What are the two primary genera of fish classified as salmon, and where are they predominantly found?

Salmon belong to the family Salmonidae and are primarily classified under two genera: *Salmo* and *Oncorhynchus*. Species within the *Salmo* genus are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic basin, while those in the *Oncorhynchus* genus are found in the North Pacific basin.

Beyond true salmon, what other types of coldwater fish are closely related and found in similar temperate regions?

Other coldwater fish closely related to salmon, and often found in similar subarctic and cooler temperate regions, include trout, char, grayling, whitefish, lenok, and taimen. Some of these species, like trout, are also found within the *Salmo* and *Oncorhynchus* genera.

What is the typical migratory pattern of salmon, and what is the term for this life cycle?

Salmon typically exhibit anadromous behavior, meaning they hatch in freshwater streams, spend their juvenile and adult lives in the ocean, and then return to their freshwater birthplace to reproduce. This life cycle involves a significant migration between saltwater and freshwater environments.

How do salmon navigate back to their natal streams for reproduction?

Salmon are known to return to the exact stream where they hatched to spawn. Scientific tracking studies have largely confirmed this 'homing' behavior, which is believed to be guided by olfactory memory, allowing them to detect familiar chemical cues in the water.

What are the primary commercial and recreational roles of salmon?

Salmon are highly valued as commercially important food fish, with significant global aquaculture and wild capture industries. They are also prized as game fish, attracting recreational anglers in both freshwater and saltwater environments.

In which non-native environments have various salmon species been successfully introduced?

Several salmon species have been introduced and naturalized in non-native environments. Notable examples include the Great Lakes of North America, Patagonia in South America, and the South Island of New Zealand, where they have established populations.

What is the origin and potential meaning of the word 'salmon'?

The English word 'salmon' derives from Middle English and Old French, ultimately tracing back to the Latin word 'salmo'. It is speculated that 'salmo' may originate from 'salire', meaning 'to leap', possibly referring to the fish's ability to jump upstream.

Which genus contains the Atlantic salmon, and where is it found?

The Atlantic salmon, scientifically known as *Salmo salar*, belongs to the genus *Salmo*. This species is found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean.

How many recognized species are in the *Oncorhynchus* genus, and where do they naturally occur?

The *Oncorhynchus* genus contains 12 recognized species, which are naturally found only in the North Pacific basin. Six of these are commonly known as Pacific salmon, while the others are considered trout.

What are the maximum recorded lengths and weights for Atlantic salmon and Chinook salmon?

Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*) can reach a maximum length of 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and a maximum weight of 46.8 kg (103 lb). Chinook salmon (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) can also reach a maximum length of 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) but can weigh up to 61.4 kg (135 lb).

Which species of salmon listed in the table has the shortest maximum age?

The Coho salmon (*Oncorhynchus kisutch*) and Pink salmon (*Oncorhynchus gorbuscha*) have the shortest maximum recorded age among the species listed, with both species typically living up to 5 years and 3 years respectively.

What is the IUCN status for Atlantic salmon and Chum salmon?

The Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*) is listed as 'Near threatened' by the IUCN. The Chum salmon (*Oncorhynchus keta*) is listed as 'Least concern'.

What is the scientific name for the Masu salmon, and where is it found?

The Masu salmon is scientifically known as *Oncorhynchus masou*. It is found exclusively in the western Pacific Ocean, inhabiting waters around Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East.

What is the scientific classification of the Australian salmon, and how does it differ from true salmon?

The Australian salmon (*Arripis trutta*) belongs to the order Perciformes. This classification indicates it is not a true salmon, as true salmon belong to the order Salmoniformes within the family Salmonidae.

What is the IUCN status of the Danube salmon (*Hucho hucho*)?

The Danube salmon, also known as huchen (*Hucho hucho*), is classified as 'Endangered' according to the IUCN Red List.

What is the primary characteristic of salmon that makes them 'keystone species' in the Pacific Northwest?

Salmon are considered keystone species in the Pacific Northwest because their migrations represent a massive transfer of nutrients, rich in nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and phosphorus, from the ocean to inland freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. This nutrient transfer supports a wide range of organisms and habitats.

How do bears contribute to the nutrient cycle in riparian ecosystems where salmon are present?

Bears, such as grizzly bears, capture salmon and carry them onto dry land to eat. In doing so, they deposit nutrient-rich waste and leave partially eaten carcasses, which fertilize the surrounding forest ecosystem with nutrients originating from the salmon.

What is the significance of beaver dams for juvenile salmon?

Beaver dams create ponds that can provide critical habitat for juvenile salmon. These ponds offer slow-water environments, increase structural complexity for predator avoidance, and retain nutrients that support the food web.

How do anadromous lampreys positively impact salmon populations?

Anadromous lampreys, like salmon, cease feeding and die after spawning, releasing nutrients into streams. Their larvae (ammocoetes) are filter feeders that improve water quality, and they also serve as a fatty food source for young salmon, potentially reducing predation pressure on salmon offspring.

What is the parasitic organism *Henneguya salminicola*, and where is it commonly found?

*Henneguya salminicola* is a myxozoan parasite commonly found in the flesh of salmonids, particularly on the West Coast of Canada. It forms cysts within the fish's flesh, but generally does not cause disease or prevent the fish from spawning successfully.

What are sea lice, and how do they affect wild salmon populations, especially in areas with salmon farms?

Sea lice are ectoparasites that feed on mucus, blood, and skin. High concentrations of sea lice from open-net salmon farms can lead to deadly infestations in young wild salmon migrating to sea, with mortality rates commonly exceeding 80% in some regions.

What was the impact of the 1914 slide at Hells Gate on the Fraser River salmon population?

The 1914 slide caused by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Hells Gate significantly impacted the Fraser River salmon population. The catch in 1917 was reduced to one-quarter of the catch in 1913, indicating a severe decline in salmon numbers due to the blockage.

What is the historical significance of salmon in the culture of Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?

Salmon are culturally and spiritually vital to the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, serving not only as a primary food source but also as a guide for ecological respect. Their role is expressed in art, ceremonies, and traditions, such as returning salmon bones to the sea to encourage future runs.

What is the estimated population decline of Pacific salmon compared to historical levels when Lewis and Clark arrived?

Pacific salmon populations are estimated to be significantly depleted, with current numbers being only 1-3% of what they were when Lewis and Clark explored the region.

According to Theodore Roosevelt's 1908 State of the Union address, what was the condition of salmon fisheries, particularly on the Columbia River?

In his 1908 address, President Theodore Roosevelt observed that salmon fisheries, especially on the Columbia River, had declined significantly. He noted that they were a fraction of their former abundance due to a lack of agreement between states and ineffective management, leading to very few salmon reaching spawning grounds.

What role did the Chief Joseph Dam play in blocking salmon migration?

The Chief Joseph Dam, completed in 1955 on the Columbia River, completely blocks salmon migration to the upper Columbia River system, preventing access to historical spawning grounds.

How is the word 'salmon' etymologically linked to the fish's behavior?

The word 'salmon' is believed to derive from the Latin word 'salmo', which may itself originate from 'salire', meaning 'to leap'. This connection likely refers to the salmon's characteristic behavior of leaping upstream against currents and obstacles during their spawning runs.

What are the primary differences in distribution between salmon of the *Salmo* and *Oncorhynchus* genera?

Salmon belonging to the *Salmo* genus, such as the Atlantic salmon, are primarily found in tributaries of the North Atlantic basin. In contrast, species within the *Oncorhynchus* genus, including most Pacific salmon, are native to the North Pacific basin.

What is the 'grilse' designation for Atlantic salmon?

A 'grilse' is an Atlantic salmon that returns to freshwater to spawn after only one year of feeding in the sea. These fish are typically smaller than salmon that spend multiple years at sea.

What physical changes can occur in salmon before spawning?

Before spawning, salmon undergo several physical transformations. These can include developing a hump, growing canine-like teeth, and males developing a pronounced jaw curvature known as a 'kype'. Their coloration also shifts from the silvery blue of sea-run fish to darker hues.

What is 'semelparity' in the context of salmon life cycles?

Semelparity refers to the reproductive strategy where mature individuals reproduce only once in their lifetime and then die. This trait is characteristic of all Pacific salmon species, which typically die within days or weeks of spawning.

How does a female salmon create a 'redd' for her eggs?

A female salmon excavates a depression in the gravel riverbed, called a redd, by using her tail to create a low-pressure zone. This action lifts the gravel, allowing it to be swept downstream, creating a suitable nest for her eggs.

What do salmon fry and juveniles primarily feed on?

Salmon fry initially feed on zooplankton. As they grow into fingerlings and juveniles (parrs), their diet shifts to include aquatic invertebrates like insect larvae and small crustaceans, as well as aquatic insects, tadpoles, and small baitfish.

What is the ecological role of salmon carcasses after spawning?

After spawning, the carcasses of Pacific salmon decompose, releasing vital nutrients like nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and phosphorus into the shallow streams. This process significantly boosts the biomass in these otherwise nutrient-poor aquatic environments.

What are the main concerns regarding the population levels of wild salmon?

Population levels of wild salmon are a concern, particularly in the North Atlantic and certain parts of the Pacific. Declines have been noted in North Atlantic populations spawning in western Europe and eastern Canada, as well as in the Snake and Columbia River systems in the northwestern United States.

What factors have contributed to the decline in the size of Pacific salmon species observed in recent years?

Researchers reported widespread declines in the size of four Pacific salmon species (Chinook, chum, coho, and sockeye) over the past 30 years. These declines are thought to be associated with climate change and increased competition from growing populations of pink salmon and hatchery-raised salmon.

What is the nutritional profile of salmon as a food source?

Salmon is classified as an oily fish and is considered healthy due to its high content of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D. It also contains cholesterol, with levels varying by species.

What is the difference in market availability between Atlantic and Pacific salmon?

The vast majority of Atlantic salmon available globally are farmed (nearly 99%), whereas the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught (over 80%).

What is the significance of carotenoids like astaxanthin in salmon flesh?

Carotenoid pigments, primarily astaxanthin, are responsible for the characteristic orange-to-red color of salmon flesh. Wild salmon obtain these carotenoids by consuming shellfish and krill, while farmed salmon are often fed supplements like astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to achieve a similar color for marketability.

What are the potential health concerns associated with farmed salmon, and how are they generally assessed?

Some studies suggest farmed salmon may contain higher levels of contaminants like dioxins and PCBs compared to wild salmon. However, research indicates that the health benefits of eating salmon, even farmed varieties, generally outweigh the risks associated with these contaminants.

What is 'ocean ranching' as a method of salmon production?

Ocean ranching is a variant of fish stocking where young salmon are released into the ocean far from their native streams. The goal is for them to return to their release points to spawn, where they can be more easily harvested, thus providing a financial benefit to the companies that invest in them.

How do Indigenous fishing practices historically reflect ecological wisdom?

Historically, Indigenous fishing practices were guided by deep ecological wisdom, such as the 'first salmon ceremony' where the first catch was welcomed and cooked, and the bones were returned to the sea. This demonstrated a respect for the salmon's role in the ecosystem and ensured sustainable harvesting.

What role does salmon play in the mythology of various cultures?

Salmon holds significant roles in mythology across cultures. In Celtic traditions, they are associated with wisdom; in Irish folklore, the 'Salmon of Knowledge' grants wisdom; in Norse mythology, Loki transformed into a salmon to escape; and among Native American Pacific coast tribes, salmon are central to spiritual beliefs and practices.

What is the primary reason for the development of spawning channels for salmon?

Spawning channels are artificial streams created to improve salmon spawning success. They offer advantages over natural streams by controlling floods, which can wash out natural redds, and by allowing for sediment removal, thus providing a more stable environment for egg incubation.

What is the 'salmon argument' related to the origin of Indo-European languages?

The origin of the word for 'salmon' was once a point of contention in debates about the location where Indo-European languages first originated. This highlights the historical and linguistic significance attributed to the fish.

What are the main challenges faced by wild salmon populations in the Great Lakes?

While salmon populations have been established in the Great Lakes, they are not self-sustaining. This means they require annual stocking by bordering states and provinces and do not support a significant commercial fishery, though they do provide a thriving sport fishery.

What is the potential impact of salmon farming on wild forage fish populations?

Salmon farming requires large quantities of wild forage fish for feed. As the industry expands, this increased demand puts pressure on already heavily fished forage populations, potentially affecting other predatory fish that rely on them for food.

What is the 'M74 syndrome' affecting salmon?

The M74 syndrome is a condition that affects salmon, particularly impacting the viability of their eggs. While the exact cause is complex, it is related to nutrient deficiencies, specifically thiamine, which can lead to high mortality rates in newly hatched fry.

What is the significance of the 'tyee' designation for Chinook salmon in British Columbia?

In British Columbia, the term 'tyee' is used to refer specifically to Chinook salmon that weigh over 30 pounds. This designation highlights the impressive size that some Chinook salmon can achieve.

What is the difference between 'hot-smoked' and 'cold-smoked' salmon?

Smoked salmon can be prepared using either hot-smoking or cold-smoking methods. Hot-smoking cooks the fish at higher temperatures, while cold-smoking cures it at lower temperatures, resulting in different textures and flavors.

What is the primary reason cited for the decline in wild salmon populations in recent decades?

While multiple factors contribute, the text highlights that wild salmon populations, especially in the North Atlantic and certain North American river systems, have declined markedly in recent decades. This decline is often attributed to habitat degradation, overfishing, and environmental changes.

Salmon Wiki: Salmon: An Aquatic Odyssey

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Defining Salmon

Aquatic Vitality

Salmon are a group of commercially significant, euryhaline, ray-finned fish belonging to the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus within the family Salmonidae. These coldwater fish are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic and North Pacific basins. The term "salmon" is a common name, not a scientific classification, and is also applied to related fish like trout, char, and grayling.

Anadromous Nature

A defining characteristic of most salmon species is their anadromous life cycle. They hatch in freshwater streams, spend their juvenile years in rivers and lakes, migrate to the ocean to mature as adults, and then return to their natal freshwater birthplace to reproduce. This remarkable migratory pattern is guided by olfactory memory, ensuring their return to precise spawning grounds.

Global Significance

Salmon are vital food sources and highly prized game fish worldwide. They are extensively farmed, with Norway and Chile being leading producers. Their introduction into non-native environments, such as the Great Lakes and Patagonia, highlights their adaptability and ecological impact. The name itself derives from Latin "salire," meaning "to leap," reflecting their powerful upstream migrations.

Species Diversity

Classification Overview

The seven commercially important salmon species are divided into two genera: Salmo (Atlantic salmon) and Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon). While Salmo species are found on both sides of the North Atlantic, Oncorhynchus species are native exclusively to the North Pacific. This distinction is crucial for understanding their distinct evolutionary paths and distributions.

The following table provides a comparative overview of key Atlantic and Pacific salmon species:

Genus	Common Name	Scientific Name	Max Length	Max Weight	Trophic Level	IUCN Status
Salmo (Atlantic)	Atlantic salmon	Salmo salar	150 cm	46.8 kg	4.4	Near threatened
Oncorhynchus (Pacific)	Chinook salmon	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha	150 cm	61.4 kg	4.4	Least concern
	Chum salmon	Oncorhynchus keta	100 cm	15.9 kg	3.5	Least concern
	Coho salmon	Oncorhynchus kisutch	108 cm	15.2 kg	4.2	Least concern
	Masu salmon	Oncorhynchus masou	79 cm	10.0 kg	3.6	Not assessed
	Pink salmon	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	76 cm	6.8 kg	4.2	Least concern
	Sockeye salmon	Oncorhynchus nerka	84 cm	7.7 kg	3.7	Least concern

Beyond True Salmon

It is important to note that several other fish species are colloquially referred to as "salmon" despite not belonging to the true salmon genera. These include the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho), which is a close salmonid relative, and species like the Australian salmon (Arripis trutta) and Hawaiian salmon (Elagatis bipinnulata), which are taxonomically distinct but share similar ecological niches or physical characteristics.

The Salmon's Life Cycle

Freshwater Beginnings

The journey commences in the gravel beds of freshwater streams, where salmon eggs are deposited. Upon hatching, the young emerge as alevin (sac fry), which develop into parr, characterized by their camouflage stripes. This stage can last from six months to three years, with significant mortality rates, as only about 10% survive to the next phase.

Transition to the Ocean

Parr undergo physiological changes to become smolts, developing silvery scales and the ability to osmoregulate in saltwater. This transition prepares them for their migration to the ocean, where they spend one to five years maturing. During this period, their body chemistry adapts to marine environments, facilitated by hormonal changes.

The Return Journey

Upon reaching sexual maturity, salmon undertake their homing migration, returning to their natal streams, often traveling hundreds of miles against strong currents and navigating significant elevation changes. Pacific salmon species are typically semelparous, meaning they die shortly after spawning. Atlantic salmon kelts have a higher survival rate, with females more likely to spawn again.

Nutritional Ecology

Juvenile Feeding Habits

Salmon fry initially subsist on zooplankton. As they grow into parr, their diet diversifies to include aquatic invertebrates, such as insect larvae and crustaceans, as well as small fish and tadpoles. They are known to actively hunt, even leaping from the water to capture terrestrial insects like grasshoppers and dragonflies.

Adult Marine Diet

In the ocean, adult salmon function as mid-level carnivores. Their diet consists of smaller forage fish like lanternfish, herrings, and mackerels, supplemented by squid, krill, and polychaete worms. This varied marine diet is crucial for their growth and energy reserves during their oceanic phase.

Ecological Keystone

Nutrient Transfer

Salmon are considered keystone species, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. Their migrations facilitate a massive transfer of nutrients from the ocean to freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The decomposition of salmon carcasses after spawning provides essential nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, significantly enriching biomass-poor streams and supporting forest ecosystems.

Wildlife Interactions

Salmon are a critical food source for various wildlife. Bears, for instance, capture salmon and transport them inland, depositing nutrient-rich waste that fertilizes riparian woodlands. Beavers also play an ecological role by creating ponds that provide vital habitat for juvenile salmon, influencing their survival and growth rates.

Parasitic Relationships

Salmon host various parasites, such as Henneguya salminicola, a myxozoan parasite that forms cysts within the flesh. While generally harmless to the fish's survival, these infections can impact marketability. Sea lice are a more significant threat, particularly to juvenile salmon migrating to sea, causing substantial mortality rates in heavily farmed areas.

Fisheries and Management

Commercial Capture

Global capture of wild salmon has remained relatively stable, primarily consisting of Pacific species. Atlantic salmon captures have declined significantly. The economic value of salmon caught by recreational anglers often surpasses that of commercial catches, leading to debates over resource allocation and management priorities.

Recreational Pursuit

Salmon fishing is a technically demanding sport, attracting anglers globally. Conflicts arise between commercial and recreational fishing interests regarding access to salmon stocks. Many regions have implemented restrictions on commercial fishing to ensure sufficient returns for sport fishing and spawning.

Historical Context

Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest have relied on salmon for millennia, integrating them into their culture, art, and spiritual practices. Traditional subsistence fishing methods were sustainable, but Euro-American settlement led to habitat degradation and overfishing, drastically reducing historical salmon populations. Early 20th-century observations highlighted significant declines in salmon fisheries due to management conflicts and overexploitation.

Aquaculture Insights

Economic Scale

Salmon aquaculture represents a substantial portion of global finfish production, valued at billions of dollars annually. Major centers include Chile, Norway, Scotland, and Canada. While Atlantic salmon dominate farmed production, Pacific species are primarily sourced from wild fisheries.

Feed and Sustainability

Salmon farming demands significant quantities of wild forage fish for feed, raising concerns about the sustainability of global fish stocks. Research is actively exploring alternative, plant-based, or yeast-based feeds to reduce reliance on wild-caught fish and mitigate environmental impacts.

Environmental Concerns

Open-net cage salmon farming presents environmental challenges, including the spread of diseases and sea lice to wild salmon populations. Efforts are underway to develop more sustainable farming methods, such as closed-containment systems, to minimize ecological disruption.

Cultural Resonance

Celtic and Norse Traditions

Salmon hold significant cultural importance in Celtic mythology, often symbolizing wisdom and venerability. In Irish folklore, the Salmon of Knowledge grants wisdom to those who consume it. Norse mythology features Loki transforming into a salmon to escape the gods, explaining the fish's tapered tail.

Indigenous Pacific Heritage

For Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, salmon are central to spiritual beliefs, cultural practices, and sustenance. Their life cycle is deeply intertwined with indigenous cosmology, guiding respect for ecological systems. Salmon are utilized entirely, with bones and skin repurposed, and ceremonies honor their return, reflecting a profound connection between people and nature.

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References

McDowall, R. M. (1994). The origins of New Zealand's chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Marine Fisheries Review, 1 January 1994.

Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets

Salmon Recovery Planning. nwr.noaa.gov. p. 57.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Salmon Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional biological, ecological, or fisheries consultation. Always refer to official scientific documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Salmon: An Aquatic Odyssey

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Salmon ℹ️

🌊 Aquatic Vitality

🔄 Anadromous Nature

🌍 Global Significance

Species Diversity 🐠

📊 Classification Overview

💡 Beyond True Salmon

The Salmon's Life Cycle ⏳

🥚 Freshwater Beginnings

🌊 Transition to the Ocean

⬆️ The Return Journey

Nutritional Ecology 🍽️

🐛 Juvenile Feeding Habits

🐟 Adult Marine Diet

Ecological Keystone 🌳

🔄 Nutrient Transfer

🐻 Wildlife Interactions

🦠 Parasitic Relationships

Fisheries and Management 🎣

📈 Commercial Capture

🧑‍🎣 Recreational Pursuit

📜 Historical Context

Aquaculture Insights 🏭

💰 Economic Scale

⚖️ Feed and Sustainability

⚠️ Environmental Concerns

Cultural Resonance 📜

🍀 Celtic and Norse Traditions

🦅 Indigenous Pacific Heritage

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Salmon

Aquatic Vitality

Anadromous Nature

Global Significance

Species Diversity

Classification Overview

Beyond True Salmon

The Salmon's Life Cycle

Freshwater Beginnings

Transition to the Ocean

The Return Journey

Nutritional Ecology

Juvenile Feeding Habits

Adult Marine Diet

Ecological Keystone

Nutrient Transfer

Wildlife Interactions

Parasitic Relationships

Fisheries and Management

Commercial Capture

Recreational Pursuit

Historical Context

Aquaculture Insights

Economic Scale

Feed and Sustainability

Environmental Concerns

Cultural Resonance

Celtic and Norse Traditions

Indigenous Pacific Heritage

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice