What is the chemical formula for Silver carbonate?

Silver carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula Ag₂CO₃. This formula indicates that each molecule of silver carbonate contains two silver atoms and one carbonate group.

What are the common names for Silver carbonate?

The IUPAC name for this compound is Silver(I) carbonate. It is also known by the alternative name Argentous carbonate.

What is the typical appearance of Silver carbonate?

Silver carbonate typically appears as pale yellow crystals. However, samples often have a grayish tint due to the presence of elemental silver, which is a common characteristic of silver compounds that can decompose or be reduced.

How soluble is Silver carbonate in water?

Silver carbonate is poorly soluble in water, a characteristic it shares with most transition metal carbonates. Specifically, its solubility is 0.031 g/L at 15 °C, 0.032 g/L at 25 °C, and 0.5 g/L at 100 °C.

What is the molar mass of Silver carbonate?

The molar mass of Silver carbonate (Ag₂CO₃) is 275.75 grams per mole. Molar mass is a fundamental property in chemistry, representing the mass of one mole of a substance.

At what temperature does Silver carbonate begin to decompose?

Silver carbonate begins to decompose from 120 °C, although its melting point is listed as 218 °C (424 °F; 491 K). Decomposition means the compound breaks down into simpler substances.

What is the density of Silver carbonate?

The density of Silver carbonate is 6.077 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³). Density is a measure of mass per unit volume, indicating how compact the substance is.

In which common solvents is Silver carbonate insoluble?

Silver carbonate is insoluble in several common organic solvents, including ethanol, liquid ammonia, acetates, and acetone. This indicates its limited solubility beyond water.

How is Silver carbonate typically prepared?

Silver carbonate can be prepared by combining aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate with a deficiency of silver nitrate. This reaction results in the precipitation of solid silver carbonate.

What is the chemical equation for the preparation of Silver carbonate?

The chemical equation for the preparation of Silver carbonate is: 2 AgNO₃(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) → Ag₂CO₃(s) + 2 NaNO₃(aq). This shows silver nitrate and sodium carbonate reacting in aqueous solution to form solid silver carbonate and aqueous sodium nitrate.

What color is freshly prepared Silver carbonate, and how does it change?

Freshly prepared silver carbonate is initially colourless. However, the solid quickly turns yellow upon formation, indicating a rapid change in its physical appearance.

What happens when Silver carbonate reacts with ammonia?

When silver carbonate reacts with ammonia, it forms the diamminesilver(I) complex ion, represented as [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺. This is a common reaction for silver salts with ammonia.

What potential hazard is associated with diamminesilver(I) solutions, such as those formed from Silver carbonate and ammonia?

There is a possibility that explosive Silver nitride (Ag₃N) may precipitate out of diamminesilver(I) solutions, including those formed from silver carbonate and ammonia. Silver nitride was historically known as 'fulminating silver' but this term has been discontinued by IUPAC to avoid confusion with silver fulminate.

What product is formed when Silver carbonate reacts with hydrofluoric acid?

Silver carbonate reacts with hydrofluoric acid to produce silver fluoride. This is a typical acid-base reaction where the carbonate is replaced by the fluoride ion.

Describe the thermal decomposition pathway of Silver carbonate to silver metal.

The thermal conversion of silver carbonate to silver metal proceeds through an intermediate step involving the formation of silver oxide. First, silver carbonate decomposes into silver oxide and carbon dioxide (Ag₂CO₃ → Ag₂O + CO₂), and then the silver oxide further decomposes into elemental silver and oxygen (2 Ag₂O → 4 Ag + O₂).

What is the primary industrial use of Silver carbonate?

The principal industrial use of silver carbonate is in the production of silver powder, which is specifically used in microelectronics. This application leverages its ability to be reduced to pure silver.

How is silver powder produced from Silver carbonate for microelectronics, and what is a key advantage of this method?

Silver powder is produced from silver carbonate by reduction with formaldehyde. A key advantage of this method is that it yields silver that is free of alkali metals, which is important for its use in microelectronics. The reaction is Ag₂CO₃ + CH₂O → 2 Ag + 2 CO₂ + H₂.

What role does Silver carbonate play in organic synthesis?

Silver carbonate is utilized as a reagent in various organic synthesis reactions. A reagent is a substance used to cause a chemical reaction or to test for the presence of another substance.

How is Silver carbonate used in the Fétizon oxidation?

In the Fétizon oxidation, silver carbonate, specifically when supported on Celite, acts as an oxidizing agent. This reaction is used to convert various alcohol types into different carbonyl compounds.

What types of compounds can be formed from primary alcohols using Fétizon oxidation with Silver carbonate on Celite?

Using Fétizon oxidation with silver carbonate on Celite, primary alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes. Aldehydes are organic compounds containing a formyl group.

What types of compounds can be formed from secondary alcohols using Fétizon oxidation with Silver carbonate on Celite?

In the Fétizon oxidation, secondary alcohols can be converted into ketones using silver carbonate on Celite as the oxidizing agent. Ketones are organic compounds characterized by a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms.

What products result from the Fétizon oxidation of diols and hydroxymethyl compounds using Silver carbonate on Celite?

When diols are subjected to Fétizon oxidation with silver carbonate on Celite, keto-alcohols are formed. Hydroxymethyl compounds, under the same conditions, are oxidized to produce ketones.

What is the application of Silver carbonate in the Koenigs-Knorr reaction?

In the Koenigs-Knorr reaction, silver carbonate is used to facilitate the conversion of alkyl bromides into methyl ethers. This reaction is important for synthesizing glycosides.

Besides forming methyl ethers, what other transformation of alkyl bromides can Silver carbonate facilitate?

Silver carbonate is also employed to convert alkyl bromides directly into alcohols. This is another example of its utility in modifying organic functional groups.

In what other organic reactions does Silver carbonate act as a base or participate in bond activation?

Silver carbonate has been used as a base in the Wittig reaction, which is a method for synthesizing alkenes. Additionally, it is employed in C-H bond activation, a process that involves breaking a carbon-hydrogen bond to form new chemical bonds.

What is the CAS Number for Silver carbonate?

The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number for Silver carbonate is 534-16-7. This unique identifier is widely used in scientific databases and publications.

What is the solubility product (Ksp) of Silver carbonate?

The solubility product (Ksp) of Silver carbonate is 8.46 × 10⁻¹². The Ksp value indicates the extent to which a sparingly soluble ionic compound dissolves in water.

What are the different crystal structures observed for Silver carbonate at various temperatures?

Silver carbonate exhibits different crystal structures depending on the temperature. At 295 K, it has a monoclinic structure (mP12). At 453 K, it forms a trigonal β-form (hP36), and at 476 K, it adopts a hexagonal α-form (hP18).

What is the standard molar entropy (S°₂₉₈) of Silver carbonate?

The standard molar entropy (S°₂₉₈) of Silver carbonate is 167.4 J/mol·K. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.

What is the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔfH°₂₉₈) for Silver carbonate?

The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔfH°₂₉₈) for Silver carbonate is -505.8 kJ/mol. This value represents the heat change when one mole of the compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states.

What is the Gibbs free energy (ΔfG°) of Silver carbonate?

The Gibbs free energy (ΔfG°) for Silver carbonate is -436.8 kJ/mol. This thermodynamic quantity indicates the maximum reversible work that can be performed by a system at constant temperature and pressure.

What are the inhalation hazards associated with Silver carbonate?

According to occupational safety and health information, inhalation of Silver carbonate is classified as an irritant hazard. This means it can cause irritation to the respiratory system if inhaled.

What GHS pictograms are associated with Silver carbonate?

The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) pictograms associated with Silver carbonate indicate that it is corrosive (GHS05) and an environmental hazard (GHS09). These symbols provide a quick visual warning of the chemical's dangers.

What is the GHS signal word for Silver carbonate?

The GHS signal word for Silver carbonate is 'Danger'. Signal words are used on labels to indicate the relative level of severity of a hazard.

What are the GHS hazard statements for Silver carbonate?

The GHS hazard statements for Silver carbonate include H315, which means it causes skin irritation; H319, indicating it causes serious eye irritation; and H335, which suggests it may cause respiratory irritation. These statements provide specific details about the nature of the hazards.

What GHS precautionary statements are recommended for handling Silver carbonate?

Recommended GHS precautionary statements for handling Silver carbonate include P261, which advises avoiding breathing dust, fume, gas, mist, vapors, or spray. Another is P305+P351+P338, which instructs to rinse continuously with water for several minutes if in eyes, and to remove contact lenses if present and easy to do, then continue rinsing.

What is the LD₅₀ (median dose) for Silver carbonate in mice via oral administration?

The LD₅₀ (median lethal dose) for Silver carbonate, when administered orally to mice, is 3.73 g/kg. This value indicates the dose required to kill half of the tested population.

What is the InChI Key for Silver carbonate?

The InChI Key for Silver carbonate is KQTXIZHBFFWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-L. The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) and its key provide a standard way to encode molecular information and facilitate database searching.

What is the SMILES representation for Silver carbonate?

The Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System (SMILES) representation for Silver carbonate is [Ag]OC(=O)O[Ag]. SMILES is a linear notation that describes the structure of chemical molecules.

What is the purpose of the image showing the 'Crystal structure of silver carbonate'?

The source material includes an image depicting the crystal structure of silver carbonate, which visually represents how the atoms are arranged in its solid form.

What does the image titled 'Sample of microcrystaline silver carbonate' illustrate?

The image titled 'Sample of microcrystaline silver carbonate' provides a visual representation of what a physical sample of silver carbonate looks like, specifically highlighting its microcrystalline nature.

What is the significance of Silver(I) carbonate being classified as a transition metal carbonate?

Silver(I) carbonate is classified as a transition metal carbonate, which is significant because, like most compounds in this category, it exhibits poor solubility in water. Transition metals are elements that have partially filled d orbitals, contributing to a wide range of chemical properties.

What is the heat capacity (C) of Silver carbonate?

The heat capacity (C) of Silver carbonate is 112.3 J/mol·K. Heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity that describes the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by a given amount.

What is the space group for the monoclinic crystal structure of Silver carbonate at 295 K?

The space group for the monoclinic crystal structure of Silver carbonate at 295 K is P2₁/m, with the number 11. A space group describes the symmetry of a crystal structure.

What is the point group for the trigonal β-form of Silver carbonate at 453 K?

The point group for the trigonal β-form of Silver carbonate at 453 K is 3m. A point group describes the symmetry elements present in a molecule or crystal at a specific point.

What are the lattice constants for the monoclinic crystal structure of Silver carbonate at 295 K?

At 295 K, the lattice constants for the monoclinic crystal structure of Silver carbonate are: a = 4.8521(2) Å, b = 9.5489(4) Å, c = 3.2536(1) Å, with angles α = 90°, β = 91.9713(3)°, and γ = 90°. Lattice constants define the dimensions of the unit cell in a crystal.

What is the magnetic susceptibility (χ) of Silver carbonate?

The magnetic susceptibility (χ) of Silver carbonate is -80.9 × 10⁻⁶ cm³/mol. Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field.

Silver Carbonate Wiki: Argentous Carbonate: Unveiling the Chemistry of Ag₂CO₃

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Introduction to Ag₂CO₃

Chemical Identity

Silver carbonate, represented by the chemical formula Ag₂CO₃, is an intriguing inorganic compound. While typically described as a yellow salt, samples often exhibit a grayish hue due to the presence of trace amounts of elemental silver. This compound is characteristic of many transition metal carbonates, demonstrating poor solubility in aqueous solutions.

Nomenclature & Composition

Formally known by its IUPAC name, Silver(I) carbonate, it is also historically referred to as Argentous carbonate. Its molecular structure comprises two silver(I) cations (Ag⁺) ionically bonded to a single carbonate anion (CO₃²⁻). The molar mass of this compound is precisely 275.75 grams per mole, a fundamental value for stoichiometric calculations.

Physicochemical Properties

Physical Characteristics

Silver carbonate presents as pale yellow crystals, a visual cue to its composition. It is an odorless compound, which is a significant factor in laboratory handling. Its density is measured at 6.077 grams per cubic centimeter, indicating a relatively dense solid. Notably, Ag₂CO₃ begins to decompose at temperatures as low as 120 °C, with a reported melting point of 218 °C, signifying its thermal instability.

Solubility Profile

The solubility of silver carbonate in water is notably low, increasing slightly with temperature:

0.031 g/L at 15 °C
0.032 g/L at 25 °C
0.5 g/L at 100 °C

Its solubility product constant (K_sp) is 8.46 × 10⁻¹², further underscoring its limited aqueous solubility. Beyond water, it is also insoluble in common organic solvents such as ethanol, liquid ammonia, acetates, and acetone.

Structural & Thermal Data

The magnetic susceptibility (χ) of silver carbonate is −80.9 × 10⁻⁶ cm³/mol. This compound exhibits fascinating polymorphism, transitioning between different crystal structures depending on temperature:

Crystal Structures:

Monoclinic: Observed at 295 K (22 °C), with space group P2₁/m (No. 11) and point group 2/m. Lattice constants: a = 4.8521(2) Å, b = 9.5489(4) Å, c = 3.2536(1) Å; α = 90°, β = 91.9713(3)°, γ = 90°.
Trigonal (β-form): Forms at 453 K (180 °C), with space group P31c (No. 159) and point group 3m.
Hexagonal (α-form): Forms at 476 K (203 °C), with space group P62m (No. 189) and point group 6m2.

Thermochemical Properties:

Heat Capacity (C): 112.3 J/mol·K
Standard Molar Entropy (S°₂₉₈): 167.4 J/mol·K
Standard Enthalpy of Formation (Δ_fH°₂₉₈): −505.8 kJ/mol
Gibbs Free Energy (Δ_fG°): −436.8 kJ/mol

Synthesis & Preparation

Laboratory Preparation

Silver carbonate can be synthesized through a straightforward precipitation reaction. This involves combining aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) with a carefully controlled, *deficient* amount of silver nitrate (AgNO₃). The reaction proceeds as follows:

2 AgNO₃(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) → Ag₂CO₃(s) + 2 NaNO₃(aq)

Upon initial formation, freshly prepared silver carbonate is colorless. However, it rapidly transitions to its characteristic pale yellow appearance, a phenomenon attributed to its inherent chemical properties.

Chemical Reactivity

Reactions with Ammonia

When silver carbonate reacts with ammonia, it forms the diamminesilver(I) complex ion, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺. While this complex is useful in certain chemical contexts, it carries a significant safety concern. Similar to other diamminesilver(I) solutions, such as Tollen's reagent, there is a potential for the precipitation of explosive silver nitride (Ag₃N). Historically known as "fulminating silver," this compound is highly sensitive and dangerous. The IUPAC has since discontinued the term "fulminating silver" to avoid confusion with silver fulminate (AgCNO), another explosive silver compound.

Thermal Decomposition

Silver carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition, a process that begins at temperatures exceeding 120 °C. This decomposition proceeds in a two-step mechanism, ultimately yielding elemental silver:

Initial decomposition to silver oxide and carbon dioxide:
```
Ag₂CO₃ → Ag₂O + CO₂
```
Further decomposition of silver oxide to elemental silver and oxygen:
```
2 Ag₂O → 4 Ag + O₂
```

This thermal instability is a critical consideration for its storage and handling, particularly in high-temperature applications.

Acidic Reactions

Silver carbonate reacts with hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce silver fluoride (AgF). This reaction exemplifies its behavior as a carbonate salt, where the carbonate anion is displaced by a stronger acid to form a new silver salt and carbonic acid (which then decomposes to water and carbon dioxide).

Industrial Applications

Silver Powder Production

The primary industrial application of silver carbonate lies in the production of high-purity silver powder, which is crucial for microelectronics. This process involves the reduction of silver carbonate using formaldehyde (CH₂O) as the reducing agent. The reaction is as follows:

Ag₂CO₃ + CH₂O → 2 Ag + 2 CO₂ + H₂

This method is particularly valued because it yields silver that is free from alkali metals, a critical requirement for sensitive electronic components where even trace impurities can compromise performance.

Organic Synthesis Reagent

Fétizon Oxidation

Silver carbonate, particularly when supported on Celite, serves as a versatile oxidizing agent in organic synthesis, famously employed in the Fétizon oxidation. This reagent facilitates several key transformations:

Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes.
Conversion of secondary alcohols to ketones.
Transformation of diols into keto-alcohols.
Oxidation of hydroxymethyl compounds to ketones.

The use of Celite provides a large surface area, enhancing the efficiency and selectivity of these oxidative processes.

Alkyl Halide Transformations

In the Koenigs-Knorr reaction, silver carbonate plays a vital role in converting alkyl bromides into methyl ethers, a crucial step in carbohydrate synthesis. Furthermore, it is also utilized to transform alkyl bromides directly into their corresponding alcohols, offering a convenient synthetic pathway.

Catalysis & Base Properties

Beyond its oxidative capabilities, silver carbonate also functions as a base in various organic reactions. It has been successfully employed in the Wittig reaction, a fundamental method for synthesizing alkenes. Additionally, its utility extends to C-H bond activation, a challenging but highly valuable area of synthetic chemistry that allows for the functionalization of otherwise inert C-H bonds.

Safety & Handling

GHS Classification

According to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, Silver Carbonate is classified with the following hazard indicators:

Pictograms: Corrosive (GHS05) and Environmental Hazard (GHS09).
Signal Word: Danger.
Hazard Statements:
- H315: Causes skin irritation.
- H319: Causes serious eye irritation.
- H335: May cause respiratory irritation.
Precautionary Statements:
- P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
- P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.

Toxicity & NFPA Ratings

For occupational safety and health, it is important to note its inhalation hazards as an irritant. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) for mice via oral administration is 3.73 g/kg.

The NFPA 704 fire diamond provides a quick visual summary of its hazards:

Health (Blue)	Flammability (Red)	Instability (Yellow)	Special (White)
0	0	0	None

A rating of '0' across all categories indicates that under fire conditions, silver carbonate poses no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material, will not burn, and is normally stable and not reactive with water.

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References

Sigma-Aldrich Co., Silver carbonate. Retrieved on 2021-08-05.

J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83 (16), pp 9312â9321 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b01284.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Silver carbonate Wikipedia page

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This is not professional chemical or safety advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting official Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), professional chemical engineering guidance, or expert laboratory safety protocols. Always refer to authoritative scientific literature and consult with qualified professionals for specific research, industrial, or safety applications involving chemical compounds. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

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Argentous Carbonate: Unveiling the Chemistry of Ag₂CO₃

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Introduction to Ag₂CO₃ 💡

⚛️ Chemical Identity

🏷️ Nomenclature & Composition

Physicochemical Properties 📊

✨ Physical Characteristics

💧 Solubility Profile

💎 Structural & Thermal Data

Crystal Structures:

Thermochemical Properties:

Synthesis & Preparation ⚗️

⚗️ Laboratory Preparation

Chemical Reactivity 💥

⚠️ Reactions with Ammonia

🔥 Thermal Decomposition

🧪 Acidic Reactions

Industrial Applications 🏭

💡 Silver Powder Production

Organic Synthesis Reagent 🔬

🔄 Fétizon Oxidation

🔗 Alkyl Halide Transformations

⚗️ Catalysis & Base Properties

Safety & Handling ⚠️

☣️ GHS Classification

🚨 Toxicity & NFPA Ratings

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction to Ag₂CO₃

Chemical Identity

Nomenclature & Composition

Physicochemical Properties

Physical Characteristics

Solubility Profile

Structural & Thermal Data

Synthesis & Preparation

Laboratory Preparation

Chemical Reactivity

Reactions with Ammonia

Thermal Decomposition

Acidic Reactions

Industrial Applications

Silver Powder Production

Organic Synthesis Reagent

Fétizon Oxidation

Alkyl Halide Transformations

Catalysis & Base Properties

Safety & Handling

GHS Classification

Toxicity & NFPA Ratings

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

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References

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Disclaimer

Important Notice