the significance of the epithet Neos Philopator?

The epithet Neos Philopator translates to "the New Father-loving God," and it was applied to Ptolemy Memphites after his posthumous deification and integration into the dynastic cult.

What does the note on numbering emphasize about Ptolemaic king numbering?

The note emphasizes that the numbering of Ptolemaic kings is a modern convention, and older sources might present a number one higher or lower. It stresses that using epithets is the most reliable way to identify a specific Ptolemaic ruler.

What is the Greek name for Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

The Greek name for Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator is Ptolemaios Neos Philopator.

What is the ancient Egyptian name provided for Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

The ancient Egyptian name provided is Pa netjer hunu meriyetef.

Who is listed as a potential coregent with Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

Cleopatra II of Egypt is listed as a potential coregent with Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.

Who is listed as the predecessor of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

Ptolemy VI Philometor is listed as the potential predecessor of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.

Who is listed as the successor of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

Ptolemy VIII Physcon is listed as the potential successor of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.

What is the Praenomen associated with Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator?

The Praenomen associated with Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator is p ntr ḥwnw mrj-jt.f, transliterated as Pa netjer hunu meriyetef, meaning "The divine youth, beloved of his father."

What is the significance of the image of Ptolemy Memphites on the relief from the Temple of Edfu?

The image of Ptolemy Memphites on the relief from the Temple of Edfu depicts him as a diminutive figure standing behind Ptolemy VIII, wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, indicating his representation as heir or king.

What is the date range provided for Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator's birth and death in the infobox?

The date range provided for Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator's birth and death in the infobox is the 2nd century BC.

What dynasty did Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator belong to?

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator belonged to the Ptolemaic dynasty.

What is the succession box entry for Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator's reign?

The succession box entry states that Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator reigned from 145 BC to 144 BC, potentially with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, and was succeeded by Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II.

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator

Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Φιλοπάτωρ
Pa netjer hunu meriyetef^[1]

Relief Depiction

The identity and reign of Ptolemy VII are subjects of scholarly debate, with historical accounts offering conflicting details. Surviving depictions, such as reliefs at the Temple of Edfu, provide visual context, though their interpretation remains complex.

King of Egypt

Coregency

Cleopatra II of Egypt?

Predecessor

Ptolemy VI Philometor?

Successor

Ptolemy VIII Physcon?

Royal Titulary

Praenomen

pa neter \u1e25wnw mrj-jt.f
Pa netjer hunu meriyetef
The divine youth, beloved of his father

Hieroglyphic representations of the royal titulary are complex and not displayed here due to image restrictions.

Father

Ptolemy VI Philometor or Ptolemy VIII Physcon

Mother

Cleopatra II of Egypt

Born

2nd c. BC

Died

2nd c. BC

Dynasty

Ptolemaic

Ptolemaic Puzzles

A scholarly exploration into the contested identity and legacy of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, an Egyptian pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

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Identity

Historical Ambiguity

The identity and precise role of the individual known as Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator remain subjects of considerable historical debate. Our understanding is primarily derived from fragmented and potentially biased accounts by ancient historians such as Justin, Diodorus Siculus, Josephus, Livy, and Orosius. These sources provide conflicting narratives regarding his parentage and whether he ever truly reigned.

Potential Parentage

Scholarly consensus has shifted over time. Historically, Ptolemy VII was often identified as the second son of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II, purportedly co-ruling briefly with his father and then succeeding him in 145 BC, only to be murdered by his uncle, Ptolemy VIII Physcon. However, more recent reassessments, notably by Michel Chauveau, suggest this identification is problematic. Chauveau's research indicates that the surviving son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II was not associated with the throne in 145 BC and was likely not murdered at that specific juncture. This has led to an alternative identification with Ptolemy Memphites, the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II.

Reassessment and Ptolemy Memphites

The revised interpretation posits that Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator is, in fact, Ptolemy Memphites, born around 143 BC to Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II. According to this view, Memphites was tragically murdered and dismembered by his father on Cyprus, with his remains sent to his mother. Following a later reconciliation between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II, Ptolemy Memphites was posthumously integrated into the dynastic cult as "Theos Neos Philopator" (The New Father-loving God). This deification, rather than a true reign, may explain his inclusion in royal lists and the epithet "Neos Philopator."

Depictions

Temple of Edfu Reliefs

Two significant reliefs at the Temple of Horus at Edfu are believed to depict Ptolemy Memphites, identified as Ptolemy VII. In these scenes, the god Thoth presents the king with symbols of eternity. The accompanying inscriptions label the figure as the king's heir and beloved son, with his name inscribed in a royal cartouche. These reliefs, dated to around 140 BC, predate his likely death and subsequent deification, offering a visual representation of his status within the royal family.

Statue Head

A granite statue head, likely representing Ptolemy VII, is preserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. This artifact provides further visual evidence, though its precise attribution remains part of the ongoing scholarly discussion surrounding his identity and historical significance.

Numbering Controversy

The Challenge of Succession

The numbering of Ptolemaic rulers is a complex issue, often complicated by co-regencies and the inclusion of individuals in dynastic cults rather than actual reigns. The traditional numbering system, established before critical reassessments of sources, assigned Ptolemy VII to the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, who supposedly reigned in 145 BC. This numbering placed Ptolemy VIII Physcon as Ptolemy VIII, despite his earlier reigns.

Re-evaluating the Sequence

The reassessment by scholars like Chauveau suggests that if Ptolemy Memphites is indeed Ptolemy VII, then Ptolemy VIII Physcon should correctly be numbered as Ptolemy VII. However, to avoid widespread confusion and potential disruption to established historical references, many scholars continue to use the traditional numbering, acknowledging its inaccuracies. This discrepancy highlights the importance of using epithets (like "Neos Philopator" or "Physcon") for unambiguous identification of Ptolemaic rulers.

Dynastic Connections

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator belongs to the broader context of Hellenistic monarchies. Understanding his place requires examining the complex web of dynasties that ruled across the Eastern Mediterranean following Alexander the Great's conquests.

Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

Pharaohs

Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre 'Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami I Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini Iuput II of Leontopolis Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis Nimlot I of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat of Hermopolis Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late to Roman Period (664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty

Pharaohs
- male
- female^♀
uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead

Alexander the Great
Philip III Arrhidaeus
Alexander IV

Ptolemaic

Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Cleopatra II^♀
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
Cleopatra III^♀
Ptolemy IX Soter
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Berenice III
Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
Cleopatra V^♀
Berenice IV Epiphanea^♀
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena^♀
Cleopatra VII Philopator^♀
Ptolemy XIII
Arsinoe IV^♀
Ptolemy XIV Philopator
Ptolemy XV Caesarion

Dynastic genealogies

1^st
2^nd
3^rd
4^th
11^th
12^th
18^th
19^th
20^th
21^st to 23^rd
24^th
25^th
26^th
27^th
30^th
31^st
Argead
Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

Authority Control

Authority control databases
International	VIAF 2
National	France BnF data
Other	IdRef

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Key historical accounts providing information on Ptolemy VII include:

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica (translated by F. R. Walton).
Josephus, Contra Apionem (translated by H. S. J. Thackeray).
Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus (translated by J. C. Yardley).
Livy, Periochae (translated by A. C. Schlesinger).
Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos (translated by A. T. Fear).

Secondary Literature

Scholarly works that have analyzed the evidence and proposed interpretations include:

Beckerath, J. von. Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999).
Bielman, A. "Stéréotypes et réalités du pouvoir politique féminin: la guerre civile en Égypte entre 132 et 124 av. J.-C." EuGeStA 7 (2017).
Chassinat, E. Le Temple d'Edfou (Vols. 4 & 13, 1929, 1934).
Chauveau, M. "Un été 145. Post-scriptum." BIFAO 90 (1990).
Chauveau, M. "Un été 145." BIFAO 91 (1991).
Chauveau, M. "Encore Ptolémée «VII» et le dieu Neos Philopator!" Revue d’Égyptologie 51 (2000).
Cauville, S., and D. Devauchelle. "Le temple d'Edfou: étapes de la construction nouvelles données historiques." Revue d’Égyptologie 35 (1984).
Dodson, A., and D. Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2004).
Errington, R. M. A History of the Hellenistic World 323–30 BC (2008).
Green, P. From Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age (1990).
Gruen, E. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (1984).
Hölbl, G. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire (2001).
Lanciers, E. "Some Observations on the Events in Egypt in 145 B.C." In L. Criscuolo et al. (eds.) Simblos scritti di storia antica (1995).
Whitehorne, J. Cleopatras (1994).

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References

Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").

Chauveau 1990: 146-153. This interpretation has gained wide acceptance, e.g., by Bennett, Lanciers 1995, and HÃ¶lbl 2001: 193-194.

Chauveau 1990: 155-156; HÃ¶lbl 2001: 202-203; Dodson and Hilton 2004: 268-269, 273, 280-281; Errington 2008: 298

Cauville and Devauchelle 1984: 51-52, arguing that both reliefs represent Ptolemy Memphites, although some scholars thought only the eastern one did so; hieroglyphic texts in Chassinat 1929: 92, 229; photographs in Chassinat 1934, pl. 439 and 446.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Wikipedia page

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This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence, drawing upon scholarly interpretations of historical texts and archaeological evidence. The content is intended for educational and informational purposes, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator's complex historical context.

This is not a substitute for primary source analysis or expert historical consultation. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy based on the provided source material, historical scholarship is an evolving field. Always consult original texts and peer-reviewed academic research for definitive understanding.

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Relief Depiction

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Identity

Historical Ambiguity

Potential Parentage

Reassessment and Ptolemy Memphites

Depictions

Temple of Edfu Reliefs

Statue Head

Numbering Controversy

The Challenge of Succession

Re-evaluating the Sequence

Dynastic Connections

Authority Control

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Secondary Literature

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

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References

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