What are the former names of Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg was formerly known as Petrograd and Leningrad.

What is Saint Petersburg's geographical location and significance?

Saint Petersburg is located on the River Neva at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. It is Russia's second-largest city, a historically strategic port, and the former capital of the Russian Empire.

What is the area of Saint Petersburg and its rank among Russian administrative divisions?

Saint Petersburg has an area of 1,439 square kilometers (556 square miles), making it the smallest administrative division of Russia by area.

What was the population of Saint Petersburg as of 2021, and how does it rank in Europe and Russia?

As of 2021, Saint Petersburg had a population of 5,601,911 residents. It is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city with over one million residents.

When was Saint Petersburg founded, and by whom was it named?

The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27, 1703, and was named after the apostle Saint Peter.

What historical role did Saint Petersburg play in Russian history?

Saint Petersburg served as the capital of the Tsardom of Russia and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1712 to 1918. It is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as a European great power.

What significant event occurred in Saint Petersburg in June 1991?

In June 1991, a city-wide referendum supported restoring the city's original name, Saint Petersburg, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

What are some of Saint Petersburg's modern-day nicknames and governmental roles?

Saint Petersburg is often called the 'Northern Capital of Russia' and is home to federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation.

What UNESCO World Heritage designation does Saint Petersburg hold?

The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

What are some of the notable landmarks or institutions located in Saint Petersburg?

Notable landmarks and institutions include the Hermitage Museum, the Lakhta Center (Europe's tallest skyscraper), the Peter and Paul Fortress, Kazan Cathedral, and Saint Isaac's Cathedral.

How did Saint Petersburg get its original name?

The city was named after Saint Peter, as the Peter and Paul Fortress, built at the same time as the city, was consecrated with a church in their names, making Saint Peter the heavenly patron and eponym of the city.

What were some of the alternative spellings and nicknames used for Saint Petersburg in its early history?

Early spellings and nicknames included Sanktpetersburk, Santpiterburkh, Petri, Petropolis, and Piterpol. The prefix Sankt was eventually dropped in common usage, except in formal documents.

When and why was the city renamed Petrograd?

The city was renamed Petrograd on August 31, 1914, during World War I, to remove the German-sounding words Sankt and Burg, honoring Peter the Great, the city's founder.

What led to the city being renamed Leningrad?

Following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, the city was renamed Leningrad in his honor.

What significant historical event occurred in Leningrad during World War II?

Leningrad was the site of the Siege of Leningrad during World War II, which is considered the most lethal siege in history.

What was the outcome of the 1991 referendum regarding the city's name?

In a city-wide referendum in June 1991, voters supported restoring the city's original name, Saint Petersburg.

What is Saint Petersburg's nickname related to its geographical position?

Saint Petersburg is often described as the 'Venice of the North' or the 'Russian Venice' due to its numerous canals and waterways, and it is also the world's northernmost city with over one million residents.

What is the climate classification of Saint Petersburg?

Under the Köppen climate classification, Saint Petersburg is classified as having a humid continental climate (Dfb), influenced by the Baltic Sea.

What are the typical temperature ranges in Saint Petersburg?

The average high temperature in July is around 23°C (73°F), and the average low temperature in February is approximately -8.5°C (16.7°F). Extreme temperatures have ranged from 37.1°C (98.8°F) to -35.9°C (-32.6°F).

What is the average annual precipitation in Saint Petersburg?

The average annual precipitation in Saint Petersburg is about 660 mm (26 inches), with the highest amounts typically occurring in late summer.

What is the ethnic composition of Saint Petersburg according to the 2021 census?

According to the 2021 census, Russians constituted the largest ethnic group at 90.6%, followed by other groups such as Ukrainians, Tatars, and Azerbaijanis, with a significant portion of the population not declaring ethnicity.

What is the dominant religion in Saint Petersburg?

The overwhelming majority of religious residents in Saint Petersburg are Orthodox Christians, with Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism represented by smaller minority communities.

What is the governmental structure of Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg is a federal city within Russia, with a City Administration led by a governor and a unicameral legislature known as the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly.

How is Saint Petersburg divided administratively?

Saint Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts, which are further subdivided into 111 intra-city municipalities.

What are the key economic specializations of Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg's economy is characterized by oil and gas trade, shipbuilding, aerospace, technology, machine building, metallurgy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, publishing, and food industries.

What is the significance of the Lakhta Center?

The Lakhta Center, completed in 2019, is a 462.5-meter skyscraper that is the tallest in Russia and Europe, located in the Lakhta district northwest of the city center.

What is the status of the historic architecture in Saint Petersburg's city center?

Much of the historic architecture, primarily Baroque and Neoclassical buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries, has been preserved, contributing to its UNESCO World Heritage status.

What is Saint Petersburg often called due to its canals and waterways?

Due to its intricate network of canals and waterways, Saint Petersburg is often referred to as the 'Venice of the North'.

What is the significance of the Palace Bridge in Saint Petersburg?

The Palace Bridge is a notable landmark that is drawn at night, a characteristic that has become a symbol of the city.

What are some of the notable imperial residences located in the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg?

Notable imperial residences in the southern suburbs include Peterhof with its fountain cascades, Tsarskoe Selo with the Catherine Palace, and Pavlovsk with its palace and large English-style park.

What is the largest park within the city limits of Saint Petersburg?

Sosnovka Park is the largest park within the city limits, covering an area of 240 hectares.

What is the significance of the Saint Petersburg TV Tower?

The Saint Petersburg TV Tower, constructed in 1962, was the tallest structure in the city at 310 meters (1,020 ft) until the completion of the Lakhta Center.

How many museums are located in Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg is home to over two hundred museums, including the world-renowned Hermitage Museum and the Russian Museum.

What is the significance of the Hermitage Museum?

The Hermitage Museum is one of the largest art museums in the world, featuring extensive collections and the opulent interiors of the former imperial residence.

What is the significance of the Kunstkamera?

The Kunstkamera, established by Peter the Great in 1714, is considered one of Russia's first museums and evolved into the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography.

What is the Mariinsky Theatre known for?

The Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet and opera company and has been associated with legendary ballet dancers like Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov.

Who was Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and what is his connection to Saint Petersburg?

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a renowned Russian composer who taught at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory from 1871 to 1905, and his former apartment is preserved as his museum.

What is Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony known for in relation to Saint Petersburg?

Dmitri Shostakovich dedicated his Seventh Symphony, known as the 'Leningrad Symphony,' to the city, composing it during the Siege of Leningrad.

What literary themes are associated with Saint Petersburg in Russian literature?

Saint Petersburg's literature often explores themes of artificiality, modern disorder, the plight of the poor clerk, and a surreal, abstract image of the city, influenced by urban legends and ghost stories.

Which famous 20th-century writers from Saint Petersburg contributed new styles to literature?

Vladimir Nabokov, Ayn Rand, Andrey Bely, and Yevgeny Zamyatin are among the 20th-century writers from Saint Petersburg who significantly influenced literary styles.

What is the significance of the film 'Irony of Fate' in relation to Saint Petersburg?

The cult comedy 'Irony of Fate' is set in Saint Petersburg and satirizes Soviet city planning, becoming a cultural touchstone.

What is the primary public transport system in Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg has an extensive public transport network that includes buses, trams, and the Saint Petersburg Metro, which opened in 1955.

What major infrastructure projects have been undertaken to alleviate traffic in Saint Petersburg?

Projects like the Saint Petersburg Ring Road (completed in 2011) and the Western High-Speed Diameter (completed in 2017) have been implemented to reduce traffic congestion.

What is the significance of the Sapsan train?

The Sapsan is a high-speed train service operating between Moscow and Saint Petersburg, known for its speed and modern amenities.

What is the role of Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg's transportation network?

Pulkovo International Airport is the primary air transport hub for Saint Petersburg, serving millions of passengers annually and undergoing significant modernization.

What are some of the major railway terminals in Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg is served by five major railway terminals: Baltiysky, Finlyandsky, Ladozhsky, Moskovsky, and Vitebsky.

How many sister cities does Saint Petersburg have, and what is the significance of this?

Saint Petersburg has numerous sister cities and partnership ties globally, reflecting its international connections and cultural exchange.

Which cities have terminated or suspended cooperation with Saint Petersburg due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine?

Several cities, including Gdańsk, Warsaw, Aarhus, Melbourne, Kotka, Turku, Riga, and Tallinn, have terminated or suspended cooperation with Saint Petersburg following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

What is the significance of the 'White Nights' in Saint Petersburg?

The 'White Nights' refer to a period in summer when the city experiences prolonged twilight due to its northerly latitude, during which the night skies do not get completely dark for about a month.

What is the historical context of the city's name changes?

The city's name has changed multiple times: founded as Saint Petersburg, renamed Petrograd in 1914, then Leningrad in 1924, and finally restored to Saint Petersburg in 1991.

What is the primary source of Saint Petersburg's historical architectural preservation?

Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status meant that modern 'prestige projects' were less frequently built in the historic center, aiding in the preservation of its pre-revolutionary architecture.

Saint Petersburg Wiki: Saint Petersburg: A City Forged by Tsars and Time

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Overview

Strategic Location

Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city, is strategically situated on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. It is the northernmost metropolis with over one million residents globally, serving as a vital economic, scientific, and cultural hub.

Imperial Capital

Founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703, it served as the capital of the Russian Empire from 1712 to 1918. This historical role profoundly shaped its architecture, culture, and identity, earning it nicknames like the "Window to Europe."

Cultural Significance

Recognized as Russia's cultural capital, Saint Petersburg is home to numerous historical landmarks, including the UNESCO World Heritage site of its Historic Centre. It hosts world-renowned institutions like the Hermitage Museum and boasts a rich artistic and architectural heritage.

Names Through Time

Founding and Original Name

Established on May 27, 1703, by Tsar Peter the Great, the city was named Saint Petersburg in honor of Saint Peter. The name reflected Peter's admiration for Dutch and German naming conventions, using the prefix "Sankt."

Petrograd: A Wartime Renaming

During World War I, anti-German sentiment led to the city's renaming to Petrograd ("Peter's City") on August 31, 1914. This removed the German "Sankt" and "Burg" elements, aligning the name more closely with Russian identity.

Leningrad: A Soviet Legacy

Following Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, the city was renamed Leningrad. This designation persisted through the Soviet era, including the harrowing Siege of Leningrad during World War II.

Restoration of Saint Petersburg

In a city-wide referendum on June 12, 1991, residents voted to restore the city's original name, Saint Petersburg, effective September 6, 1991. The surrounding region, however, retains the name Leningrad Oblast.

A Chronicle of Transformation

Imperial Foundation (1703-1917)

Founded by Peter the Great to secure a Baltic port, Saint Petersburg rapidly developed into a European-style capital. Its architectural landscape was shaped by prominent architects like Domenico Trezzini and Bartolomeo Rastrelli, establishing styles such as Petrine Baroque and Neoclassicism. It served as the imperial seat for over two centuries, witnessing significant events like the Decembrist revolt and the 1905 Revolution.

1712: Designated as the capital of the Russian Empire.
1725: Establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
1737: New city plan commissioned, shifting focus to the Admiralty borough.
1760s-1780s: Granite embankments line the Neva River under Catherine the Great.
1810: Founding of the first engineering higher education institution.
1825: Site of the Decembrist revolt on Senate Square.
1861: Emancipation of serfs spurs industrial growth and population increase.
1914: Renamed Petrograd due to anti-German sentiment during WWI.

Revolution and Soviet Era (1917-1991)

The city was the epicenter of the October Revolution in 1917, leading to the Bolshevik seizure of power. Renamed Leningrad in 1924, it endured the brutal 872-day Siege of Leningrad during World War II, a period of immense civilian suffering and loss. Post-war reconstruction focused on rebuilding and expanding the city, though many historical structures were lost.

1917: Storming of the Winter Palace marks the October Revolution.
1918: Government relocated to Moscow; city becomes "Red Petrograd."
1924: Renamed Leningrad after Vladimir Lenin's death.
1941-1944: The devastating Siege of Leningrad results in over a million civilian deaths.
1945: Designated a "Hero City" for its wartime resistance.
1955: Opening of the Leningrad Metro system.
1991: Citywide referendum restores the name Saint Petersburg.

Contemporary Era (1991-Present)

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Saint Petersburg transitioned to a market economy, facing initial economic hardship and population decline. The restoration of its historical name marked a new chapter. Modern challenges include preserving its historic architectural heritage amidst development, with projects like the Lakhta Center symbolizing its evolving skyline.

1991: Name restored to Saint Petersburg; Anatoly Sobchak elected first mayor.
Early 2000s: Economic conditions begin to improve; population stabilization.
2006: Controversies arise over demolition of historical buildings and the proposed Gazprom City skyscraper.
2012: Lakhta Center project commences, becoming Europe's tallest building.
Present: Focus on balancing urban development with heritage preservation and cultural tourism.

Geography and Climate

River Delta Landscape

Saint Petersburg is situated on a low-lying plain within the Neva River delta, spread across numerous islands. The city's extensive network of rivers, canals, and bridges contributes to its unique urban fabric and earns it the moniker "Venice of the North."

Continental Climate Influence

The city experiences a humid continental climate, moderated by the Baltic Sea. Summers are mild to warm and humid, while winters are moderately cold and wet. Its northern latitude results in significant variations in daylight hours and the phenomenon of "White Nights" during summer.

Flood Risk and Mitigation

Much of the city lies close to sea level, making it susceptible to floods caused by storm surges in the Neva Bay. The construction of the Saint Petersburg Dam aims to mitigate this risk, protecting the city from inundating waters.

Climate Data

Temperature and Precipitation

Saint Petersburg's climate is characterized by average January lows around -4.8 °C (23.4 °F) and average July highs near 23.3 °C (73.9 °F). The city receives approximately 670 mm (26.4 inches) of precipitation annually, with most falling in late summer. Snow cover is typical from December to March.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Avg. High °C (°F)	-2.5 (27.5)	-2.4 (27.7)	2.3 (36.1)	9.5 (49.1)	16.3 (61.3)	20.5 (68.9)	23.3 (73.9)	21.4 (70.5)	15.9 (60.6)	8.7 (47.7)	2.8 (37.0)	-0.5 (31.1)	9.6 (49.3)
Daily Mean °C (°F)	-4.8 (23.4)	-5.0 (23.0)	-1.0 (30.2)	5.2 (41.4)	11.5 (52.7)	16.1 (61.0)	19.1 (66.4)	17.4 (63.3)	12.4 (54.3)	6.2 (43.2)	0.9 (33.6)	-2.5 (27.5)	6.3 (43.3)
Avg. Low °C (°F)	-7.2 (19.0)	-7.6 (18.3)	-4.0 (24.8)	1.7 (35.1)	7.2 (45.0)	12.2 (54.0)	15.3 (59.5)	13.9 (57.0)	9.4 (48.9)	4.1 (39.4)	-0.9 (30.4)	-4.5 (23.9)	3.3 (37.9)
Avg. Precipitation mm (inches)	46 (1.8)	36 (1.4)	36 (1.4)	37 (1.5)	47 (1.9)	69 (2.7)	84 (3.3)	87 (3.4)	57 (2.2)	64 (2.5)	56 (2.2)	51 (2.0)	670 (26.4)
Avg. Snow Depth cm (inches)	15 (5.9)	19 (7.5)	14 (5.5)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (1.2)	9 (3.5)	19 (7.5)

Source: Pogoda.ru.net, NOAA

Sunshine and Humidity

Saint Petersburg experiences around 1,596 hours of sunshine annually. The average relative humidity is 78%, with about 173 days of precipitation and 117 days with snow. The city's northern position contributes to long daylight hours in summer and short days in winter.

Demographics

Population Trends

As of the 2021 Census, Saint Petersburg's federal subject population was 5,601,911, representing a notable increase from previous decades. The metropolitan area hosts over 6.4 million residents, making it the fourth most populous city in Europe.

Year	Population	% Change
1897	1,264,920	—
1926	1,590,770	+25.8%
1939	3,191,304	+100.6%
1959	3,321,196	+4.1%
1970	3,949,501	+18.9%
1979	4,588,183	+16.2%
1989	5,023,506	+9.5%
2002	4,661,219	-7.2%
2010	4,879,566	+4.7%
2021	5,601,911	+14.8%

Source: Census data

Ethnic Composition

The population is predominantly Russian (over 90%). Historically, significant minority groups included Ukrainians, Tatars, Jews, and Belarusians. Recent decades have seen shifts in ethnic distribution, with a notable increase in Central Asian populations like Uzbeks and Tajiks.

Ethnicity	2021 (%)
Russians	90.6%
Ukrainians	0.6%
Tatars	0.4%
Azerbaijanis	0.3%
Belarusians	0.3%
Armenians	0.3%
Uzbeks	0.3%
Tajiks	0.2%
Jews	0.2%
Others	6.7%

Vital Statistics

In 2024, Saint Petersburg recorded 47,148 births and 62,471 deaths, resulting in a natural population decrease. The total fertility rate stands at 1.26 children per woman, and the average life expectancy is approximately 72.51 years.

Governance Structure

Federal City Status

Saint Petersburg holds the status of a federal city within the Russian Federation. Its governance is outlined by the City Charter, establishing a system with an executive branch led by a governor and a unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly.

Executive and Legislative Branches

The city is administered by the Saint Petersburg City Administration, headed by the Governor, currently Alexander Beglov. The Legislative Assembly serves as the city's regional parliament, responsible for enacting local laws and overseeing governance.

Judicial and Federal Presence

The city hosts significant federal institutions, including the Constitutional Court of Russia. Plans are underway to relocate the Supreme Court of Russia to Saint Petersburg, further solidifying its role as a key administrative center.

Religious Landscape

Predominantly Orthodox Christian

The majority of Saint Petersburg's residents identify as Christian, with Russian Orthodoxy being the dominant faith, practiced by over 50% of the population. This reflects the historical and cultural influence of the Orthodox Church in Russia.

Diverse Faith Communities

While Orthodoxy prevails, Saint Petersburg is home to various religious communities, including Muslims, Protestants, Catholics, Buddhists, and adherents of Judaism. These communities contribute to the city's diverse cultural tapestry.

Secular and Undefined Beliefs

A significant portion of the population identifies as spiritual but not religious (around 20.5%) or atheist/irreligious (around 15.4%), indicating a complex spectrum of beliefs and non-beliefs among the city's inhabitants.

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References

Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.

Petrograd (1914â1924), Leningrad (1924â1991), see the Â§Toponymy section for details

The level of flooding is measured near Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, which is normally 11 cm (4.3 in) above sea level.

Until 2001, the Varshavsky Rail Terminal served as a major station; it now is a railway museum.

Nesterov, V. ÐÐ½Ð°ÐµÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð¹ Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð´ ("Do you know your city?"). Leningrad, 1958, p. 58.

Matthew S. Anderson, Peter the Great (London: Thames & Hudson, 1978)

Nezhikhovsky, R.A. Ð ÐµÐºÐ° ÐÐµÐ²Ð° Ð¸ ÐÐµÐ²ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð³ÑÐ±Ð° [The Neva River and Neva Bay], Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1981.

G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886â1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)

A full list of references for this article are available at the Saint Petersburg Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This content has been generated by an AI model and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on data available from public sources, which may not be entirely comprehensive, up-to-date, or free from error.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein should not be considered a substitute for consultation with qualified historians, urban planners, cultural experts, or other relevant professionals. Always verify critical information with primary sources or expert consultation.

The creators of this page are not liable for any inaccuracies, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented.

Saint Petersburg

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🏛️

📍 Strategic Location

👑 Imperial Capital

🌍 Cultural Significance

Names Through Time 🏷️

📜 Founding and Original Name

⚔️ Petrograd: A Wartime Renaming

⚰️ Leningrad: A Soviet Legacy

🗳️ Restoration of Saint Petersburg

A Chronicle of Transformation ⏳

👑 Imperial Foundation (1703-1917)

⚔️ Revolution and Soviet Era (1917-1991)

🏙️ Contemporary Era (1991-Present)

Geography and Climate 🗺️

🌊 River Delta Landscape

☁️ Continental Climate Influence

🌊 Flood Risk and Mitigation

Climate Data ☁️

🌡️ Temperature and Precipitation

☀️ Sunshine and Humidity

Demographics 👥

📈 Population Trends

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Ethnic Composition

👶 Vital Statistics

Governance Structure 🏛️

🏛️ Federal City Status

🏛️ Executive and Legislative Branches

⚖️ Judicial and Federal Presence

Religious Landscape 🙏

✝️ Predominantly Orthodox Christian

🕌 Diverse Faith Communities

🤔 Secular and Undefined Beliefs

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Strategic Location

Imperial Capital

Cultural Significance

Names Through Time

Founding and Original Name

Petrograd: A Wartime Renaming

Leningrad: A Soviet Legacy

Restoration of Saint Petersburg

A Chronicle of Transformation

Imperial Foundation (1703-1917)

Revolution and Soviet Era (1917-1991)

Contemporary Era (1991-Present)

Geography and Climate

River Delta Landscape

Continental Climate Influence

Flood Risk and Mitigation

Climate Data

Temperature and Precipitation

Sunshine and Humidity

Demographics

Population Trends

Ethnic Composition

Vital Statistics

Governance Structure

Federal City Status

Executive and Legislative Branches

Judicial and Federal Presence

Religious Landscape

Predominantly Orthodox Christian

Diverse Faith Communities

Secular and Undefined Beliefs

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice