What is the primary subject of 'The Diary of a Young Girl'?

The primary subject of 'The Diary of a Young Girl,' also known as 'The Diary of Anne Frank,' is the Dutch-language diary entries kept by Anne Frank during the two years she spent in hiding with her family amidst the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.

Who authored 'The Diary of a Young Girl' and what was its original title?

The book was authored by Anne Frank, and its original title in Dutch was 'Het Achterhuis,' which translates to 'The Annex' in English.

When and where was the first edition of Anne Frank's diary published?

The first edition of Anne Frank's diary was published on June 25, 1947, in the Netherlands by Contact Publishing. The cover of this first edition, from 1948, features a distinctive design.

Who was responsible for retrieving Anne Frank's diaries after her family's apprehension?

Anne Frank's diaries were retrieved by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl after the family's arrest. Miep Gies then gave them to Anne's father, Otto Frank, who was the sole survivor of the family after the Second World War.

What was Anne Frank's fate after her family was apprehended in 1944?

After her family was apprehended in 1944, Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. She was 15 years old at the time of her death, which is believed to have occurred in late February or early March, just weeks before the camp's liberation.

In how many languages has 'The Diary of a Young Girl' been published?

The diary has been published in more than 70 languages. By 2014, over 35 million copies had been published in 65 languages, and by 2019, the Anne Frank House website recorded translations in over 70 languages.

When was the English translation of Anne Frank's diary first published, and by whom?

The English language translation, titled 'Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl,' was first published in 1952 by Doubleday & Company in the United States and Vallentine Mitchell in the United Kingdom.

What significant cultural impact did the diary's popularity have?

The diary's popularity inspired a 1955 play titled 'The Diary of Anne Frank' by screenwriters Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, which was later adapted into a 1959 movie version. The book is also included in several lists of the top books of the 20th century.

When did the copyright for the original Dutch version of the diary expire, and what was the consequence?

The copyright of the original Dutch version of the diary, published in 1947, expired on January 1, 2016. This occurred seventy years after the author's death, in accordance with European Union copyright law, leading to the original Dutch version being made available online.

What was the occasion for Anne Frank receiving her diary?

Anne Frank received a blank diary as one of her presents on June 12, 1942, which was her 13th birthday. The red, checkered autograph book she used was not a surprise, as she had chosen it with her father the day before at a bookstore.

What event prompted the Frank family to go into hiding?

The Frank family went into hiding after Anne's 16-year-old sister, Margot, received an official summons on July 5, 1942, to report to a Nazi work camp in Germany. The family then went into hiding on July 6.

Where was the Secret Annex located, and how was it concealed?

The Secret Annex was located in the sealed-off upper rooms at the back of Otto Frank's company building, Opekta, in Amsterdam. The entrance to these rooms was concealed behind a movable bookcase.

How long did the group remain hidden in the Secret Annex?

With the assistance of a group of Otto Frank's trusted colleagues, the eight individuals remained hidden for a period of two years and one month.

What was the suspected cause of the group's discovery on August 4, 1944?

The group was discovered on August 4, 1944, and while they were long thought to have been betrayed, there are indications that their discovery may have been accidental, possibly a police raid targeting 'ration fraud'.

Which member of the Frank family survived the war?

Of the eight people who hid in the Secret Annex, only Anne's father, Otto Frank, survived the war.

What was the structure of Anne Frank's original diary manuscripts?

Anne Frank's original diary manuscripts were written over three extant volumes: the first was a red-and-white checkered autograph book (June 14 – December 5, 1942), and the second and third were school exercise books (December 22, 1943 – April 17, 1944, and April 17 – August 1, 1944, respectively). A volume covering December 1942 to December 1943 is assumed to have been lost.

How did Anne Frank address her diary entries?

Anne Frank did not use the classic 'Dear Diary' format; instead, she called her diary 'Kitty,' and almost all of her entries were written as letters addressed to Kitty.

What inspired Anne Frank to begin rewriting her diary with future readers in mind?

Anne Frank's literary ambitions were spurred on March 29, 1944, when she heard a London radio broadcast by Gerrit Bolkestein, the exiled Dutch Minister for Education, Art, and Science, who called for the preservation of 'ordinary documents' like diaries to create an archive testifying to civilian suffering during the Nazi occupation. She began redrafting her diary on May 20, 1944.

What changes did Anne Frank make when she began rewriting her diary?

When rewriting her diary, Anne expanded entries, standardized them by addressing all of them to Kitty, clarified situations, prepared a list of pseudonyms for the people in hiding, and removed scenes she considered uninteresting or too intimate for a general audience.

What was the initial conjecture regarding the identity of 'Kitty' in Anne Frank's diary?

For many years, there was speculation that 'Kitty' referred to Kitty Egyedi, a prewar friend of Anne's. However, Anne did not mention Egyedi in her writings, and later analysis suggested a fictional origin.

What was revealed about the character 'Kitty' when Anne Frank's diaries were transcribed in the 1980s?

When Anne Frank's diaries were transcribed in the 1980s, it was revealed that 'Kitty' was initially one of eight recipients to whom Anne addressed her early diary entries. Most of these names were not real friends but corresponded to characters in the epistolary novels of Cissy van Marxveldt, which Anne was reading at the time, including a character named 'Kitty Francken.' By the end of 1942, Anne was writing exclusively to Kitty.

What were Anne Frank's personal reflections on her relationships and family dynamics as expressed in her diary?

In her diary, Anne expressed a desire for a 'truest friend' and detailed her close relationship with her father, her perceived lack of connection with her mother, and her admiration for her sister Margot. She initially disliked Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, and while she grew close to Peter van Pels, she eventually felt he could not be a 'kindred spirit'.

Beyond personal reflections, what broader themes did Anne Frank address in her diary?

Beyond her personal relationships, Anne Frank extensively referred to the persecution, arrests, deportations, and disappearances of Jews, the constant fear of discovery, and the compulsory wearing of the yellow star. Her writings captured the partial, rumor-based understanding of the Holocaust that was typical for Jews living under Nazi occupation at the time.

How many versions of her diary did Anne Frank write, and why?

Anne Frank wrote two versions of her diary. The first (Version A) was her original entries in a diary and two notebooks. She rewrote it (Version B) on loose paper in 1944 after hearing a radio broadcast that encouraged the collection of wartime diaries to document the period, intending it for future publication.

What was Otto Frank's motivation for publishing his daughter's diary?

Otto Frank ultimately decided to publish Anne's diary because he believed it was what she would have wanted, despite her having expressed a desire to keep it private. He was deeply moved by reading it, realizing the depth of her thoughts and feelings he hadn't known.

Who played a crucial role in bringing Anne Frank's diary to the attention of publishers in the Netherlands?

Dr. Jan Romein and his wife Annie Romein-Verschoor, two Dutch historians, were instrumental. After Annie Romein's unsuccessful attempts to find a publisher, Jan Romein wrote an influential article for the newspaper 'Het Parool' in April 1946, which captured the interest of Contact Publishing.

What was the initial advice given to Otto Frank by Contact Publishing regarding Anne's diary?

Contact Publishing offered to publish the diary but advised Otto Frank that Anne's candor about her emerging sexuality might offend conservative readers, suggesting that certain passages be cut from the manuscript.

What was the content of the 1986 'critical edition' of the diary?

The 1986 'critical edition' of the diary, published by the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation, incorporated both Anne Frank's original versions (A and B). It also included previously edited sections containing passages about her sexuality, references to touching her friend's breasts, and her thoughts on menstruation.

Who was Judith Jones, and what was her role in the English publication of Anne Frank's diary?

Judith Jones was an editor working for Doubleday who discovered Anne Frank's work in a pile of rejected manuscripts. Struck by a photograph of Anne on the cover of a French edition, she read the diary and strongly recommended its publication, believing it would have a significant market in America and become a 'seminal book'.

Who wrote the introduction to the English publication of 'The Diary of Anne Frank'?

The introduction to the English publication of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' was written by Eleanor Roosevelt, a prominent American political figure and diplomat.

What was the significance of the 2014 stage production 'Anne'?

The 2014 stage production 'Anne' was significant as it was the first major adaptation to directly quote literal passages from the diary. It was authorized and initiated by the Anne Frank Foundation in Basel and had a two-year continuous run in Amsterdam before being produced in Germany and Israel.

What kind of film is 'Where Is Anne Frank,' and what is its central premise?

'Where Is Anne Frank,' directed by Ari Folman in 2021, is an animated magical realism film. Its central premise involves Kitty, Anne Frank's imaginary friend to whom she addressed her diary, coming to life in 21st-century Netherlands. Kitty then learns about the Frank family's fate and helps refugees, recognizing the parallels between their plight and that of the persecuted Jews during World War II.

What types of material were initially censored from Anne Frank's diary before later editions included them?

Material initially censored from Anne Frank's diary included passages pondering her sexuality, references to touching her friend's breasts, her thoughts on menstruation, and descriptions of exploring her own genitalia and her confusion regarding sex and childbirth.

What was the controversy surrounding the five missing pages of Anne Frank's diary in 1999?

In 1999, Cornelis Suijk announced he possessed five pages removed by Otto Frank before publication, which contained critical remarks by Anne about her parents' strained marriage and her lack of affection for her mother. Suijk claimed publishing rights, leading to a dispute with the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. The pages were eventually returned in 2001 after a donation to Suijk's foundation and have since been included in new editions.

What recent discovery was made in May 2018 regarding Anne Frank's diary?

In May 2018, Frank van Vree and others discovered previously unseen excerpts from the diary that Anne had covered up with brown paper. These excerpts discussed sexuality, prostitution, and included 'dirty' jokes Anne heard from other residents of the Secret Annex, revealing her as an 'ordinary girl' despite her extraordinary circumstances.

How did Otto Frank react upon reading his daughter's diary for the first time?

Otto Frank recalled that reading the diary for the first time was a 'revelation.' He stated that it revealed a 'completely different Anne' than the child he had lost, and he had been unaware of the 'depths of her thoughts and feelings'.

What notable recognition did Anne Frank's diary receive from UNESCO in 2009?

In 2009, the notebooks of Anne Frank's diary were submitted by the Netherlands and included in UNESCO's Memory of the World international register, recognizing their global significance and historical value.

What criticism has been leveled against the popularity of Anne Frank's diary by Dara Horn?

Dara Horn, a descendant of Holocaust survivors, criticized the diary's popularity, arguing that its ending, with Anne's belief in human goodness and her 'peaceful' death from typhus, absolves readers of responsibility and avoids depicting the true horrors of Nazi death camps. She suggested the book's popularity stems from this lack of explicit horror and that it might not have been as popular had Anne survived.

Describe the vandalism incident involving Anne Frank's diary in Tokyo in 2014.

In February 2014, authorities discovered that 265 copies of Anne Frank's diary and other Holocaust-related materials were vandalized across 31 public libraries in Tokyo. Pages were torn from the books. This act was condemned by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and Japanese officials, leading to donations of replacement copies from Israel and an anonymous donor.

What was the outcome of the investigation into the Tokyo vandalism incident?

An unemployed man was arrested in March 2014 in connection with the Tokyo vandalism. However, prosecutors decided not to indict the suspect in June after he was found to be mentally incompetent. Librarians in Tokyo noted that books related to the Holocaust sometimes attract individuals with mental disorders, leading to occasional vandalism.

Why did Hezbollah call for a ban on Anne Frank's diary in Lebanese schools in 2009?

In 2009, Hezbollah called for a ban on Anne Frank's diary in Lebanese schools, arguing that the text served as an apology to Jews, Zionism, and Israel.

What were the reasons for challenges and bans of Anne Frank's diary in U.S. schools?

Challenges and bans in U.S. schools, such as in Culpeper County, Virginia (2010) and Northville, Michigan (2013), primarily cited 'sexual content and homosexual themes' or 'explicit passages about sexuality' found in the 50th Anniversary 'Definitive Edition' of the diary. These passages detailed Anne's emerging sexual desires and her exploration of her own body.

What happened to a Texas teacher in 2023 concerning Anne Frank's diary?

In 2023, a Texas teacher was fired after assigning an illustrated adaptation of Anne Frank's diary to her middle school class. School officials deemed the book 'inappropriate,' a decision that some critics labeled 'a political attack on truth'.

How did Otto Frank address the authenticity of his daughter's diary upon its first publication?

Upon the first publication of his daughter's diary, Otto Frank included a prologue assuring readers that the book 'mostly contained her words,' addressing potential questions about its origin.

What evidence supports the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary against claims of fabrication?

Critical and forensic studies, including one commissioned by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation after Otto Frank's death in 1980, have supported the diary's authenticity. These studies positively matched the handwriting to Anne Frank's contemporary samples and confirmed that the paper, ink, and glue were consistent with materials available in Amsterdam during the period it was written.

How was the 'ballpoint pen theory' used by Holocaust deniers to challenge the diary's authenticity, and how was it discredited?

Nazi sympathizer Ernst Römer accused Otto Frank of fabricating parts of the diary in 1980, claiming some entries were written with ballpoint pen ink, which was not widely available in the 1940s. This theory was largely discredited by investigations that found ballpoint pen use only in three instances: two scraps of paper (attributed to Otto Frank's notes) and the page numbers (also likely added by Otto Frank), not in Anne's original entries.

Who owns the copyright to Anne Frank's diary, and what is their mission?

The copyright to Anne Frank's diary belongs to the Anne Frank Fonds, a Switzerland-based foundation in Basel. This organization was the sole inheritor of Frank's estate after Otto Frank's death in 1980 and is dedicated to the publication of the diary.

What announcement did the Anne Frank Fonds make in 2015 regarding the authorship of the 1947 edition of the diary?

In 2015, the Anne Frank Fonds announced that the 1947 edition of the diary was co-authored by Otto Frank. They argued that Otto had created a 'new work' by editing, merging, and trimming entries into a 'kind of collage,' thereby creating a new copyright.

What was the reaction to the Anne Frank Fonds' claim of Otto Frank as co-author?

The Anne Frank Fonds' claim was met with criticism, with intellectual property lawyers like Agnès Tricoire suggesting it implied the foundation had 'lied for years' about Anne Frank being the sole author. Critics like Isabelle Attard and Olivier Ertzscheid viewed the move as an attempt to extend the copyright term for financial reasons, arguing that the diary 'belongs to everyone'.

The Diary Of A Young Girl Wiki: A Young Voice in the Shadows: Anne Frank's Enduring Diary

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Overview

A Personal Chronicle

The Diary of a Young Girl, widely recognized as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a profound collection of Dutch-language diary entries penned by Anne Frank. These writings chronicle her experiences while in hiding with her family for two years during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. The diary serves as a poignant testament to the human spirit amidst unimaginable adversity.

Global Impact and Legacy

Following the war, Anne's diaries were recovered by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl and entrusted to her father, Otto Frank, the sole survivor of the family. Since its initial publication in Dutch in 1947 under the title Het Achterhuis, the diary has been translated into over 70 languages, achieving widespread critical acclaim and popular attention. Its profound narrative has inspired numerous theatrical and film adaptations and is consistently listed among the most significant books of the 20th century.

Copyright and Public Domain

In a significant development, the copyright for the original Dutch version of the diary, published in 1947, expired on January 1, 2016. This occurred seventy years after Anne Frank's death, in accordance with European Union copyright law. Consequently, the original Dutch text became publicly available online, sparking discussions about accessibility and the legacy of such historical documents.

Life in Hiding

The Diary's Genesis

Anne Frank received the blank, red-and-white checkered autograph book that would become her diary on June 12, 1942, her 13th birthday. This was not a complete surprise, as she had selected it with her father during a bookstore visit. Her very first entry expressed a deep hope: "I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone, and I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support." The main entries commenced on June 14.

The Secret Annex

The family's perilous journey into hiding began on July 6, 1942, prompted by an official summons for Anne's 16-year-old sister, Margot, to report to a Nazi work camp. Anne, Margot, and their parents, Otto and Edith, were later joined by Otto's business partner Hermann van Pels, his wife Auguste, and their teenage son Peter. Four months later, Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist, also joined them. Their sanctuary was a concealed annex behind a movable bookcase in the upper rooms of Otto Frank's Opekta company building in Amsterdam.

Discovery and Tragic End

For two years and one month, the eight individuals remained hidden, aided by a dedicated group of Otto Frank's trusted colleagues. However, on August 4, 1944, the group was discovered and subsequently deported to Nazi concentration camps. While betrayal was long suspected, recent indications suggest their discovery might have been accidental, possibly linked to a police raid targeting "ration fraud." Tragically, only Otto Frank survived the war. Anne, at just 15 years old, succumbed to typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in early 1945, weeks before its liberation.

Diary Structure

Addressing 'Kitty'

Anne Frank's diary deviates from conventional "Dear Diary" formats, instead taking the form of letters addressed to an imaginary friend named "Kitty." This epistolary style allowed Anne to engage in a more intimate and conversational narrative. The names of her fellow annex inhabitants were also altered in the published version, with the Van Pelses becoming the Van Daans and Fritz Pfeffer known as Albert Düssel.

Literary Aspirations and Revisions

Anne's burgeoning literary ambitions were significantly influenced by a London radio broadcast on March 29, 1944. The exiled Dutch Minister for Education, Art, and Science, Gerrit Bolkestein, appealed for the preservation of "ordinary documents—a diary, letters... simple everyday material" to create a historical archive of civilian suffering during the Nazi occupation. Inspired by this, Anne began re-drafting her diary on May 20, 1944, with a future readership in mind. She expanded entries, standardized them to be addressed solely to Kitty, clarified situations, prepared a list of pseudonyms, and judiciously omitted scenes she deemed less relevant or too personal for general consumption.

The Manuscript's Journey

The original manuscript comprises three extant volumes. The first, the red-and-white checkered autograph book, covers entries from June 14 to December 5, 1942. A subsequent school exercise book contains entries from December 22, 1943, to April 17, 1944, suggesting a lost volume for the intervening period, though this gap is addressed in Anne's rewritten version. The third volume, another school exercise book, spans April 17 to August 1, 1944, just three days before her arrest. These loose sheets were found scattered in the hiding place by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl after the family's apprehension, before the rooms were ransacked.

Anne's Narrative

Personal Reflections

In her diary, Anne articulated a profound desire for a "truest friend"—someone with whom she could share her deepest thoughts and emotions. While she initially considered her friend Jacque van Maarsen and later explored a budding romance with Peter van Pels, it was ultimately to Kitty that she entrusted her innermost world. Her entries reveal a close bond with her father, a complex relationship with her mother marked by a perceived lack of shared understanding, and an admiration for her sister Margot's intellect and gentle disposition.

Observations from Confinement

Beyond her personal life, Anne extensively documented the harrowing realities of the Nazi occupation. Her writings frequently refer to the persecution, arrests, deportations, and disappearances of Jews, as well as the constant, pervasive fear of discovery that defined their existence in hiding. She noted the compulsory wearing of the yellow star and hinted at darker rumors, such as Jews "being gassed." These entries offer a unique, partial, and rumor-based understanding of the Holocaust, reflecting the limited vantage point of those concealed under Nazi rule.

Evolving Relationships

Anne's initial impressions of her fellow annex residents were varied; she found Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer particularly challenging. Her initial view of the quiet Peter was unimpressed, contrasting with her own self-admitted talkativeness. However, as time progressed, Anne and Peter developed a close bond, spending considerable time together. This closeness, however, eventually led to a degree of disappointment for Anne, who, by July 15, 1944, concluded that Peter could never truly be a "kindred spirit," though her affection for him persisted.

Publication Journey

Otto Frank's Stewardship

Despite Anne's expressed desire to keep her diary private, her father, Otto Frank, ultimately decided that publication aligned with her deeper wish to become a renowned writer. His initial transcription was in German, shared with friends and relatives in Switzerland, who encouraged him to seek wider publication. A subsequent draft, a composite of Anne's original (Version A) and rewritten (Version B) entries, along with excerpts from her essays and an epilogue detailing her fate, was prepared for submission.

Early Reception and Dutch Publication

In 1946, Dutch historians Dr. Jan Romein and Annie Romein-Verschoor were deeply moved by the diary. Romein's article in the newspaper Het Parool powerfully declared, "This apparently inconsequential diary by a child... embodies all the hideousness of fascism, more so than all the evidence of Nuremberg put together." This advocacy led Contact Publishing in Amsterdam to offer publication. They suggested edits, particularly concerning Anne's candor about her emerging sexuality, which Otto Frank agreed to. The diary, a blend of Versions A and B, was published on June 25, 1947, as Het Achterhuis. Dagbrieven van 14 juni 1942 tot 1 augustus 1944, quickly selling out its initial 3,000 copies.

Global Translations and Adaptations

The diary's international journey began with German and French translations in 1950. The English translation by Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday, which included passages previously omitted, was published in 1952 in the United States and United Kingdom, becoming a bestseller with an introduction by Eleanor Roosevelt. By 2019, the Anne Frank House reported translations in over 70 languages. The diary has also inspired numerous adaptations, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1955 play and the 1959 film, as well as more recent graphic novels and animated films, demonstrating its enduring cultural resonance.

Controversy

Censored Material

The "Critical Edition" of the diary, published in 1986 by the Dutch Institute for War Documentation, brought to light previously omitted passages. These included Anne's candid reflections on her emerging sexuality, references to touching a friend's breasts, and her thoughts on menstruation. A 1995 edition further included Anne's descriptions of exploring her own genitalia and her confusion regarding sex and childbirth, material initially edited out by the original publisher. In 1999, five pages removed by Otto Frank, containing critical remarks about her parents' strained marriage and her lack of affection for her mother, were recovered and subsequently included in new editions after a legal dispute.

The "Dirty Jokes" Revelation

In May 2018, Frank van Vree, director of the Niod Institute, announced the discovery of unseen excerpts from the diary that Anne herself had covered with brown paper. These passages discussed sexuality, prostitution, and included "dirty" jokes Anne had heard from other residents of the Secret Annex. Van Vree noted that these revelations underscore Anne's normalcy, stating, "anyone who reads the passages that have now been discovered will be unable to suppress a smile... They make it clear that Anne, with all her gifts, was above all an ordinary girl."

Bans and Vandalism

Despite its global acclaim, the diary has faced significant challenges. In 2009, Hezbollah called for its ban in Lebanese schools, alleging it promoted Zionism. In the U.S., the 50th Anniversary "Definitive Edition" was challenged and banned in some school systems (e.g., Culpeper County, Virginia, in 2010; Northville, Michigan, in 2013) due to "sexual content and homosexual themes" or "pretty pornographic" passages. The American Library Association reported six challenges since 1990, primarily concerning sexually explicit material. In 2014, 265 copies were vandalized in Tokyo libraries, prompting international condemnation and donations of replacement copies. A Texas teacher was fired in 2023 for assigning a graphic adaptation, deemed "inappropriate."

Authenticity

Forensic Validation

In response to claims by Holocaust deniers, such as Robert Faurisson, who asserted the diary was fabricated, extensive critical and forensic studies have unequivocally supported its authenticity. Following Otto Frank's death in 1980, the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation commissioned a comprehensive forensic examination of the original manuscripts. This study meticulously analyzed the material composition of the notebooks, the ink used, and the handwriting found within both the diaries and loose papers.

Handwriting and Materials

The forensic investigation conclusively matched the handwriting attributed to Anne Frank with contemporary samples of her writing. Furthermore, the paper, ink, and glue used in the diaries and loose papers were found to be entirely consistent with materials available in Amsterdam during the period in which the diary was written. This rigorous scientific analysis provided irrefutable evidence against claims of fabrication.

The Ballpoint Pen Theory

A notable challenge to authenticity arose in 1980 when Nazi sympathizer Ernst Römer accused Otto Frank of editing and fabricating parts of the diary, citing the presence of ballpoint pen ink, which was not widely available in the 1940s. While a court initially ruled the diary authentic, a subsequent investigation by Hamburg's Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) seemingly supported the ballpoint pen claim. However, this theory has since been largely discredited. Further analysis revealed that ballpoint pen ink was found in only three instances: on two scraps of paper (whose content was never attributed to Anne's writing and likely belonged to Otto Frank's notes) and in the page numbers, which were also likely added by Otto Frank during the organization of the manuscripts.

Copyright & Legacy

The Anne Frank Fonds

Otto Frank, in his will, bequeathed the original manuscripts of Anne's diary to the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. However, the copyright and its associated rights were assigned to the Anne Frank Fonds, a foundation based in Basel, Switzerland. Established as Frank's sole inheritor after his death in 1980, the Fonds is dedicated to the preservation and publication of the diary, ensuring its legacy continues to educate and inspire.

Expiration and Public Access

Under European Union copyright law, authors' rights generally expire seventy years after their death. Consequently, the copyright for the original Dutch version of the diary, first published in 1947, entered the public domain on January 1, 2016. This milestone allowed the original Dutch text to be freely distributed online by entities such as the University of Nantes and former French Parliament member Isabelle Attard, fostering broader access to this crucial historical document.

Authorship Debates

In 2015, the Anne Frank Fonds controversially announced that the 1947 edition of the diary was co-authored by Otto Frank. According to Yves Kugelmann, a board member, Otto's extensive editing, merging, and trimming of Anne's entries, reshaping them into a "kind of collage," constituted a new work, thus creating a new copyright. This move was widely perceived as an attempt to extend the copyright term beyond the 2016 expiration. Intellectual property lawyer Agnès Tricoire criticized this, stating, "If you follow their arguments, it means that they have lied for years about the fact that it was only written by Anne Frank." Critics like Isabelle Attard and Olivier Ertzscheid viewed it as a "question of money," emphasizing that the diary "belongs to everyone."

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References

Court of Amsterdam, 23 December 2015, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2015:9312

Hyman Aaron Enzer, Sandra Solotaroff-Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections on Her Life and Legacy (2000), p. 136

How We've Used Anne Frank â KERA-FM Think! interview

A full list of references for this article are available at the The Diary of a Young Girl Wikipedia page

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This is not professional historical or literary advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting primary sources, scholarly articles, or engaging with qualified historians and literary critics for specific research or understanding. Always refer to reputable academic institutions and publications for definitive information on historical events and literary works. Never disregard professional academic guidance because of something you have read on this website.

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A Young Voice in the Shadows

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

✍️ A Personal Chronicle

🌍 Global Impact and Legacy

⚖️ Copyright and Public Domain

Life in Hiding 🏠

🎁 The Diary's Genesis

🔒 The Secret Annex

💔 Discovery and Tragic End

Diary Structure 📝

💌 Addressing 'Kitty'

💡 Literary Aspirations and Revisions

📚 The Manuscript's Journey

Anne's Narrative 💬

💖 Personal Reflections

👁️ Observations from Confinement

🌱 Evolving Relationships

Publication Journey 📚

👨‍👧 Otto Frank's Stewardship

📰 Early Reception and Dutch Publication

🌐 Global Translations and Adaptations

Controversy ⚖️

🤫 Censored Material

🎭 The "Dirty Jokes" Revelation

🚫 Bans and Vandalism

Authenticity ✅

🔬 Forensic Validation

✍️ Handwriting and Materials

debunked The Ballpoint Pen Theory

Copyright & Legacy ©️

🏛️ The Anne Frank Fonds

🗓️ Expiration and Public Access

✍️ Authorship Debates

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Personal Chronicle

Global Impact and Legacy

Copyright and Public Domain

Life in Hiding

The Diary's Genesis

The Secret Annex

Discovery and Tragic End

Diary Structure

Addressing 'Kitty'

Literary Aspirations and Revisions

The Manuscript's Journey

Anne's Narrative

Personal Reflections

Observations from Confinement

Evolving Relationships

Publication Journey

Otto Frank's Stewardship

Early Reception and Dutch Publication

Global Translations and Adaptations

Controversy

Censored Material

The "Dirty Jokes" Revelation

Bans and Vandalism

Authenticity

Forensic Validation

Handwriting and Materials

The Ballpoint Pen Theory

Copyright & Legacy

The Anne Frank Fonds

Expiration and Public Access

Authorship Debates

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice