What is Silchester primarily known for in terms of its historical significance?

Silchester is most notably recognized for the archaeological site of Calleva Atrebatum, a significant Roman town. This site features what is considered the best-preserved Roman town wall in Great Britain and remnants that may indicate one of the earliest Christian churches in the British Isles.

Where is the modern village of Silchester located?

The modern village of Silchester is situated in Hampshire, England. It lies approximately 5 miles (8 km) north of Basingstoke, adjacent to the border with Berkshire, and about 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Reading.

What is the relationship between the modern village of Silchester and the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum?

The modern village of Silchester is located just outside the ancient Roman walls of Calleva Atrebatum. While the Roman town's ruins are largely farmland today, the modern village maintains a rural character and is geographically adjacent to the historical site.

What is the University of Reading's role in the archaeological exploration of Silchester?

The University of Reading is leading a five-year archaeological research project focused on understanding the later prehistoric use of the landscape surrounding Silchester Roman Town and its underlying Late Iron Age oppidum. This project aims to uncover more about the area's ancient history.

What significant findings have emerged from the Silchester Environs Project?

As of 2020, the Silchester Environs Project, led by the University of Reading, had identified 671 new archaeological sites. These discoveries span from the Neolithic period through to World War II, adding substantially to the 267 sites previously known in the area.

Can you describe the physical remains of Calleva Atrebatum?

The ruins of Calleva Atrebatum cover over 107 acres (43 ha) and are enclosed by a polygonal earthwork. Both the earthworks and extensive ruined walls are still visible today. Additionally, the remains of an amphitheatre, built around AD 70-80 outside the town walls, are also clearly discernible.

What is the significance of the Silchester eagle?

The Silchester eagle is a significant Roman bronze artifact discovered in the Basilica at Calleva in 1866. This artifact is now housed and can be viewed at Reading Museum, serving as a tangible link to the Roman past of the area.

What was the Silchester Ogham stone, and where is it now?

The Silchester Ogham stone, dated to approximately 500 AD, is a rare find in England, inscribed in the Latin alphabet but using Irish Ogham script. It indicates property ownership by someone named Tebicatos, whose identity remains a mystery. The stone is currently held in storage at Reading Museum.

What kind of food did the inhabitants of Calleva consume, based on archaeological findings?

Analysis of plant remains from Calleva suggests its residents consumed typical Roman British foods like cereals, coriander, and cultivated fruits. They also had access to imported exotic fruits such as medlar and mulberry, indicating trade connections.

When was Calleva Atrebatum abandoned, and is this timeline unusual?

Calleva Atrebatum was finally abandoned in the 7th century. This abandonment date is considered unusually late when compared to many other deserted Roman settlements in Britain.

What do historical records from the 11th century reveal about land ownership in Silchester?

In the 11th century, Silchester was recorded as having manors held by individuals named Alestan and Cheping. Alestan's manor had King Edward the Confessor as his overlord, while Cheping's manor was under Earl Harold Godwinson, indicating the prominent figures associated with the area before the Norman Conquest.

How did the Domesday Book describe land ownership in Silchester in 1086?

The Domesday Book of 1086 records that Norman figures William De Ow and Ralph de Mortimer possessed the manors previously held by Alestan and Cheping, respectively. Alestan's manor was assessed at five hides, and Mortimer's at three hides, detailing the land's value and ownership transfer after the Norman Conquest.

What historical event led to the creation of a deer park near Silchester?

In 1204, Ralph Bluet, or a successor with the same name, obtained a license to enclose land southeast of the former Roman town to establish a deer park. This action reflects medieval land management practices and the continued use of the landscape.

What are some of the historical variations of the toponym 'Silchester'?

Over time, the name Silchester has appeared in various forms. Historical records show spellings such as Ciltestere and Cilcestre in the 13th century, Scilchestre in the 14th century, and Sylkchester in the 18th century, before evolving into its current spelling.

How did the manor of Silchester pass through ownership between the 18th and 19th centuries?

The manor was bought by Viscount Blesington in 1704 and remained with his heirs until 1769. It was later inherited by Thomas Vesey and Edward Pakenham. Through marriage and inheritance, it eventually came into the possession of Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, by 1828, and was still owned by his descendant in the early 20th century.

What is the historical and architectural significance of the parish church of St Mary the Virgin?

The Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin is located within the walls of the former Roman town, possibly on the site of a Roman temple. Its structure dates from the late 12th or early 13th century and may incorporate re-used Roman materials, reflecting a continuity of sacred space.

What architectural features characterize the St Mary the Virgin church?

The church features north and south aisles, each divided into two bays, and notably lacks a chancel arch, with the chancel being longer than the nave. Its south aisle wall was rebuilt in the 14th century, incorporating a tomb recess with a lady's effigy, and several windows were added or modified in the 14th and 15th centuries.

What notable medieval and later features are present in St Mary the Virgin church?

The church contains a Perpendicular Gothic rood screen and a pulpit from the early 18th century, though its tester is dated 1639. It also holds a carved memorial cartouche to Viscount Ikerrin and a bell-turret with five bells, four cast in 1744 and one in 1848.

Where is the Primitive Methodist chapel located in Silchester?

A Primitive Methodist chapel is situated on Silchester Common, serving the spiritual needs of the local community.

How is the geography of the modern village of Silchester described?

The present-day village of Silchester is centered around Silchester Common. It is located about one mile west of the parish church and the former manor house, which are situated within the eastern section of the ancient Roman town's boundaries.

What is the local government structure for Silchester?

Silchester operates as a civil parish with its own elected parish council. It falls within the Pamber and Silchester ward and is administered by both Basingstoke and Deane District Council and Hampshire County Council, which are responsible for different aspects of local governance.

What was the population of Silchester according to the 2011 Census?

The 2011 Census recorded the population of the Silchester civil parish as 921 inhabitants. This figure includes the population of Little London.

What public transportation serves Silchester?

As of October 2017, bus route 14, operated by Stagecoach, serves Silchester Common. This route runs on Mondays through Saturdays, connecting the village to Basingstoke, Chineham Shopping Centre, Bramley, and Tadley.

What amenities are available in the modern village of Silchester?

Silchester offers several amenities for its residents, including the Calleva Arms public house, named after the Roman town. The village also hosts various events throughout the year, such as a beer festival and music festival, and has an active amateur dramatic society and a village association.

What educational facilities are available for children in Silchester?

Silchester has a Church of England aided primary school. For secondary education, most children from the village attend The Hurst School, located in the nearby town of Baughurst.

What awards has Silchester received?

Silchester has been recognized for its community and environment, being voted 'Hampshire Village of the Year' in 2008 and 'South England Village of the Year' in 2009. These accolades were part of the Calor Village of the Year competition.

Who are some of the notable individuals associated with Silchester?

Silchester has been home to various notable figures, including gardener Alys Fowler, composer Richard Carte, historian Thomas Pakenham, and music-hall singer Victoria Monks. It is also associated with the Earl of Longford, who held the peerage of Baron Silchester, and William Stewart, 1st Earl of Blessington, who is buried in Silchester.

What historical artifacts found near Silchester have connections to literature?

The Ring of Silvianus, discovered near Silchester in 1785, is notable for possibly inspiring J.R.R. Tolkien's One Ring in 'The Lord of the Rings'. Another significant find is the Silchester eagle, a Roman bronze casting.

What is the OS grid reference for Silchester?

The Ordnance Survey grid reference for Silchester is SU627620. This reference helps pinpoint its location within the national grid system.

What archaeological research is being conducted at Silchester Roman Town by Reading University?

The University of Reading is undertaking a five-year archaeological project to investigate the landscape around Silchester Roman Town, focusing on its Late Iron Age oppidum and earlier periods. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the area's long history.

What is the significance of the Roman town wall at Calleva Atrebatum?

The Roman town wall at Calleva Atrebatum is considered the best-preserved example of its kind in Great Britain. Its survival provides valuable insights into Roman construction techniques and urban planning.

What historical records mention land ownership in Silchester prior to the Domesday Book?

Before the Domesday Book, 11th-century records indicate that Alestan held a manor in Silchester with King Edward the Confessor as his overlord, and Cheping held another manor under Earl Harold Godwinson. These records highlight the pre-Norman land tenure system.

What is the historical context of the Silchester Ogham stone's inscription?

The Silchester Ogham stone, dated around 500 AD, features an inscription in the Latin alphabet but uses the Irish Ogham script. This unique combination suggests potential cultural interactions or the presence of individuals with connections to both Roman and Irish traditions.

What architectural style is represented by the east window of the chancel in St Mary the Virgin church?

The east window of the chancel in St Mary the Virgin church is described as being in the Perpendicular Gothic style. This architectural style is a characteristic feature of late medieval English Gothic architecture.

What is the origin of the name for the Calleva Arms public house?

The Calleva Arms public house is named in honor of Calleva Atrebatum, the ancient Roman town whose ruins lie within the village boundary. This naming reflects the strong historical connection between the modern village and its Roman predecessor.

What is the significance of Silchester's awards as 'Village of the Year'?

Silchester's recognition as 'Hampshire Village of the Year' in 2008 and 'South England Village of the Year' in 2009 highlights its vibrant community and well-preserved environment. These awards acknowledge the village's success in maintaining its character and quality of life.

What role did the Society of Antiquaries play in the archaeological exploration of Silchester?

The Society of Antiquaries conducted extensive excavations at Silchester between 1890 and 1909. These significant excavations, led by George E. Fox and W. H. St. J. Hope, greatly contributed to the understanding of Calleva Atrebatum.

What does the name 'Calleva Atrebatum' signify?

Calleva Atrebatum was the name of a town in the Roman province of Britannia and served as the capital of the civitas, or tribal territory, of the Atrebates people. The name reflects both its Roman administrative status and its association with the local Celtic tribe.

What is the current state of the area inside the Roman town walls of Calleva Atrebatum?

The area within the Roman town walls of Calleva Atrebatum is now largely farmland. Apart from the enclosing earthworks and walls, and the presence of the church and an old manor house in one corner, there are few visible distinguishing features.

What is the significance of the Silchester eagle being found in the Basilica?

The discovery of the Silchester eagle within the Basilica of Calleva Atrebatum is significant as it places a notable Roman artifact within a key public building of the ancient town. The Basilica was a major administrative and legal center in Roman cities.

What does the presence of the Silchester Ogham stone suggest about the area around 500 AD?

The Silchester Ogham stone, dated to circa 500 AD, suggests a period of cultural interaction or transition in the area. Its inscription, using Irish Ogham script but in Latin letters, hints at the complex social and linguistic landscape of post-Roman Britain.

What historical connections does the Silchester manor have with the Dukes of Wellington?

The manor of Silchester became associated with the Dukes of Wellington through marriage and inheritance. Arthur Wellesley, who later became the 1st Duke of Wellington, married Catherine Pakenham, whose brother was created Baron Silchester. The manor was sold to the Duke in 1828.

What architectural period does the St Mary the Virgin church's rood screen belong to?

The rood screen in St Mary the Virgin church is described as being in the Perpendicular Gothic style. This style is a distinct phase of English Gothic architecture, typically dating from the late 14th to the 16th century.

What is the origin of the name 'Calleva Arms' for Silchester's pub?

The public house known as the Calleva Arms in Silchester derives its name from Calleva Atrebatum, the ancient Roman town located within the village's boundaries. This naming choice directly links the modern establishment to the area's rich Roman heritage.

What does the 'See also' section mention regarding literary connections?

The 'See also' section highlights the Ring of Silvianus, an ancient ring found near Silchester in 1785, which is thought to have potentially inspired J.R.R. Tolkien's One Ring in 'The Lord of the Rings'. It also mentions the Silchester eagle, another significant Roman artifact found in the area.

What types of organizations contribute to the community life in Silchester?

Silchester fosters community engagement through various organizations, including an amateur dramatic society and a village association. These groups contribute to local events and activities, enhancing the social fabric of the village.

What is the significance of Silchester's location adjacent to the Berkshire county boundary?

Silchester's proximity to the Berkshire county boundary places it in a transitional zone between two English counties. This geographical position can influence regional identity, administration, and historical interactions.

What archaeological evidence suggests the presence of Christianity in Roman Silchester?

The remains at Calleva Atrebatum include structures that 'may be one of the earliest Christian churches found in the British Isles'. This suggests that Christianity may have been present in the Roman town during its later periods.

What does the term 'oppidum' refer to in the context of Silchester's history?

In the context of Silchester, 'oppidum' refers to the Late Iron Age settlement that predated the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum. An oppidum was typically a fortified Celtic settlement, often serving as a center of population and administration.

What is the historical significance of the Silchester eagle's discovery location?

The Silchester eagle was discovered within the Basilica of Calleva Atrebatum. The Basilica was a major public building in Roman towns, often used for legal and commercial activities, making its discovery location significant for understanding Roman urban life.

What does the name 'Tebicatos' on the Silchester Ogham stone possibly indicate?

The inscription on the Silchester Ogham stone suggests the property belonged to someone named Tebicatos. While the precise identity of Tebicatos is unknown, it is speculated that he might have been a pilgrim or a mercenary, indicating potential movement and diverse populations in the area.

Silchester Wiki: Silchester: Echoes of Roman Britain

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Introduction

Location and Significance

Silchester is a village and civil parish situated approximately 5 miles (8 km) north of Basingstoke in Hampshire, England. It lies adjacent to the Berkshire county border and roughly 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Reading. The village is historically significant as the location of Calleva Atrebatum, a major Iron Age and Roman settlement.

Roman Heritage

Calleva Atrebatum was an important oppidum (a large fortified settlement) of the Atrebates tribe, later developing into a significant Roman town and the capital of its civitas (administrative district) within the Roman province of Britannia. The site is renowned for its remarkably preserved Roman town walls, considered among the best in Great Britain, and potential evidence of an early Christian church.

Modern Character

Today, the modern village of Silchester is situated just outside the ancient Roman fortifications. It retains a distinct rural character, serving its local community with amenities such as a village hall and a public house, and offering access to extensive common lands ideal for recreation and exploration.

Historical Overview

Archaeological Investigations

The archaeological landscape around Silchester, including its Late Iron Age oppidum and Roman town, has been the subject of extensive research. The University of Reading has led a significant project identifying numerous archaeological sites dating from the Neolithic period through to World War II. Historic England has published various reports detailing these findings, underscoring the rich archaeological strata of the area.

From Iron Age to Abandonment

Calleva Atrebatum originated as an Iron Age oppidum before its Roman occupation, which commenced around AD 45. The town covered over 107 acres within impressive polygonal earthworks and walls, with its amphitheatre located just outside the city limits. Excavations, notably by the Society of Antiquaries from 1890 to 1909, have revealed much about its structure and life. Intriguingly, Calleva was abandoned relatively late, in the 7th century, compared to other Roman settlements.

Archaeological Discoveries

Notable Finds

Significant artifacts have been unearthed at Silchester, including the bronze Silchester eagle, discovered in the Basilica and now housed at Reading Museum. The Silchester Ogham stone, dated to approximately AD 500, is another rare find in England, featuring a Latin inscription in Irish Ogham script, possibly indicating property ownership by an individual named Tebicatos.

Evidence of Daily Life

Analysis of botanical remains from Calleva provides insights into the diet of its inhabitants. Evidence suggests access to staple foods like cereals and coriander, alongside cultivated fruits. Notably, imports of exotic fruits such as medlar and mulberry indicate established trade networks reaching the settlement.

Calleva Atrebatum

Urban Layout

Calleva Atrebatum was a planned Roman town, characterized by its extensive earthworks and substantial ruined walls, which still delineate its polygonal boundary. The site covers over 107 acres. Within the walls, the landscape is now largely agricultural, with the parish church and an old manor house situated in one corner, marking the historical centre.

The site plan reveals the layout of Calleva Atrebatum, showcasing the defensive earthworks, town walls, and the location of key structures like the amphitheatre and the basilica where the Silchester eagle was found.

The plan typically illustrates a grid-like street system within the walled enclosure, with public buildings such as forums, temples, and bathhouses, alongside residential areas. The amphitheatre, a significant entertainment venue, is situated outside the main walls.

Early Christian Site?

Within the Roman town's remains, there is evidence suggesting the presence of what might be one of the earliest Christian churches discovered in the British Isles. This potential ecclesiastical site adds another layer to the historical significance of Calleva Atrebatum.

Manorial History

Medieval Records

Silchester's manorial history dates back to the 11th century, with records in the Domesday Book detailing holdings by figures such as Alestan and Cheping, with overlordship by King Edward the Confessor and Earl Harold Godwinson, respectively. Following the Norman Conquest, these manors passed to William De Ow and Ralph de Mortimer.

Land and Legacy

In 1204, Ralph Bluet obtained a licence to enclose land south-east of the Roman town for a deer park, parts of which, including the earthwork park pale, still survive and remain wooded. The toponym evolved through spellings like Ciltestere and Scilchestre before settling on Silchester. Ownership later passed through prominent families, including the Viscounts Blesington, the Viscounts de Vesci, the Barons Longford, and eventually the Dukes of Wellington.

Parish Church

St Mary the Virgin

The Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin is situated within the Roman town walls, possibly on the site of a Roman temple. The current structure dates primarily from the late 12th or early 13th century, with evidence of re-used Roman materials in its construction.

Architectural Features

The church features a nave and two aisles, each of two bays. Notable architectural elements include a lack of a chancel arch, a longer chancel than nave, an ogee-arched tomb recess with a lady's effigy from the 14th century, and windows dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, including a Perpendicular Gothic east window. It also possesses a Perpendicular Gothic rood screen and an 18th-century pulpit with a 1639 tester.

Bells and Memorials

The church's bell-turret houses a ring of five bells. Four were cast by John Stares of Aldbourne in 1744, and the fifth by William Taylor of Oxford in 1848. A carved memorial cartouche commemorates Viscount Ikerrin (died 1712).

Geographical Context

Village Centre

The contemporary village of Silchester is primarily centred around Silchester Common. This modern settlement is located approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the historic parish church and the former manor house, both of which are situated within the eastern sector of the former Roman town's perimeter.

Location Details

OS Grid Reference: SU627620
Post Town: Reading
Postcode District: RG7
Dialling Code: 0118

Local Governance

Administrative Structure

Silchester operates as a civil parish with an elected parish council. Administratively, it falls under the Basingstoke and Deane District Council and Hampshire County Council. The parish is part of the Pamber and Silchester ward, which returns two councillors to the borough council.

Population Data

According to the 2011 Census, the population of the Silchester civil parish was recorded at 921 residents.

Transport Links

Bus Services

As of October 2017, Silchester Common is served by bus route 14. This service, operated by Stagecoach, connects the village with Basingstoke, Chineham Shopping Centre, Bramley, Little London, and Tadley, running on Mondays through Saturdays.

Village Amenities

Public House

The village's primary public house is The Calleva Arms, named in homage to the former Roman town. Previously known as "The Crown," it serves as a central point for the local community.

Community Life

Silchester fosters a vibrant community life with various annual events, including a beer festival, a fun run, a church fete, and a music festival. The village also hosts an amateur dramatic society and a dedicated village association, contributing to its active social fabric.

Sports

Silchester Cricket Club participates in the Hampshire Cricket League, competing in Regional Division Three North East, representing the village's sporting interests.

Educational Facilities

Primary Education

Silchester is home to a Church of England aided primary school, providing local education for younger residents. For secondary education, most Silchester children attend The Hurst School in nearby Baughurst.

Accolades

Village Recognition

Silchester has received notable recognition for its community and environment, being voted "Hampshire Village of the Year" in 2008 and subsequently "South England Village of the Year" in 2009 in the Calor Village of the Year competition.

Notable Persons

Individuals Associated with Silchester

Silchester has been home or associated with various notable individuals across different fields:

Alys Fowler – Gardener
Dudley Fishburn
Earl of Longford – Held the peerage of Baron Silchester from 1821
James Crowdy – Cricketer
Jonathan Pitt – IT Entrepreneur, co-founder of Pentesec
Jonathan Shipley – Clergyman
Ray Bullock – Author
Roy Marples – Open Source Developer
Richard Carte – Composer
Thomas Pakenham – Historian
Thomas Powys – Clergyman
Victoria Monks – Music-hall singer
William Stewart, 1st Earl of Blessington – Buried in Silchester

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Silchester" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about silchester while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

latin

classical pantheism

kingdom of hungary 1920–1946

patrilineality

international style

city status in the united kingdom

stone temple pilots

captaincy of rio de janeiro

list of christian pilgrimage sites

courland

References

Silchester amphitheatre

Roman colonies in Subroman Britain

Pete's Silchester Pages

Silchester Cricket Club

Hampshire Cricket League

Silchester Church of England Primary School

A full list of references for this article are available at the Silchester Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page has been generated by an AI and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not be exhaustive or entirely current. It is presented with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview suitable for advanced academic study.

This is not professional historical or archaeological advice. The information provided should not substitute consultation with qualified historians, archaeologists, or heritage professionals. Always verify critical information with primary sources or expert consultation.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Silchester: Echoes of Roman Britain

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

📍 Location and Significance

🏛️ Roman Heritage

🌳 Modern Character

Historical Overview 📜

🏺 Archaeological Investigations

⏳ From Iron Age to Abandonment

Archaeological Discoveries 🔍

💎 Notable Finds

🍎 Evidence of Daily Life

Calleva Atrebatum ⚔️

🗺️ Urban Layout

⛪ Early Christian Site?

Manorial History 👑

📜 Medieval Records

🌳 Land and Legacy

Parish Church ⛪

⛪ St Mary the Virgin

📐 Architectural Features

🔔 Bells and Memorials

Geographical Context 🌍

🏞️ Village Centre

🗺️ Location Details

Local Governance ⚖️

🏛️ Administrative Structure

📊 Population Data

Transport Links 🚌

🚌 Bus Services

Village Amenities 🏘️

🍻 Public House

🎉 Community Life

🏏 Sports

Educational Facilities 🎓

🏫 Primary Education

Accolades 🏆

🏅 Village Recognition

Notable Persons 👤

👥 Individuals Associated with Silchester

Related Topics 🔗

💍 Ring of Silvianus

🦅 Silchester Eagle

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

Location and Significance

Roman Heritage

Modern Character

Historical Overview

Archaeological Investigations

From Iron Age to Abandonment

Archaeological Discoveries

Notable Finds

Evidence of Daily Life

Calleva Atrebatum

Urban Layout

Early Christian Site?

Manorial History

Medieval Records

Land and Legacy

Parish Church

St Mary the Virgin

Architectural Features

Bells and Memorials

Geographical Context

Village Centre

Location Details

Local Governance

Administrative Structure

Population Data

Transport Links

Bus Services

Village Amenities

Public House

Community Life

Sports

Educational Facilities

Primary Education

Accolades

Village Recognition

Notable Persons

Individuals Associated with Silchester

Related Topics

Ring of Silvianus

Silchester Eagle

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice