What is the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and where is it located?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is a prominent stock exchange situated in Shanghai, China. It serves as a marketplace for buying and selling securities, playing a crucial role in the country's financial system.

How does the Shanghai Stock Exchange compare to other stock markets globally and in Asia by market capitalization?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange is recognized as the world's third-largest stock market based on market capitalization, having exceeded $6 trillion as of July 2024. It also holds the distinction of being Asia's biggest stock exchange.

What are the other independent stock exchanges operating in mainland China alongside the SSE?

In addition to the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the other two stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China are the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.

How does the Shanghai Stock Exchange's openness to foreign investors differ from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange?

Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is not entirely open to foreign investors. Its operations are frequently influenced by decisions from the central government due to capital account controls enforced by Chinese mainland authorities.

When was the first exchange system in China founded in Shanghai, and when was the current Shanghai Stock Exchange re-established?

China's first exchange system was founded in Shanghai in 1891. The current Shanghai Stock Exchange was re-established on November 26, 1990, and commenced operations on December 19 of the same year.

What kind of organization is the Shanghai Stock Exchange and by whom is it administered?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange is structured as a non-profit organization. It is directly administered by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), which is the primary regulator of the securities market in mainland China.

What historical event and subsequent agreements were crucial for the development of foreign trade and the foreign community in Shanghai, leading to the emergence of securities trading?

The formation of the International Settlement in Shanghai, which resulted from the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 (ending the First Opium War) and subsequent agreements between Chinese and foreign governments, was crucial for the development of foreign trade in China and the foreign community in Shanghai. These conditions were conducive to the emergence of a share market.

When did securities trading in Shanghai begin, and when did the first shares list appear?

The market for securities trading in Shanghai commenced in the late 1860s, with the first shares list appearing in June 1866.

What conditions in Shanghai's International Settlement facilitated the emergence of a share market in the late 1860s?

The conditions that facilitated the emergence of a share market in Shanghai's International Settlement included the presence of several banks, a legal framework for joint-stock companies, and an interest in diversification among the established trading houses.

Who founded the 'Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association' and when was it renamed the 'Shanghai Stock Exchange'?

Foreign businessmen founded the 'Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association' in the 1880s and 1890s during a boom in mining shares. This association was later renamed the 'Shanghai Stock Exchange' in 1904 after it applied for registration in Hong Kong.

What types of companies primarily supplied securities in the early days of the Shanghai stock market, and which financial institutions dominated private shares?

In the early days, the supply of securities primarily came from local companies. Initially, banks dominated private shares, though by 1880, only the Hong Kong and Shanghai local banks maintained this dominance.

When did other exchanges like 'Shanghai Securities & Commodities Exchange' and 'Shanghai Chinese Merchant Exchange' begin operations, and when did they merge with the existing Shanghai Stock Exchange?

The 'Shanghai Securities & Commodities Exchange' and 'Shanghai Chinese Merchant Exchange' began operations in 1920 and 1921, respectively. An amalgamation of these markets with the existing Shanghai Stock Exchange took place in 1929.

How did the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 impact the types of shares traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

The Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which allowed Japan and other treaty nations to establish factories in Shanghai and other treaty ports, led to industrial shares overshadowing traditional sectors like shipping, insurance, and docks by 1940. Additionally, rubber plantations became a staple of stock trading starting in the second decade of the 20th century.

What was Shanghai's status in the Far East financial landscape by the 1930s, and what types of securities were traded?

By the 1930s, Shanghai had established itself as the financial center of the Far East. Both Chinese and foreign investors could trade a variety of securities, including stocks, debentures, government bonds, and futures.

What political and economic changes in China led to the re-establishment of the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990?

After the Cultural Revolution ended and Deng Xiaoping rose to power in 1978, China re-opened to the outside world, initiating a period of economic reform and the development of a socialist market economy. This evolution of China's securities market during the 1980s culminated in the re-establishment of the Shanghai Stock Exchange on November 26, 1990.

How did the governance of the Shanghai Stock Exchange change in 1997?

Initially, the Shanghai Stock Exchange was under municipal control and considered an 'experimental point' until 1997. In that year, the central government brought the exchange, along with the Shenzhen stock exchange, under its direct control, affirming their legitimate role within the socialist market economy.

What new market did the Shanghai Stock Exchange launch in 2019, and what was its purpose?

In 2019, the Shanghai Stock Exchange launched the STAR Market, which exclusively features technology-related companies. This market was established as a rival to the NASDAQ, aiming to provide a platform for high-tech and innovative enterprises.

What significant event in 1992 helped save China's capital market and its two stock exchanges?

Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour in 1992 is credited with saving China's capital market and its two stock exchanges, which include the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, by reaffirming the direction of economic reforms.

What caused a four-year market slump in Shanghai between 2001 and 2005, and what measure was taken to address it?

Between 2001 and 2005, the Shanghai market experienced a four-year slump that saw its market value halved after reaching a peak in 2001. To curb this decline and facilitate the conversion of over US$200 billion of mostly state-owned equity into tradable shares, a ban on new Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) was imposed in April 2005.

What was the significance of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China's IPO in 2006?

In 2006, after the year-long ban on IPOs was lifted in May, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) launched the world's second-largest IPO at the time, valued at US$21.9 billion, across both the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock markets.

Describe the 'stock market frenzy' experienced by the Shanghai Stock Exchange between 2007 and 2008.

Between 2007 and 2008, the Shanghai Stock Exchange experienced a 'stock market frenzy' as speculative traders heavily invested in the market, temporarily making it the world's second-largest in terms of turnover. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index reached an all-time high of 6,124.044 points on October 16, 2007, but subsequently ended 2008 down a record 65%, primarily due to the global economic crisis that began in mid-2008.

Which company completed the world's largest IPO in 2010, and what was its value?

In 2010, the Agricultural Bank of China completed what was then the world's largest IPO, valued at US$22.1 billion. This record stood until 2014.

What types of securities are listed and traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange lists and trades three main categories of securities: stocks, bonds, and funds. Bonds include treasury bonds (T-bonds), corporate bonds, and convertible corporate bonds, with the SSE T-bond market being the most active in China.

What are the two types of stocks issued on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and how do they differ in terms of currency and investor access?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange issues two types of stocks: 'A' shares and 'B' shares. 'A' shares are priced in the local Renminbi (CNY) currency and were initially restricted to domestic investors. 'B' shares are quoted in U.S. dollars and have been available to both domestic investors since 2001 and foreign investors.

What were the initial and increased quotas for the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) program?

Initially, the quotas under the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) program were US$30 billion. These quotas were subsequently increased to US$80 billion as of April 2012, allowing for greater foreign investment.

What are the trading hours for the Shanghai Stock Exchange on weekdays?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange is open for trading from Monday to Friday, operating from 09:15 to 15:00. The market is closed on Saturdays, Sundays, and other holidays announced by the SSE.

Describe the morning and afternoon trading sessions on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

The morning trading session on the SSE begins with centralized competitive pricing from 09:15 to 09:25, followed by consecutive bidding from 09:30 to 11:30. The afternoon session consists of consecutive bidding from 13:00 to 14:57, concluding with centralized competitive pricing from 14:57 to 15:00 and block trading from 15:00 to 15:30.

What is the most commonly used indicator to reflect the Shanghai Stock Exchange's market performance, and what are its constituents?

The SSE Composite Index, also known as the Shanghai Composite, is the most commonly used indicator to reflect the Shanghai Stock Exchange's market performance. Its constituents include all listed stocks, both 'A' shares and 'B' shares, on the exchange.

When was the SSE Composite Index launched, and what were its base day, base period, and base value?

The SSE Composite Index was launched on July 15, 1991. Its Base Day is December 19, 1990, with the Base Period defined as the total market capitalization of all stocks on that day, and a Base Value of 100.

What other important indexes are used in the Shanghai Stock Exchange besides the SSE Composite Index?

In addition to the SSE Composite Index, other important indexes utilized in the Shanghai Stock Exchange include the SSE 50 Index and the SSE 180 Index.

Which company was the largest by market value on the Shanghai Stock Exchange as of August 27, 2020?

As of August 27, 2020, Kweichow Moutai was the largest company by market value on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, with a valuation of 2,174 billion RMB.

List the top three largest stocks on the Shanghai Stock Exchange by market value as of August 27, 2020.

As of August 27, 2020, the top three largest stocks on the Shanghai Stock Exchange by market value were Kweichow Moutai (2,174 billion RMB), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (1,339 billion RMB), and Agricultural Bank of China (1,027 billion RMB).

What is the minimum total share capital requirement for a limited company applying for listing on the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

According to the regulations, a limited company applying for the listing of shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange must have a total share capital of not less than RMB 30 million.

What are the profitability and operational duration requirements for companies seeking to list on the SSE?

Companies seeking to list on the SSE must have been in business for more than three years and must have made profits over the last three consecutive years. For former state-owned enterprises reincorporating or founded after the law's implementation, if they are large and medium state-owned enterprises, this profitability period can be calculated consecutively.

What are the requirements regarding the number of shareholders and the percentage of publicly offered shares for listing on the SSE?

For listing on the SSE, the number of shareholders with holdings exceeding RMB 1,000 must not be less than 1,000 persons. Additionally, publicly offered shares must constitute more than 25% of the company's total share capital, or more than 15% if the total share capital exceeds RMB 400 million.

What is the requirement regarding illegal activities and false accounting records for companies applying to list on the SSE?

A company applying to list on the Shanghai Stock Exchange must not have committed any major illegal activities or false accounting records in the last three years.

Where has the Shanghai Stock Exchange been housed since 1997?

Since 1997, the Shanghai Stock Exchange has been housed at the Shanghai Securities Exchange Building.

What stake does the Shanghai Stock Exchange own in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), and how are they integrated?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange owns a 40% stake in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The PSX is integrated with China's stock market through the China Connect Interface, which facilitates easier entry for Chinese investors into Pakistan's stock markets.

In which other international financial center does the Shanghai Stock Exchange hold part ownership?

The Shanghai Stock Exchange is a part owner of the Astana International Financial Centre, contributing to its global financial presence.

Who are the current Chairman and President of the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

The current Chairman of the Shanghai Stock Exchange is Geng Liang, and the President is Zhang Yujun.

What is the currency used for transactions on the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

The primary currency used for transactions on the Shanghai Stock Exchange is the Renminbi (CNY), which is the official currency of China.

How many companies were listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange as of September 2024?

As of September 2024, there were 2,269 companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

What was the market capitalization of the Shanghai Stock Exchange in September 2024?

In September 2024, the market capitalization of the Shanghai Stock Exchange was ¥45071.40 billion, which translates to approximately $6.41 trillion.

What was the impact of the First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanking on Shanghai's development as a financial hub?

The First Opium War, concluded by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, led to the formation of the International Settlement in Shanghai. This development was crucial for the growth of foreign trade in China and the foreign community in Shanghai, creating conditions that were conducive to the emergence of a securities market.

What types of shares dominated the Shanghai stock market in the 1930s?

In the 1930s, the Shanghai stock market was predominantly influenced by the price movements of rubber shares, indicating a significant focus on this commodity at the time.

What was the state of treasury bonds and corporate bonds trading in China during the 1980s?

During the 1980s, trading in treasury bonds was resumed in 1981, and company stocks and corporate bonds began to emerge in Shanghai and a few other cities in 1984, marking a gradual re-development of China's securities market.

What is the long-term plan for the 'A' and 'B' shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

There has been a plan to eventually merge the two types of shares, 'A' shares and 'B' shares, in the future, aiming for a more unified stock market structure.

What is the role of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) in relation to the Shanghai Stock Exchange?

The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) directly administers the Shanghai Stock Exchange, overseeing its operations and ensuring its adherence to regulations within the broader Chinese securities market.

What was the historical context for the establishment of the 'Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association'?

The 'Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association' was founded by foreign businessmen in the 1880s and 1890s, a period characterized by a boom in mining shares, which spurred the need for a formal exchange system in Shanghai.

Shanghai Stock Exchange Wiki: The Crucible of Chinese Capital: Navigating the Shanghai Stock Exchange

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Overview

Global Financial Powerhouse

The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), located in Shanghai, China, stands as one of the three independent stock exchanges in mainland China, alongside the Beijing and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. As of July 2024, the SSE is recognized as the world's third-largest stock market by market capitalization, surpassing $6 trillion, and holds the distinction of being Asia's largest stock exchange.^[3]^[4]

Unique Market Dynamics

Distinct from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the SSE operates with significant influence from the central government and is not entirely open to foreign investors. This is primarily due to the capital account controls implemented by Chinese mainland authorities.^[5]^[6] These controls shape the investment landscape and regulatory environment within the exchange.

Foundational Principles

The modern Shanghai Stock Exchange was formally re-established on November 26, 1990, commencing operations on December 19 of the same year. It functions as a non-profit organization, operating under the direct administration and oversight of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), the primary regulatory body for securities in China.^[7]

History

Early Beginnings (1860s-1940s)

The genesis of securities trading in Shanghai can be traced back to the late 1860s, following the establishment of the International Settlement. The first official share list emerged in June 1866. By the 1880s and 1890s, foreign businessmen founded the "Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association," which was later renamed the "Shanghai Stock Exchange" in 1904 after registering in Hong Kong. The market initially saw banks dominating private shares, but industrial shares gained prominence after the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which allowed foreign factories in treaty ports. By the 1930s, Shanghai had become a pivotal financial hub in the Far East, facilitating trade in stocks, debentures, government bonds, and futures for both Chinese and foreign investors. However, this era concluded abruptly with the Japanese occupation of the Shanghai International Settlement on December 8, 1941, leading to the exchange's closure in 1949 after the Communist revolution.^[7]

Re-establishment & Modern Era (1978-Present)

Following the end of the Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping's ascent to power in 1978, China embarked on a period of economic reform and opening up. This led to the re-establishment of the Shanghai Stock Exchange on November 26, 1990. Initially operating under municipal control as an "experimental point," the SSE, along with the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, was brought under central government control by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) in 1997, affirming its legitimate role in the socialist market economy.^[8] A significant modern development was the launch of the STAR Market in 2019, specifically designed for technology-related companies, positioning it as a rival to global tech-focused exchanges.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

1866: The first share list appeared in June, marking the beginning of securities trading in Shanghai.
1891: The "Shanghai Sharebrokers Association" was established, China's first stock exchange.
1904: Renamed to "Shanghai Stock Exchange" after registration in Hong Kong.
1941: Market closed on December 5 due to Japanese occupation of Shanghai.
1949: Final closure after the Communist revolution.
1978: China re-opened to the outside world under Deng Xiaoping's leadership.
1981: Trading in treasury bonds resumed.
1984: Company stocks and corporate bonds emerged in Shanghai.
1990: The present Shanghai Stock Exchange re-opened on November 26 and began operation on December 19.^[7]
1992: Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour bolstered China's capital market and the two stock exchanges.^[13]^[14]
1997: SSE brought under direct management of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).^[15]
2001–2005: A four-year market slump, with a ban on new IPOs in April 2005 to address market value decline.
2006: IPO ban lifted; Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) launched the world's second-largest IPO.^[16]
2007–2008: A "stock market frenzy" saw the Shanghai Composite Index reach an all-time high of 6,124.044 points on October 16, 2007, before ending 2008 down a record 65% due to the global economic crisis.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]
2010: Agricultural Bank of China completed the world's largest IPO at the time, valued at US$22.1 billion.^[21]^[22]
2015: Experienced significant stock value variations, including a -30% fall in June–July.
2019: Launched the STAR Market for technology-related companies.

Structure

Traded Securities

The Shanghai Stock Exchange facilitates trading in three primary categories of securities: stocks, bonds, and funds. Within the bond market, investors can engage with treasury bonds (T-bonds), corporate bonds, and convertible corporate bonds. The SSE's T-bond market is particularly notable for its high activity within China, reflecting its central role in the nation's fixed-income landscape.

A and B Shares

The SSE distinguishes between two types of stocks: "A" shares and "B" shares. "A" shares are denominated and traded in the local Renminbi (CNY) currency, while "B" shares are quoted in U.S. dollars. Historically, "A" shares were restricted to domestic investors, and "B" shares were accessible to both domestic (since 2001) and foreign investors. However, regulatory reforms in December 2002 introduced the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) program in 2003, allowing foreign institutional investors, with certain limitations, to trade in "A" shares. As of April 2012, 98 foreign institutional investors were approved under the QFII program, with quotas increasing from US$30 billion to US$80 billion.^[23]^[24] Discussions have also explored the eventual merger of these two share types.^[25]

Trading

Daily Schedule

The Shanghai Stock Exchange operates for trading from Monday to Friday, with sessions running from 09:15 to 15:00 local time. The morning session commences with a centralized competitive pricing period from 09:15 to 09:25, followed by consecutive bidding from 09:30 to 11:30. The afternoon session continues with consecutive bidding from 13:00 to 14:57. A final centralized competitive pricing period occurs from 14:57 to 15:00, concluding with block trading from 15:00 to 15:30.^[26]

Market Closure

The SSE observes closures on Saturdays, Sundays, and other public holidays as officially announced by the exchange. These scheduled non-trading days ensure market stability and align with national observances.

Indices

SSE Composite Index

The SSE Composite Index, often referred to as the Shanghai Composite, serves as the most widely utilized benchmark for assessing the overall performance of the Shanghai Stock Exchange. This index encompasses all listed "A" shares and "B" shares on the exchange. Its base day is December 19, 1990, with the base period defined by the total market capitalization of all stocks on that day, and a base value of 100. The index was officially launched on July 15, 1991, and by the end of 2006, it had reached 2,675.47 points.

Other Key Indices

Beyond the comprehensive SSE Composite Index, the Shanghai Stock Exchange also features other significant indices that track specific segments of the market. These include the SSE 50 Index, which monitors the performance of the 50 largest and most liquid A-share companies listed on the SSE, and the SSE 180 Index, which broadens this scope to include 180 prominent companies.

Listings

Eligibility Criteria

Companies seeking to list shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange must adhere to stringent criteria outlined in the Securities Law and Company Law of the People's Republic of China. Key requirements include:

Public issuance of shares must receive approval from the State Council Securities Management Department.
A minimum total share capital of RMB 30 million.
A track record of profitability for at least three consecutive years. This also applies to former state-owned enterprises (SOEs) reincorporating.
A minimum of 1,000 shareholders holding values exceeding RMB 1,000.
Publicly offered shares must constitute more than 25% of the company's total share capital. For companies with total share capital exceeding RMB 400 million, this ratio is reduced to more than 15%.
Absence of major illegal activities or false accounting records within the preceding three years.

Additional conditions may be stipulated by the State Council.

Special Considerations

China generally prioritizes domestic firms for listing on its stock exchanges, a policy also observed in countries like India. However, there have been considerations, such as in 2010, to potentially open up capital markets to foreign firms. Furthermore, specific listing conditions are separately defined by the State Council for high and new technology companies, reflecting a tailored approach to fostering innovation and growth in strategic sectors.

Source: Shanghai Stock Exchange (market values in RMB/Chinese Yuan). Data arranged by market value. Updated on Aug 27 2020.^[27]

Kweichow Moutai (2,174 billion)
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (1,339 billion)
Agricultural Bank of China (1,027 billion)
China Life (897 billion)
Ping An Insurance (829 billion)
China Merchants Bank (761 billion)
PetroChina (717 billion)
Bank of China (691 billion)
Haitian Flavouring & Food (593 billion)
Hengrui Medicine (499 billion)

Global

International Partnerships

The Shanghai Stock Exchange extends its influence beyond China's borders through strategic international partnerships. Notably, the SSE holds a 40% stake in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). This collaboration is further enhanced by the China Connect Interface, which integrates PSX with China's stock market, facilitating easier access for Chinese investors into Pakistan's capital markets.^[28] Additionally, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is a part owner of the Astana International Financial Centre, demonstrating its commitment to fostering global financial connectivity and development.^[28]

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References

MSNBC â China shares tumble as panic spreads â retrieved on June 4, 2007.

Shanghai Stock Exchange Trading Schedule

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not financial advice. The information provided on this website is for educational and informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice, a recommendation to buy or sell any securities, or a solicitation for any financial product or service. Always consult with a qualified financial professional, investment advisor, or regulatory expert before making any investment decisions or engaging in financial transactions. Investing in stock markets involves inherent risks, including the potential loss of principal. The financial markets are complex and subject to rapid changes, and past performance is not indicative of future results.

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The Crucible of Chinese Capital

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🌍 Global Financial Powerhouse

⚖️ Unique Market Dynamics

🏗️ Foundational Principles

History 📜

🕰️ Early Beginnings (1860s-1940s)

🚀 Re-establishment & Modern Era (1978-Present)

Structure 🏛️

💰 Traded Securities

💲 A and B Shares

Trading ⏱️

📅 Daily Schedule

⛔ Market Closure

Indices 📊

📈 SSE Composite Index

📉 Other Key Indices

Listings 📝

✅ Eligibility Criteria

🌟 Special Considerations

Global 🌐

🤝 International Partnerships

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Global Financial Powerhouse

Unique Market Dynamics

Foundational Principles

History

Early Beginnings (1860s-1940s)

Re-establishment & Modern Era (1978-Present)

Structure

Traded Securities

A and B Shares

Trading

Daily Schedule

Market Closure

Indices

SSE Composite Index

Other Key Indices

Listings

Eligibility Criteria

Special Considerations

Global

International Partnerships

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice