What is religious censorship?

Religious censorship is a form of censorship where freedom of expression is controlled or limited by religious authority or based on the teachings of a religion. This practice involves suppressing views that contradict the doctrines or beliefs of an organized religion.

What are the primary justifications cited for religious censorship?

Religious censorship is typically justified on grounds such as blasphemy, heresy, sacrilege, or impiety. The censored work might be deemed obscene, challenge religious dogma, or violate a religious taboo.

Can you provide a prominent modern example of religious censorship involving a literary work?

A notable modern example is the condemnation of Salman Rushdie's novel "The Satanic Verses" by Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which led to calls for the author's execution. This highlights how religious authorities can exert control over artistic expression.

How has religious censorship involved the destruction of physical artifacts or sites?

Religious censorship can involve the destruction of monuments and texts that conflict with a dominant religion. For instance, the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan statues in Afghanistan by radical Islamists was cited as an act of religious censorship aimed at oppressing another religion.

What role did the Catholic Church play in historical religious censorship, particularly concerning books?

The Catholic Church historically engaged in significant book censorship, most notably through the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" (List of Prohibited Books). This index, maintained by the Holy Office, listed hundreds of books deemed dangerous to faith and morals until its abolition in 1965.

What was the purpose of the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum"?

The "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" was a list of books that the Catholic Church's Holy Office deemed dangerous to faith and morals. Its purpose was to prevent the faithful from reading works that could undermine Catholic doctrine or lead them astray.

When was the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" formally abolished, and what is its legacy?

The "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" was formally abolished by Pope Paul VI on June 14, 1966. However, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith stated that the moral obligation of the Index, regarding avoiding dangerous works, was not abolished.

How did the invention of the printing press impact religious censorship?

The invention of the printing press around 1440 significantly changed book publishing, leading both governments and churches to attempt to regulate and control printing. This included requiring licenses for printers and inspecting imported books to prevent the spread of dissenting ideas.

What measures did the English Crown take in the 16th century to control printing?

In the 16th century, the English Crown chartered the Stationers' Company, restricting the right to print to specific entities like the two universities (Oxford and Cambridge) and a limited number of printers in London. This was done to control the flow of dissenting publications.

What was the Edict of Châteaubriant in France concerning printed materials?

The Edict of Châteaubriant, issued in France in 1551, included provisions for the unpacking and inspection of all books brought into the country. This was part of a broader effort to regulate and control printed materials.

What was the significance of the Edict of Compiègne in France?

The Edict of Compiègne in 1557 in France applied the death penalty to heretics. This edict resulted in severe punishments, including the burning of individuals at the stake for religious offenses.

How does the Baháʼí Faith approach the review of its authors' works?

The Baháʼí Faith requires its authors to seek review of their works by the National Spiritual Assembly of the country where the work will be published. This requirement was initiated by ʻAbduʼl-Bahá and is intended to protect the Faith from misrepresentation.

What is the stated purpose behind the Baháʼí Faith's review requirement for authors?

The stated purpose of the review requirement is to safeguard the Baháʼí Faith against misrepresentation by its own followers, especially in its early stages when public knowledge is limited. The aim is to ensure accurate presentations of the Teachings.

What criticisms have been raised regarding the Baháʼí Faith's author review process?

Some academic Baháʼís, such as Juan Cole and Denis MacEoin, have criticized the review process as censorship, arguing that it stifles research and has led to conflicts between writers and religious officials.

How does Moojan Momen view the Baháʼí Faith's author review process in comparison to academic standards?

Moojan Momen, another academic in Baháʼí studies, disagrees with the criticism, stating that the review process is no more censorship than that found in any other academic journal. He contrasts this with critics he labels as "apostates."

How has Buddhism been subject to religious censorship in Myanmar?

In Myanmar, the military government at the end of the 20th century extensively censored art, prohibiting nudity and artworks that portrayed Buddhism in a non-typical manner. While laws remain, enforcement has become more lenient since the 2011 political reforms.

What led to the banning of the film "Arbat" in Thailand?

The film "Arbat" was banned in Thailand in 2015 because it depicted Buddhist monks in ways considered inappropriate, specifically including scenes involving kissing and drug use by a monk.

What is the Islamic perspective on compulsion in religion, as referenced in the Quran?

The Quran, specifically Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256, prohibits compulsion in matters of religion. This verse is cited in the context of Islamic censorship, suggesting a principle against forcing religious beliefs.

How have Islamic theocracies and fatwas been used to enforce religious censorship?

Islamic theocracies and fatwas have been used to enforce religious censorship, such as the fatwa calling for the execution of Salman Rushdie for blasphemy related to "The Satanic Verses." Islamic religious police also seize media deemed un-Islamic.

What actions do Islamic religious police take regarding media and consumer products?

Islamic religious police often seize consumer products and media that are regarded as un-Islamic. This can include Western music CDs/DVDs, television shows, and films that do not align with religious guidelines.

How does Saudi Arabia practice religious censorship regarding non-Islamic religions?

In Saudi Arabia, religious police actively prevent the practice or proselytizing of non-Islamic religions within the country, where such activities are banned. This includes prohibiting films like "The Passion of the Christ."

What are some specific examples of Muslim censorship mentioned in the text?

Specific examples of Muslim censorship include controversies and actions taken regarding depictions of Muhammad and the pre-publication censorship of the historical fiction novel "The Jewel of Medina."

How has censorship been applied to depictions of Muhammad in Islamic contexts?

Depictions of Muhammad have generated significant controversy and led to censorship in the 2000s. The text notes an example of a 2008 petition to have an image of Muhammad removed from Wikipedia, illustrating the sensitivity around such imagery.

What are the two main categories of censorship historically applied to Jewish books?

Historically, Jewish books have faced two main categories of censorship: censorship by non-Jewish governments and self-censorship by Jewish authors or publishers due to fear of public reaction or gentile authorities.

Who often served as official Christian government censors of Jewish books, and why?

Many "official" Christian government censors of Jewish books were Jewish apostates. This was primarily because they possessed knowledge of Hebrew, particularly Rabbinic Hebrew, which was necessary for evaluating the content.

What restrictions were placed on Jewish book publishing in Czarist Russia?

In 19th-century Czarist Russia, a decree stipulated that Jewish books could only be published in two specific cities: Vilnius and Zhitomir. This limited the dissemination of Jewish literature.

What does the Mishnah prohibit regarding religious texts, and how is it interpreted?

The Mishnah, specifically in Sanhedrin 10:1, prohibits the reading of extra-biblical books. The Talmud interprets this prohibition to mean specifically the book of Ben Sirah.

How was Maimonides' "The Guide for the Perplexed" treated by some Jewish religious authorities?

In the early 13th century, some French and Spanish Jewish leaders prohibited the reading of Maimonides' philosophical work, "The Guide for the Perplexed," until individuals reached the age of forty. This was due to concerns about the perceived dangers of philosophy.

What other areas of Jewish study faced similar age restrictions as philosophy?

Similar to philosophy, the study of Kabbalah also faced age restrictions, with its prohibition on learning extended until the age of forty, implemented in the 15th century.

What led to the banning of the book "Pri Chadash" in Egypt?

The book "Pri Chadash" was banned in Egypt in the 1690s because its author argued against earlier authorities. This demonstrates censorship based on challenging established religious interpretations.

According to Marc Shapiro, what is the criterion for banning books considered heretical by Orthodox Jews today?

Marc Shapiro notes that Orthodox Jewish religious authorities primarily ban books considered heretical only if there is a risk that Orthodox Jews might read them. This suggests a focus on preventing exposure rather than outright prohibition of all heterodox texts.

Why was Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan's Reconstructionist Siddur banned by some Orthodox Jewish religious authorities?

The Reconstructionist Siddur, revised by Mordecai Kaplan in 1945, was banned by some Orthodox Jewish religious authorities. While the specific reason isn't detailed for this particular Siddur, it reflects broader Orthodox objections to Reconstructionist Judaism's theological positions.

What was the reason behind Rabbi Elazar Shach banning Rabbi Leo Levi's "Torah Study: A Survey of Classic Sources on Timely Issues"?

Rabbi Elazar Shach banned Rabbi Leo Levi's book "Torah Study" because it discussed the value of studying subjects other than Torah. This indicates a concern about prioritizing secular or non-traditional fields of study over religious texts.

What was the reason for the ban on an excerpt from Rabbi Baruch Epstein's "Mekor Baruch"?

An excerpt from Rabbi Baruch Epstein's book, "My Uncle The Netziv," was banned by anonymous Rabbis in Lakewood, New Jersey, because it was perceived to contain unflattering remarks about the Netziv, a prominent rabbinic figure. This highlights censorship based on perceived disrespect towards religious leaders.

What was the basis for the ban on Dov Eliach's biography of the Vilna Gaon, titled "HaGaon"?

"HaGaon," a biography of the Vilna Gaon by Dov Eliach, was banned by Chassidic leaders due to its critical portrayal or attacks against Chassidus, a branch of Orthodox Judaism. This shows censorship driven by inter-sectarian religious disputes.

Why did Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and others ban Natan Slifkin's "The Science of Torah"?

Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and others banned Natan Slifkin's "The Science of Torah" because it attempted to reconcile the theory of evolution with Judaism. Evolution is opposed by many religious authorities, making this a point of contention.

What controversial opinions in Natan Slifkin's other books led to their banning?

Natan Slifkin's books "Mysterious Creatures" and "The Camel, the Hare and the Hyrax" were also banned because they presented opinions suggesting that ancient rabbinic figures (Chazal) might have been incorrect in their scientific knowledge. This challenged the infallibility often attributed to religious texts.

What was the reason for the ban on Rabbi Nathan Kamenetsky's "Making of a Godol"?

Rabbi Nathan Kamenetsky's book "Making of a Godol" was banned by Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and other Orthodox Jewish authorities due to its sometimes unflattering portrayals of prominent Jewish leaders. This indicates censorship aimed at protecting the reputation of religious figures.

Why was Rabbi Jonathan Sacks' "The Dignity of Difference" banned by Rabbi Elyashiv and others?

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks' book "The Dignity of Difference" was banned by Rabbi Elyashiv and others because it was perceived to equate Judaism with other religions. This suggests a concern about religious particularism and the potential for syncretism.

Which religious bodies banned the book "One People, Two Worlds" by Reform and Orthodox rabbis?

The Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah of Agudath Israel of America and the heads of Beth Medrash Govoha banned "One People, Two Worlds," a book co-authored by a Reform and an Orthodox rabbi. This ban reflects opposition to inter-denominational dialogue or perceived compromises.

What was the basis for Rabbi Jacob Immanuel Schochet's ban on Shmuley Boteach's "Kosher Jesus"?

Rabbi Jacob Immanuel Schochet banned Shmuley Boteach's "Kosher Jesus," labeling it heretical and stating it enhanced the evangelical missionary message. This highlights concerns about books that might promote interfaith dialogue or proselytization perceived as harmful to the Jewish community.

What is the general trend regarding government censorship of Jewish books in the modern era?

In the modern era, government censorship of Jewish books has become uncommon. Instead, censorship is primarily carried out through self-censorship or by Orthodox Jewish religious authorities.

What does the text suggest about the historical relationship between religious authority and the interpretation of doctrine?

The text suggests that in many religious traditions, defending against charges of blasphemy, heresy, or impiety is difficult because only religious authorities, such as clergy, are permitted to interpret doctrine, and their interpretations are often dogmatic.

What specific religious texts or concepts are mentioned as being subject to censorship or controversy in Islam?

In Islam, censorship and controversy have surrounded depictions of Muhammad and the novel "The Jewel of Medina." The Quranic verse 2:256, prohibiting compulsion, is also mentioned in this context.

What is the significance of the "Farewell Pilgrimage" in relation to depictions of Muhammad?

The text includes an image of Muhammad at the Farewell Pilgrimage from a 15th-century manuscript. This image was the subject of a 2008 petition to have it removed from Wikipedia, illustrating the sensitivity and censorship debates surrounding such depictions.

How did the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan exemplify religious censorship?

The destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan statues in Afghanistan by radical Islamists was cited as an example of religious censorship. This act was part of a broader religious goal to suppress or eliminate symbols and practices associated with another religion.

What is the role of "religious police" in the context of Islamic censorship?

Islamic religious police are mentioned as actively seizing banned consumer products and media deemed un-Islamic. They also prevent the practice or proselytizing of non-Islamic religions in countries like Saudi Arabia.

What is the distinction made between manuscript censorship and printed book censorship in Judaism?

In Judaism, a distinction is made between censorship that existed on manuscripts before the invention of the printing press and the more official censorship that emerged afterward. This reflects how technological advancements changed the methods and scope of control over religious texts.

What is "self-censorship" in the context of Jewish religious authorities?

Self-censorship, in the context of Jewish religious authorities, refers to authors or publishers choosing not to release certain works out of fear of public reaction or the disapproval of religious leaders. This has become more common than government censorship in modern times.

What is the significance of "religious liberty" in relation to "religious censorship"?

Religious liberty is a concept presented alongside religious censorship in the article's navigation sidebar. While religious censorship limits freedom of expression based on religion, religious liberty generally refers to the freedom to practice one's religion without interference.

Religious Censorship Wiki: The Scrutiny of Sacred Texts: An Examination of Religious Censorship

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Overview

Defining Religious Censorship

Religious censorship is a specific modality of censorship wherein freedom of expression is curtailed or regulated by religious authorities or based upon the tenets and doctrines of a particular religion. This practice has a profound historical lineage, manifesting across diverse societies and religious traditions. It fundamentally involves the suppression of views deemed contrary to established religious dogma, often on grounds such as blasphemy, heresy, sacrilege, or impiety.

Historical Manifestations

Historically, religious censorship has taken various forms, including the prohibition of specific texts, the destruction of dissenting literature and art, and the condemnation of individuals whose works challenge religious orthodoxy. Notable historical examples include the Edict of Compiègne, the Catholic Church's Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books), and the fatwa issued against Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan by radical Islamists serves as a stark example of cultural and religious censorship through physical destruction.

Interpretive Authority

The enforcement of religious censorship is often facilitated by the hierarchical structure within religious traditions, where religious authorities hold the exclusive right to interpret doctrine. This can make it challenging to contest censorship, as the interpretation of religious law is frequently considered dogmatic and non-negotiable. The Catholic Church, for instance, maintained its Index of Prohibited Books until 1965, and its underlying moral obligation to guide believers away from potentially harmful texts persists.

Forms and Rationales

Grounds for Suppression

The rationales underpinning religious censorship typically revolve around the perceived threat posed by certain expressions to religious beliefs, practices, or social order. These grounds include:

Blasphemy: Speech or action considered to be insulting or contemptuous towards God or sacred things.
Heresy: Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine.
Sacrilege: Violation or misuse of something sacred.
Impiety: Lack of reverence for God or religious practices.
Obscenity: Content deemed offensive to religious morals.
Dogma Violation: Works that challenge established religious doctrines or tenets.
Taboo Transgression: Content that violates religious prohibitions or taboos.

Textual and Material Destruction

Beyond the prohibition of specific works, religious censorship can manifest as the physical destruction of cultural artifacts and texts that conflict with the dominant religious ideology. The systematic destruction of historical sites and religious imagery, such as the aforementioned Buddhas of Bamiyan, exemplifies this severe form of censorship, aimed at eradicating the cultural and religious heritage of others.

Legal and Institutional Frameworks

Many societies integrate religious principles into their legal systems, leading to laws that prohibit blasphemy, apostasy, or the dissemination of materials deemed offensive to religious sensibilities. These legal frameworks, often enforced by religious police or state-sanctioned bodies, provide the institutional mechanisms for enacting religious censorship. Examples range from strict Islamic legal codes to historical Christian ecclesiastical courts.

Case Studies Across Faiths

Baháʼí Faith

Within the Baháʼí Faith, authors are required to submit their works for review by the National Spiritual Assembly before publication. This practice, initiated by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, is intended to prevent misrepresentation of the Faith's teachings during its early stages. While proponents argue it is akin to academic journal review, critics, including academics like Juan Cole and Denis MacEoin, have voiced concerns that it constitutes censorship, potentially stifling scholarly research and open discourse.

Buddhism

In Myanmar, the military government historically exercised significant censorship over the arts, prohibiting nudity and depictions of Buddhism that deviated from traditional norms. While enforcement has loosened since political reforms in 2011, the underlying laws remain. In Thailand, the film Arbat was banned in 2015 due to its portrayal of Buddhist monks engaging in controversial activities, such as drug use and inappropriate physical contact, which was deemed disrespectful to religious figures.

Christianity

The advent of the printing press in the 15th century led to increased efforts by both church and state to control printed materials. In Europe, printers required licenses, and books were subject to inspection. The Catholic Church's Index Librorum Prohibitorum, first promulgated in 1559, listed works deemed heretical or dangerous to faith and morals, including writings by Desiderius Erasmus and Nicolaus Copernicus. Although abolished in 1966, the Church retains the right to review materials concerning faith and morals. More recently, José Saramago's novel "The Gospel According to Jesus Christ" faced censorship challenges in Portugal due to pressure from the Catholic Church.

Islam

Islamic traditions, particularly in theocracies or regions with strong religious legal systems, have employed censorship based on interpretations of Islamic law. Quran 2:256 prohibits compulsion in religion. However, fatwas have been issued against works like The Satanic Verses, calling for the author's execution for blasphemy. Islamic religious police have confiscated media deemed un-Islamic, and strict prohibitions exist against the practice or proselytizing of non-Islamic religions within certain territories, such as Saudi Arabia.

Judaism

Jewish history involves both external censorship by non-Jewish governments and internal self-censorship or censorship by religious authorities. Historically, governments regulated the printing of Jewish books, sometimes employing Jewish apostates knowledgeable in Hebrew as censors. Internally, rabbinic authorities have banned works perceived as dangerous to faith or morals. Examples include restrictions on philosophical works like Maimonides' The Guide for the Perplexed and later, kabbalistic texts, due to concerns about their potential influence on religious observance and belief. Modern Orthodox authorities continue to ban books that challenge traditional interpretations or promote views considered contrary to Halakha (Jewish law).

Mechanisms of Control

Direct Suppression

Direct methods involve the outright banning, confiscation, or destruction of materials deemed unacceptable. This includes:

Book Burning: The physical destruction of written works.
Expurgation: The removal or alteration of specific content within a text.
Censor Bars/Pixelization: Visual obscuring of sensitive imagery.
Broadcast Delay: Live broadcasts are sometimes delayed to allow for censorship edits.
Gag Orders: Legal prohibitions against discussing specific topics or information.

Indirect Influence and Control

Indirect methods shape discourse and limit expression through subtler means:

Self-Censorship: Individuals or organizations avoid certain topics or expressions for fear of reprisal or social ostracism.
Chilling Effect: The discouragement of legitimate activities due to the threat of legal sanction or other penalties.
Gatekeeping: Control over what information is disseminated through media channels.
Content-Control Software: Technological measures used to filter or block access to specific online content.
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs): Legal actions intended to intimidate and silence critics.

Shaping Public Discourse

Broader strategies aim to influence public opinion and limit the scope of acceptable discourse:

Propaganda: The systematic dissemination of information, often biased or misleading, to promote a particular political cause or point of view.
Loaded Language/Euphemisms: The use of emotionally charged words or milder terms to frame issues in a particular light.
Opinion Corridor: The range of discourse considered acceptable within a given society or institution.
Taboo: Social or religious prohibitions against certain words, objects, actions, or discussions.

Contexts of Censorship

Media and Information

Censorship frequently targets media content, including books, films, music, and online platforms. This can involve:

Book Censorship: Banning or removing books from libraries or schools.
Film Censorship: Requiring edits or prohibiting the distribution of films.
Internet Censorship: Blocking websites, filtering content, or monitoring online activity.
Press Freedom: Restrictions on journalistic reporting and publication.

Political and Legal Spheres

Governments and political entities often employ censorship for political control:

Political Censorship: Suppressing dissent, opposition, or information critical of the state.
Speech Codes: Regulations on acceptable speech, often in academic or public institutions.
Prior Restraint: Legal measures preventing publication or dissemination of information.
State Atheism: Policies promoting atheism and suppressing religious expression.

Corporate and Social Influence

Non-governmental entities also engage in censorship:

Corporate Censorship: Companies controlling content on their platforms or products.
Cancel Culture/Deplatforming: Socially driven efforts to withdraw support or remove individuals from public platforms.
Hate Speech Regulations: Measures to control speech that attacks or demeans specific groups.
Algorithmic Bias: Content moderation policies embedded in algorithms that can inadvertently censor certain viewpoints.

Consequences and Related Concepts

Societal Effects

Religious censorship can have profound societal impacts, including the suppression of intellectual inquiry, the erosion of academic freedom, and the marginalization of minority religious or cultural groups. It can foster an environment of fear and conformity, hindering critical thinking and open dialogue. The selective destruction of cultural heritage also represents a loss for collective human memory and understanding.

Related Phenomena

Religious censorship is closely linked to broader issues of religious intolerance and discrimination. Concepts such as:

Religious Intolerance: Unwillingness to accept or respect beliefs or practices different from one's own.
Religious Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on religious affiliation or belief.
Iconoclasm: The destruction of religious images or symbols.
Forced Conversion: Compelling individuals to adopt a different religion.

These phenomena often intersect, with censorship serving as a tool to enforce religious conformity and suppress perceived deviations.

Counter-Movements

The practice of censorship often sparks counter-movements advocating for freedom of expression and religious liberty. These movements challenge censorship through legal advocacy, public awareness campaigns, and the promotion of open access to information. The ongoing debate surrounding religious freedom and censorship highlights the tension between protecting religious sensibilities and upholding fundamental rights to speech and inquiry.

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References

Quran 2:256

A full list of references for this article are available at the Religious censorship Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not religious or legal advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation regarding religious doctrine, legal matters, or freedom of expression. Always seek the advice of qualified professionals for specific concerns. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

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The Scrutiny of Sacred Texts

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ⚖️

🔒 Defining Religious Censorship

📜 Historical Manifestations

🏛️ Interpretive Authority

Forms and Rationales 📝

🚫 Grounds for Suppression

🧱 Textual and Material Destruction

⚖️ Legal and Institutional Frameworks

Case Studies Across Faiths 🌍

🌟 Baháʼí Faith

☸️ Buddhism

✝️ Christianity

☪️ Islam

✡️ Judaism

Mechanisms of Control ⚙️

✂️ Direct Suppression

🗣️ Indirect Influence and Control

📢 Shaping Public Discourse

Contexts of Censorship 🌐

📰 Media and Information

🏛️ Political and Legal Spheres

🤝 Corporate and Social Influence

Consequences and Related Concepts 📈

📉 Societal Effects

🔗 Related Phenomena

💡 Counter-Movements

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Defining Religious Censorship

Historical Manifestations

Interpretive Authority

Forms and Rationales

Grounds for Suppression

Textual and Material Destruction

Legal and Institutional Frameworks

Case Studies Across Faiths

Baháʼí Faith

Buddhism

Christianity

Islam

Judaism

Mechanisms of Control

Direct Suppression

Indirect Influence and Control

Shaping Public Discourse

Contexts of Censorship

Media and Information

Political and Legal Spheres

Corporate and Social Influence

Consequences and Related Concepts

Societal Effects

Related Phenomena

Counter-Movements

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice