What significant military action did Nazi Germany undertake on March 7, 1936?

On March 7, 1936, Nazi Germany remilitarised the Rhineland by sending military forces into the region. This action violated the terms of both the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties, which had established the Rhineland as a demilitarised zone.

Which specific treaties did Germany violate by remilitarising the Rhineland in 1936?

Germany's remilitarisation of the Rhineland violated Articles 42, 43, and 44 of the Treaty of Versailles and Articles 1 and 2 of the Locarno Treaties. These agreements stipulated that the Rhineland was to remain demilitarised.

What was the status of the Rhineland under the Treaty of Versailles after World War I?

The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from maintaining or constructing any fortifications on the left bank of the Rhine or within 50 kilometers east of it. This measure was intended to enhance the security of France and other European nations.

How did the Locarno Treaties of 1925 impact the demilitarised status of the Rhineland?

The Locarno Treaties solidified the demilitarised status of the Rhineland permanently. They were significant because they represented Germany's voluntary acceptance of these demilitarisation terms, in contrast to the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.

When did the Allied occupation forces withdraw from the Rhineland?

The last Allied soldiers withdrew from the Rhineland in June 1930. This withdrawal was negotiated by German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann and marked the end of the immediate Allied military presence in the region.

What event did Adolf Hitler use as a pretext for the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936?

Adolf Hitler cited the ratification of the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance in January 1936 as the pretext for remilitarising the Rhineland. He argued that this treaty violated the Locarno Pact and posed a threat to Germany's security.

Approximately how many German troops entered the Rhineland on March 7, 1936?

On March 7, 1936, nineteen German infantry battalions, along with a small number of aircraft, entered the Rhineland. Some accounts suggest the total number of troops involved was around 50,000.

What was the immediate response from France and Britain to Germany's remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

France and Britain did not take military action in response to the remilitarisation. Neither nation was prepared for a military confrontation, and they ultimately decided against enforcing the existing treaties.

What was the strategic impact of the Rhineland remilitarisation on the European balance of power?

The remilitarisation of the Rhineland significantly shifted the balance of power in Europe in favor of Germany. It removed a key strategic constraint, enabling Germany to pursue more aggressive foreign policies in Western Europe.

How did the successful remilitarisation of the Rhineland influence Hitler's future actions?

The lack of opposition from Britain and France emboldened Hitler, convincing him that these powers would not interfere with his expansionist plans. This success encouraged him to accelerate his preparations for war and his broader ambitions for European domination.

How did the German population react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

The remilitarisation was met with widespread public jubilation and celebrations throughout Germany. A referendum held shortly after showed overwhelming popular support, with nearly 99% of voters approving Hitler's actions.

What was the role of the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance in the events of March 1936?

The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, ratified in January 1936, was used by Hitler as a justification for remilitarising the Rhineland. He claimed it violated the Locarno Treaties and created a strategic threat to Germany.

What were the key factors influencing France's hesitant response to the Rhineland crisis?

France possessed a superior military force but was hampered by economic difficulties, a financial crisis, and political instability. Additionally, French intelligence overestimated German troop numbers, contributing to a reluctance to engage militarily.

How did the French intelligence service (Deuxième Bureau) misjudge the situation in the Rhineland?

The French intelligence service overestimated the number of German troops present in the Rhineland during the crisis. This miscalculation contributed to the French government's hesitation and its decision not to take military action.

What was Britain's general foreign policy approach in the mid-1930s regarding Germany?

Britain pursued a policy of appeasement, seeking a "general settlement" with Germany to address grievances from the Treaty of Versailles. They were reluctant to make a "continental commitment" and favored a strategy of "limited liability," focusing on naval and air power.

What influence did the British Dominions have on Britain's reaction to the Rhineland remilitarisation?

The reluctance of Dominions like South Africa and Canada to support military action against Germany influenced Britain's cautious stance. Their lack of commitment meant Britain was unwilling to engage in a major conflict without broader Commonwealth support.

What was the prevailing British public opinion regarding the Treaty of Versailles by 1936?

By 1936, a significant portion of the British public believed the Treaty of Versailles was unjust to Germany. This sentiment made many unwilling to support military action to enforce its terms, including the demilitarisation of the Rhineland.

How did Belgium respond to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

Following the remilitarisation, Belgium abandoned its defensive alliance with France and reverted to a policy of neutrality. This decision meant that Germany no longer faced the threat of an Allied offensive through Belgium.

What was Poland's diplomatic position during the Rhineland crisis?

Poland affirmed its alliance with France but stated it would only intervene if France itself was invaded. Simultaneously, Poland assured Germany that it would remain neutral if France took action regarding the Rhineland remilitarisation.

What was the United States' policy towards the Rhineland crisis in 1936?

The United States maintained a strict isolationist policy, taking a "hands off" approach to the crisis. President Franklin D. Roosevelt avoided direct engagement, and the general sentiment was non-intervention.

What was the Soviet Union's dual approach to the Rhineland remilitarisation?

Publicly, the Soviet Union condemned Germany's actions and advocated for collective security through the League of Nations. Privately, however, Soviet diplomats sought to improve commercial and political relations with Germany.

What defensive construction did Germany begin after remilitarising the Rhineland?

Following the remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Germany commenced the construction of the Siegfried Line. This extensive network of fortifications was built along Germany's western border, particularly facing France and Belgium.

How did the Rhineland remilitarisation affect France's alliances in Eastern Europe?

The remilitarisation undermined France's credibility as an ally for Eastern European nations like Czechoslovakia and Romania. These countries began to doubt France's willingness or ability to deter German aggression, leading them to reconsider their alliances.

What was Pope Pius XI's reported opinion on France's inaction during the Rhineland crisis?

Pope Pius XI reportedly expressed that France would have served a greater good by taking immediate military action to expel German troops from the Rhineland. His comment suggested that a firmer response might have prevented future conflicts.

What was the outcome of the League of Nations' deliberations on the Rhineland remilitarisation?

The League of Nations Council determined that Germany's actions constituted a breach of the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno. However, only the Soviet Union supported imposing sanctions, as many member states were economically dependent on Germany and unwilling to take punitive measures.

What is the historical debate surrounding Hitler's decision to remilitarise the Rhineland?

Historians debate whether Hitler's decision was a pre-planned step in his strategy for world conquest (the "intentionist" view) or an opportunistic reaction to specific political and economic conditions in 1936 (the "functionist" view).

What advice did German Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath provide to Hitler regarding the Rhineland?

Konstantin von Neurath advised Hitler against invoking the arbitration clause of the Locarno Treaties, fearing it would remove their pretext for remilitarisation. He also assured Hitler that France would not intervene militarily, which enhanced Neurath's standing with Hitler.

What was the "Ten Year Rule" and its effect on British military readiness?

The "Ten Year Rule" was a British policy that assumed no major war would occur for ten years, leading to significant reductions in defense spending. This policy severely hampered the British military's capabilities and readiness by the mid-1930s.

What was the "continental commitment" in British strategy, and why was it viewed cautiously?

The "continental commitment" referred to Britain's potential deployment of a large army in mainland Europe. Britain was hesitant due to the devastating losses of World War I and preferred a strategy of "limited liability," focusing on naval and air power rather than large-scale land commitments.

What was the purpose of the "cordon sanitaire" in French foreign policy?

The "cordon sanitaire" was a French strategy to create a buffer zone of allied states in Eastern Europe to contain both Germany and the Soviet Union. France formed alliances with countries like Poland and Czechoslovakia to achieve this goal.

How did the remilitarisation of the Rhineland affect the strategic value of France's Maginot Line?

With the Rhineland remilitarised and the Siegfried Line under construction, the Maginot Line faced direct German fortifications. This limited France's offensive capabilities and made its eastern allies more vulnerable to German pressure.

What prediction did Winston Churchill make regarding the consequences of the Rhineland remilitarisation?

Winston Churchill accurately predicted that the German fortifications in the Rhineland would allow Germany to concentrate its forces for an offensive through Belgium and Holland, foreshadowing the German invasion of France in 1940.

What was the German-Polish declaration of non-aggression signed in 1934?

The German-Polish declaration of non-aggression was an agreement signed in 1934 between Nazi Germany and Poland. It aimed to improve bilateral relations and reduce tensions, particularly concerning the disputed Polish Corridor.

What was the "Abyssinia Crisis," and how did it impact Italo-German relations?

The Abyssinia Crisis began in October 1935 with Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. While the League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy, straining relations between Britain and France, Germany offered support to Italy, strengthening their ties.

What was the "Stresa Front"?

The Stresa Front was an alliance formed in April 1935 by Britain, France, and Italy. Its purpose was to collectively oppose further violations of the Treaty of Versailles by Germany, especially after Germany renounced certain treaty clauses.

What was the "Gleiwitz incident" and its role in the lead-up to World War II?

The Gleiwitz incident was a staged attack on a German radio station near the Polish border, orchestrated by Nazi Germany on August 31, 1939. It served as a false pretext for Germany's invasion of Poland, initiating World War II.

What was the "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact"?

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, signed in August 1939, was a non-aggression treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. It included secret protocols that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence, facilitating the subsequent invasion of Poland.

What does the term "Anschluss" refer to in the context of German expansion?

The "Anschluss" refers to the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938. This event followed earlier diplomatic tensions concerning Austria's sovereignty and its relationship with Germany.

What was the "Munich Agreement" of September 1938?

The Munich Agreement was a pact signed by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy that permitted Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. It is a prominent example of the appeasement policy adopted by Britain and France.

What was the "German question" in the context of 20th-century European history?

The "German question" refers to the complex issues surrounding Germany's national identity, territorial boundaries, and its role within the European political landscape throughout the 20th century, particularly concerning its unification and expansionist policies.

What was the "Hallstein Doctrine"?

The Hallstein Doctrine was a foreign policy principle of West Germany that stated it would consider diplomatic relations with any country recognizing East Germany as an unfriendly act. Its aim was to isolate East Germany internationally.

What is the meaning of "Lebensraum" in Nazi ideology?

"Lebensraum," meaning "living space," was a core concept in Nazi foreign policy advocating for territorial expansion into Eastern Europe. The goal was to acquire land and resources for German settlement and agricultural development.

What was "Ostpolitik"?

"Ostpolitik" refers to the foreign policy pursued by West Germany in the late 1960s and 1970s, focused on normalizing relations with Eastern European countries, including East Germany. This policy aimed to reduce Cold War tensions and foster cooperation.

What was the "Bled Agreement" of August 1938?

The Bled Agreement, signed in August 1938, was a pact among Yugoslavia and other Little Entente states (Czechoslovakia and Romania) designed to bolster their collective security against potential German aggression.

What was the "May Crisis" of May 1938?

The May Crisis in May 1938 involved Czechoslovakia fearing an imminent German invasion, leading to partial military mobilization. France and the Soviet Union offered support, causing Germany to temporarily retract its aggressive stance.

What was the "First Vienna Award" in November 1938?

The First Vienna Award, decided in November 1938 under German and Italian arbitration, compelled Czechoslovakia to cede territories, including southern Slovakia and parts of Carpatho-Ukraine, to Hungary.

What was the "Slovak-Hungarian War" in March 1939?

The Slovak-Hungarian War was a brief conflict in March 1939 when Hungary invaded and occupied the easternmost region of Slovakia, shortly after Germany had occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia.

What was the "Danzig Crisis" between March and August 1939?

The Danzig Crisis was a period of escalating diplomatic tension between Poland and Nazi Germany concerning the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk) and the Polish Corridor. Germany's demands ultimately led to the invasion of Poland.

What was the "British guarantee to Poland" in March 1939?

The "British guarantee to Poland" was a public pledge made by the United Kingdom in March 1939 to defend Poland's independence against aggression. This marked a significant departure from appeasement and was a direct response to German actions.

What was the "Pact of Steel" signed in May 1939?

The "Pact of Steel," signed in May 1939, was a formal military and political alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It solidified their cooperation and mutual defense commitments, strengthening the Axis powers.

What were the "Battles of Khalkhin Gol"?

The Battles of Khalkhin Gol, fought from May to September 1939, involved engagements between the Soviet Union and Mongolia against Japan's Kwantung Army. The Soviet victory deterred further Japanese expansion into Soviet territory.

Remilitarisation Of The Rhineland Wiki: The Rhineland Gambit: A Step Towards Global Conflict

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Overview

The Event

The remilitarisation of the Rhineland, known in German as Rheinlandbesetzung, commenced on March 7, 1936. On this day, military forces of Nazi Germany entered the Rhineland, a region that had been demilitarised following World War I. This action constituted a direct violation of both the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties.

Treaty Violations

The Treaty of Versailles (Articles 42, 43, and 44) explicitly forbade Germany from maintaining or constructing any fortifications west of the Rhine or within 50 kilometers east of it. The 1925 Locarno Treaties further reaffirmed this permanently demilitarised status. Hitler's move directly contravened these foundational agreements that aimed to secure peace in Europe.

Allied Inaction

Neither France nor Britain, the primary guarantors of the treaties, were prepared for a military response. Public and elite opinion in both nations strongly opposed intervention. This lack of decisive action by the Western democracies is widely seen by historians as a critical missed opportunity to halt Hitler's aggressive foreign policy early on.

Historical Context

Post-WWI Settlements

Following World War I, the Rhineland was placed under Allied occupation. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed severe restrictions on Germany, including the demilitarisation of the Rhineland to serve as a buffer zone and security measure for France and Belgium. The last Allied troops withdrew in June 1930, following negotiations by German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann.

The Locarno Treaties

Signed in October 1925, the Locarno Treaties represented a voluntary German acceptance of the demilitarised status of the Rhineland, seen as a more palatable alternative to the imposed terms of Versailles. These treaties aimed to foster stability and cooperation, with Britain and Italy vaguely guaranteeing the Franco-German and Belgian-German borders.

German Rearmament and Ambitions

After the Nazi regime came to power in 1933, Germany began a systematic process of rearmament, openly challenging the Versailles restrictions. Military and diplomatic elites viewed the demilitarised Rhineland as a temporary impediment, planning its remilitarisation for when the diplomatic climate allowed. This move was seen as a crucial step towards achieving Germany's broader territorial ambitions, particularly Lebensraum in Eastern Europe.

The Decision to Remilitarise

Hitler's Motivations

Hitler accelerated his plans for remilitarisation from 1937 to 1936. Key factors included the ratification of the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance (which Germany claimed violated Locarno), political instability in France, Germany's economic pressures, and the weakening of the Stresa Front due to Italy's invasion of Abyssinia. Hitler sought to exploit these international divisions.

Internal Deliberations

German military leaders, like General Ludwig Beck, warned of the army's unpreparedness for conflict with France. However, Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath, supported by Joachim von Ribbentrop, advocated for immediate action, providing justifications based on the Franco-Soviet pact. Neurath's confident assurances, partly based on intelligence suggesting French inaction, played a significant role in Hitler's final decision.

Intelligence and Timing

Intelligence reports, some perhaps exaggerated or misinterpreted, suggested that France and Britain would not respond militarily. Hitler's decision was also influenced by the ongoing Abyssinia Crisis, which diverted international attention. The timing was crucial, aiming to present a fait accompli before potential opposition could materialise effectively.

The March into the Rhineland

Deployment

On March 7, 1936, approximately nineteen German infantry battalions, supported by a small contingent of aircraft, entered the Rhineland. German troops crossed the Rhine river, establishing a presence that directly violated the treaty provisions. This move was carefully orchestrated to coincide with diplomatic announcements.

Hitler's Address

Simultaneously, Hitler addressed the Reichstag, announcing the remilitarisation. He framed the action as a defensive measure against the perceived threat of the Franco-Soviet pact and a necessary step to restore German honour and equality. He offered to rejoin the League of Nations and proposed a 25-year non-aggression pact with Britain and France.

German Reception

The remilitarisation was met with widespread jubilation across Germany. Crowds in cities like Cologne greeted the troops with flowers and blessings. Hitler's defiance of the Versailles Treaty resonated deeply with the German populace, boosting his popularity and reinforcing the perception of his infallibility among many.

International Reactions

France

France, despite possessing a superior military force, hesitated. Economic crises, military assessments of potential war costs, and a lack of British support contributed to paralysis. The French government, fearing escalation and domestic instability, ultimately chose not to enforce the treaties militarily.

United Kingdom

Britain's policy was largely one of appeasement. Public opinion was strongly against another war, and many believed the Treaty of Versailles was overly harsh. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin cited resource limitations and public sentiment as reasons against military intervention. The Dominions also signaled reluctance to support military action.

Belgium

Belgium, previously allied with France, reasserted its neutrality. King Leopold III declared a policy exclusively focused on keeping Belgium outside the quarrels of its neighbours, effectively abandoning its alliance with France and relying on its own neutrality.

Poland

Poland assured France of its commitment to the Franco-Polish alliance but ambiguously indicated it would only act if France was invaded. Poland's stance suggested a lack of confidence in France's ability to deter Germany, and it abstained from voting for sanctions against Germany in the League of Nations.

United States

The U.S. maintained a strict isolationist stance, taking a "hands off" approach. President Roosevelt's absence during the crisis underscored the nation's desire to avoid European entanglements.

Soviet Union

Publicly, the Soviets denounced Germany's actions as a threat to peace. However, privately, Soviet diplomats signaled a desire for better commercial and political relations with Germany, indicating a complex and opportunistic foreign policy.

League of Nations

The League of Nations declared the remilitarisation a breach of treaties but proved ineffective. Only the Soviet Union advocated for sanctions, but widespread economic dependence on Germany and a lack of consensus prevented any meaningful action. The League's failure highlighted its diminishing influence.

Aftermath and Consequences

Shift in Power Balance

The remilitarisation decisively shifted the balance of power in Europe towards Germany. France's credibility as a security guarantor was severely undermined, impacting its alliances in Eastern Europe. The inability to enforce treaty obligations exposed the weakness of the post-WWI security architecture.

Emboldened Hitler

The success of the Rhineland gambit significantly boosted Hitler's confidence and prestige. It demonstrated that the Western powers were unwilling to confront him militarily, encouraging him to pursue further aggressive expansionist policies, accelerating the path towards World War II.

Strategic Realignment

Germany began constructing the Siegfried Line along its western border, solidifying its defensive capabilities. The failure of France and Britain to act prompted countries like Belgium to revert to neutrality and encouraged Eastern European states to reconsider their alliances, seeking accommodation with the ascendant Germany.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Remilitarisation Of The Rhineland" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about remilitarisation_of_the_rhineland while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

macmillan inc.

batting average baseball

oxford railway station

References

Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jack S. Levy, "The preventive war that never happened: Britain, France, and the rise of Germany in the 1930s." Security Studies 16.1 (2007): 32-67.

MÃ¼ller, Klaus JÃ¼rgen The Army, Politics and Society in Germany, 1933â1945, Manchester University Press, 1987, p. 48.

Arthur Harris echoed this in 1945, reminiscent of Otto von Bismarck's statement about the Balkans.

Bennett, Edward German Rearmament and the West, 1932â1933, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015 page 109

Sullivan, Barry "More than meets the eye: the Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War" pages 178â203 from The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians, London: Routledge, 1999 page 179

Neville, Peter Hitler and Appeasement: The British Attempt to Prevent the Second World War, London: A&C Black, 2006 page 138

Crozier, Andrew Appeasement and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies Macmillan Press: London, 1988 p. 33.

Bartov, Omer "Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich" pages 133â150 from The Third Reich The Essential Readings edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwell, 1999 pages 137â139 & 144â146

Bartov, Omer "Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich" pages 133â150 from The Third Reich The Essential Readings edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwell, 1999 pages 138â139.

Goda, Norman "Black Marks: Hitler's Bribery of his Senior Officers During World War II" from pages 96â137 from Corrupt Histories, Toronto: Hushion House edited by Emmanuel Kreike, & William Chester Jordan, 2005 page 102

House of Commons, July 27, 1936: https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=1936-07-27a.1207.1

Harold Nicolson, The Harold Nicolson Diaries: 1919â1964 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), p. 139.

Charles Cheney Hyde, 'Belgium and Neutrality', The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, No. 1. (January 1937), p. 82.

Jiri Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security 1934â1938 (1984) p. 104.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical analysis, geopolitical consultation, or strategic assessment. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified experts for specific needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Rhineland Gambit

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🌍

🗓️ The Event

⚖️ Treaty Violations

inaction Allied Inaction

Historical Context 📜

📜 Post-WWI Settlements

🤝 The Locarno Treaties

📈 German Rearmament and Ambitions

The Decision to Remilitarise 🧠

🔥 Hitler's Motivations

🤔 Internal Deliberations

📊 Intelligence and Timing

The March into the Rhineland 🚶‍♂️

➡️ Deployment

🗣️ Hitler's Address

🎉 German Reception

International Reactions 🗣️

🇫🇷 France

🇬🇧 United Kingdom

🇧🇪 Belgium

🇵🇱 Poland

🇺🇸 United States

🇷🇺 Soviet Union

🌐 League of Nations

Aftermath and Consequences 💥

⚖️ Shift in Power Balance

🚀 Emboldened Hitler

🛡️ Strategic Realignment

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Event

Treaty Violations

Allied Inaction

Historical Context

Post-WWI Settlements

The Locarno Treaties

German Rearmament and Ambitions

The Decision to Remilitarise

Hitler's Motivations

Internal Deliberations

Intelligence and Timing

The March into the Rhineland

Deployment

Hitler's Address

German Reception

International Reactions

France

United Kingdom

Belgium

Poland

United States

Soviet Union

League of Nations

Aftermath and Consequences

Shift in Power Balance

Emboldened Hitler

Strategic Realignment

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice