Who was Thomas Bradley, and what were his primary roles and achievements?

Thomas Bradley, born December 29, 1917, and died September 29, 1998, was an American politician, athlete, police officer, and lawyer. He served as the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993, becoming the city's first Black mayor, first liberal mayor, and its longest-serving mayor. His tenure transformed Los Angeles from a conservative, white-dominated city into a liberal, multiracial one.

What were Tom Bradley's key distinctions as Mayor of Los Angeles?

Tom Bradley held several significant distinctions during his time as Mayor of Los Angeles. He was the first African American to hold the office, the first liberal mayor, and served the longest tenure of any mayor in the city's history, spanning 20 years. His administration also appointed more women and people of color to political positions than all his predecessors combined.

Describe Tom Bradley's early life and family background.

Tom Bradley was born in Calvert, Texas, to Lee Thomas and Crenner Bradley, who were poor sharecroppers. His grandfather had been enslaved. The family later moved to Arizona to pick cotton and then to Los Angeles in 1924 during the Great Migration. In Los Angeles, his father worked as a Santa Fe Railroad porter, and his mother was a maid.

What was Tom Bradley's educational background and early athletic career?

Bradley attended public schools in Los Angeles, including Polytechnic High School, where he excelled in sports and was elected president of the Boys League. He then attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) on an athletic scholarship, where he captained the track team and played football. While at UCLA, he also worked as a photographer for comedian Jimmy Durante.

What led Tom Bradley to join the Los Angeles Police Department and what were his experiences there?

After graduating from UCLA, Bradley joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 1940. He became one of the few Black officers in a predominantly white department. During his time as an officer, he encountered significant racism, including being denied credit at downtown department stores and refused service at restaurants. He noted that Black officers were restricted to specific assignments, such as Newton Street Division or downtown traffic, and could not work alongside white officers until 1964.

How did Tom Bradley transition from law enforcement to law practice?

While still serving as a police officer, Tom Bradley attended Southwestern University Law School. After retiring from the LAPD, he began his practice as a lawyer. Later in his career, after leaving the office of mayor in 1993, he joined the law offices of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, focusing on international trade issues.

What was Tom Bradley's initial involvement in politics?

Tom Bradley's entry into politics began when he became president of the United Club, an organization affiliated with the California Democratic Council. This council was a liberal reform group active in the 1950s. His involvement with this group, which included many white liberals and Jewish members, marked the beginning of the multiracial coalition that would later support his electoral successes.

When was Tom Bradley first elected to the Los Angeles City Council, and what was the significance of this election?

Tom Bradley was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in April 1963, representing the 10th District. This election was significant as he became the first African-American elected to the City Council. He won both the election for the unexpired term and the subsequent election for a full four-year term.

What was Tom Bradley's stance on social issues during his early political career on the City Council?

During his time on the City Council, Bradley voted against a proposed study of the Dictionary of American Slang, which some council members deemed offensive. He also expressed a desire to establish a human relations commission for the city, viewing his position on the council as an opportunity to unite different community groups.

When did Tom Bradley first run for Mayor of Los Angeles, and what were the key factors in that election?

Tom Bradley first challenged incumbent Mayor Sam Yorty in the nonpartisan mayoral election of 1969. Despite endorsements, including from the Los Angeles Times, Bradley narrowly lost to Yorty. Yorty's campaign tactics questioned Bradley's credibility on crime and portrayed him as a threat to the city, appealing to racial anxieties among some voters, which made even liberal white voters hesitant to support Bradley.

How did Tom Bradley eventually unseat Sam Yorty to become Mayor of Los Angeles?

Tom Bradley successfully unseated Sam Yorty in the 1973 mayoral election. Four years after his initial challenge, Bradley defeated the incumbent. Powerful downtown business interests, initially opposed to Bradley, eventually supported him, particularly after the passage of a 1974 redevelopment plan that included business leaders on influential committees and led to the development of skyscrapers in the Bunker Hill financial district.

What was the nature of Tom Bradley's political coalition that helped him win elections?

Tom Bradley's political coalition was built on a foundation of liberal African Americans and liberal white Americans, notably Jewish Americans. This base expanded over time to include liberal and moderate whites, Latinos, and Asian Americans. This diverse coalition was instrumental in transforming Los Angeles from a conservative city to a more liberal and multiracial one.

How long did Tom Bradley serve as Mayor of Los Angeles, and whom did he surpass in tenure?

Tom Bradley served as Mayor of Los Angeles for 20 years, from 1973 to 1993. This extended tenure surpassed that of Fletcher Bowron, who previously held the record for the longest service as mayor.

What were some of Mayor Bradley's key contributions to Los Angeles's development and infrastructure?

As mayor, Bradley contributed to the city's financial growth by fostering the development of satellite business hubs like Century City and Warner Center. He was a strong advocate for public transit, driving the construction of Los Angeles's light rail network, and also pushed for the expansion of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), leading to the development of its current terminals, including the one named in his honor.

Did Tom Bradley ever consider a role in national politics?

Yes, Tom Bradley was considered for national office. He was offered a cabinet-level position in President Jimmy Carter's administration, which he declined. Additionally, in 1984, Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale considered Bradley as a finalist for the vice presidential nomination.

What was the significance of the 1984 Summer Olympics for Los Angeles under Mayor Bradley?

Under Mayor Tom Bradley's leadership, Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics, which became the first profitable Olympic Games in history. This event also coincided with Los Angeles becoming the second-most-populated city in the U.S. that same year.

How did Mayor Bradley's political philosophy evolve during his tenure?

Initially a political liberal, Mayor Bradley believed that business prosperity was beneficial for the city and job creation. However, as challenges like traffic congestion, pollution, and threats to residential neighborhoods grew, and following the Reagan Revolution's impact on federal funding, he adopted a more business-oriented approach during his later terms.

Who were Mayor Bradley's primary political opponents during his time in office?

Mayor Tom Bradley's main political opponents were Sam Yorty, whom he defeated in two mayoral elections, and Daryl Gates, the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Bradley's administration also saw several instances of budget cuts to the LAPD.

What led to a decline in Mayor Bradley's political strength in his later terms?

Several factors contributed to a decline in Mayor Bradley's political strength in his later years. These included worsening traffic congestion, air pollution, and environmental issues like the condition of Santa Monica Bay. His support for a controversial oil drilling project near the Pacific Palisades and his reluctance to condemn Louis Farrakhan also drew criticism. Furthermore, the aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the loss of key supporters on the City Council signaled a shift in public sentiment.

When and why did Tom Bradley decide not to seek a sixth term as Mayor?

Tom Bradley chose to leave office in 1993 rather than seek election to a sixth term. His approval ratings had dropped significantly following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, and his opponent in the 1989 election, Nate Holden, had managed to capture a substantial portion of the vote, indicating a waning of Bradley's political dominance.

What were Tom Bradley's gubernatorial campaigns, and what is the 'Bradley effect'?

Tom Bradley ran for Governor of California twice, in 1982 and 1986, losing both times to Republican George Deukmejian. His narrow and unexpected loss in the 1982 election, despite leading in polls, gave rise to the term 'Bradley effect.' This term describes the phenomenon where voters tell pollsters they will vote for a Black candidate but then vote for their white opponent in the actual election.

How was Tom Bradley recognized for his service and achievements?

Tom Bradley received numerous accolades throughout his career. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Whittier College in 1976, the Olympic Order in silver in 1984, and the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP in 1985. Additionally, the Tom Bradley International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airport and a Metro Rail station are named in his honor. A 1993 panel ranked him as the third-best mayor in the U.S. since 1960.

What were the circumstances surrounding Tom Bradley's death?

Tom Bradley experienced several health issues in his later years, including a heart attack in 1996 requiring bypass surgery, and a stroke. He was admitted to a hospital in West Los Angeles for gout treatment in September 1998. He suffered another heart attack on September 29, 1998, and passed away at the age of 80. His body lay in state at the Los Angeles Convention Center before burial at Inglewood Park Cemetery.

What is the legacy of Tom Bradley's political coalition?

Tom Bradley's political coalition, initially formed by liberal African Americans and white liberals (particularly Jewish Americans), evolved to include Latinos and Asian Americans. This coalition was credited with transforming Los Angeles from a conservative, white-dominated city into a more liberal and multiracial metropolis, marking a significant shift in the city's political landscape.

What was the outcome of the 1982 California gubernatorial election for Tom Bradley?

In the 1982 California gubernatorial election, Tom Bradley lost to Republican George Deukmejian by approximately 100,000 votes, or about 1.2% of the total votes cast. This close race, where Bradley had led in pre-election polls, led to the coining of the term 'Bradley effect'.

What is the 'Bradley effect' and how did it originate?

The 'Bradley effect' is a term that originated from Tom Bradley's narrow loss in the 1982 California gubernatorial election. It refers to the tendency for voters to express support for a Black candidate in polls but then vote for a white opponent in the actual election, suggesting a hidden racial bias in voting behavior.

What role did Tom Bradley play in the development of public transportation in Los Angeles?

Tom Bradley was a strong proponent of public transit throughout his political career. As mayor, he was a driving force behind the creation of the Los Angeles Metro light rail network, which began construction in 1990, and he had sought to build a comprehensive rail system since his election in 1973.

How did Tom Bradley's relationship with the LAPD evolve, particularly concerning Chief Daryl Gates?

Tom Bradley, having served as an LAPD officer himself, had a complex relationship with the department, especially with Chief Daryl Gates. While Bradley was lauded for running the 1984 Olympics, he also cut LAPD funding several times and was unable to reform the department despite his opposition to Gates. The 1992 Los Angeles riots led to the resignation of Gates, and Bradley's approval ratings declined following the unrest.

What is the significance of the Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX?

The Tom Bradley International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is named in honor of Tom Bradley. Its opening occurred shortly before the 1984 Summer Olympics, symbolizing his contributions to the city's infrastructure and international profile.

What were Tom Bradley's affiliations with fraternal organizations?

Tom Bradley was a member of Prince Hall Freemasonry, a fraternal organization with a significant history within the African American community.

How did the 'Great Migration' influence Tom Bradley's family?

Tom Bradley's family was part of the Great Migration, the large-scale movement of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to urban centers. His family moved from Texas to Los Angeles in 1924 seeking better opportunities, where his father found work as a railroad porter and his mother as a maid.

What was Tom Bradley's stance on business development during his mayoralty?

Mayor Bradley believed that business prosperity was beneficial for the entire city, as it could generate jobs. This outlook aligned with that of his successor, Richard Riordan. For much of his administration, this approach was supported, but later in his tenure, concerns about traffic, pollution, and commercial development in residential areas led to shifts in public opinion.

What awards did Tom Bradley receive for his contributions?

Tom Bradley received several notable awards, including an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Whittier College (1976), the Olympic Order in silver (1984), and the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP (1985). He was also recognized by historians and experts for his mayoral service.

How did Tom Bradley's mayoral archives contribute to historical preservation?

Tom Bradley's mayoral archives are held at UCLA, specifically within the UCLA Library Special Collections. These archives contain extensive records from his administration, providing valuable resources for researchers studying Los Angeles history, politics, and the civil rights movement.

What was the nature of the political disagreements between Tom Bradley and Mervyn Dymally?

Early in Tom Bradley's political career, his alignment with the liberal California Democratic Council put him at odds with other African American leaders, such as Mervyn Dymally. Dymally, a former Lieutenant Governor and U.S. Representative, was associated with the political organization of Jesse M. Unruh, indicating different political factions and strategies within the Black community at the time.

What was Tom Bradley's role in the National League of Cities?

Tom Bradley served as the 47th President of the National League of Cities in 1974. This position involved leading a national organization representing municipal governments across the United States.

What were the key policy areas Tom Bradley focused on during his mayoralty?

Mayor Bradley focused on several key policy areas during his 20-year tenure. These included fostering economic development through business hubs, promoting public transit with the development of the Metro rail system, expanding Los Angeles International Airport, and appointing diverse individuals to political positions. He also aimed to bridge racial divides and create a more inclusive city.

How did the 1992 Los Angeles riots impact Tom Bradley's political standing?

The 1992 Los Angeles riots significantly impacted Mayor Bradley's political standing. His approval ratings declined following the unrest, which also led to the resignation of his longtime rival, LAPD Chief Daryl Gates. This period marked a challenging time towards the end of his long mayoral career.

What is the historical significance of Tom Bradley's election as Mayor of Los Angeles?

Tom Bradley's election as Mayor of Los Angeles in 1973 was historically significant as he was the first African American to hold the office. His victory and subsequent terms marked a major shift in the city's political landscape, transforming it from a predominantly conservative, white-dominated city to a more liberal and multiracial one.

What was Tom Bradley's approach to addressing racism within the LAPD?

While serving as an LAPD officer, Bradley experienced firsthand the racism prevalent in the department, noting segregated assignments and discriminatory practices. Although he became mayor and appointed more diverse officials, the text indicates he cut LAPD funding several times but was unable to fully reform the department, even with his opponent Daryl Gates as Chief.

What was Tom Bradley's involvement with the California Democratic Council?

Tom Bradley's political career began with his involvement in the California Democratic Council, a liberal reform group. He served as president of the United Club, which was part of this council. This affiliation helped him build a coalition that included liberal white voters and Jewish Americans, laying the groundwork for his future political success.

How did Tom Bradley's mayoral administration contribute to the development of Los Angeles's business districts?

Mayor Bradley's administration played a role in developing key business districts in Los Angeles. He is credited with helping to develop satellite business hubs at Century City and Warner Center. Additionally, his support for redevelopment plans, such as the one for the Bunker Hill financial district, spurred the construction of numerous skyscrapers.

What was the context of Tom Bradley's 1984 vice-presidential consideration?

In 1984, Tom Bradley was considered by Walter Mondale, the Democratic presidential nominee, as a potential running mate for the vice presidency. However, the nomination ultimately went to U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro of Queens, New York.

What were Tom Bradley's views on environmental issues during his mayoralty?

While Mayor Bradley initially focused on economic growth, later in his tenure, concerns about environmental issues like worsening air pollution and the condition of Santa Monica Bay began to impact public perception and his political standing. These issues, alongside traffic congestion, contributed to a decline in his support.

What is the significance of the Theodore Roosevelt Award given to Tom Bradley?

Tom Bradley received the Theodore Roosevelt Award in 1977. This award is presented by the NCAA to individuals who have demonstrated exemplary character and achievement in athletics and public service, recognizing his contributions beyond his political career.

What was Tom Bradley's connection to the Spingarn Medal?

Tom Bradley was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1985 by the NAACP. This prestigious award is given annually to an African American who has achieved the highest and most noble accomplishments in any field of endeavor, recognizing his significant contributions and achievements.

How did Tom Bradley's early experiences with racism shape his political career?

Tom Bradley's experiences with racism, both as an LAPD officer and in his personal life (like needing a white intermediary to buy a house), deeply influenced his political career. These experiences fueled his commitment to creating a more inclusive and equitable Los Angeles, driving his efforts to build a multiracial coalition and appoint diverse individuals to public office.

What was the outcome of Tom Bradley's two gubernatorial campaigns?

Tom Bradley ran for Governor of California twice, in 1982 and 1986. He lost both elections to the Republican candidate, George Deukmejian. These campaigns were notable as he was the first African American to lead a gubernatorial ticket in California.

What is the historical context of Tom Bradley's family migrating to Los Angeles?

Tom Bradley's family migrated to Los Angeles in 1924 as part of the Great Migration, a significant demographic shift where African Americans moved from the rural South to urban areas. This move was driven by the search for better economic opportunities and escape from the harsh realities of sharecropping and racial discrimination prevalent in the post-Reconstruction South.

Tom Bradley Mayor Wiki: Tom Bradley: Architect of a New Los Angeles

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Introduction

A Transformative Mayor

Thomas Bradley (December 29, 1917 – September 29, 1998) served as the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993. A member of the Democratic Party, he holds the distinction of being Los Angeles' first African American mayor, its first liberal mayor, and its longest-serving mayor. His tenure marked a significant shift in the city's political landscape, transforming it from a predominantly conservative, white-dominated city into a more liberal and multiracial metropolis.

Path to Leadership

Bradley's journey began with athletic achievements at UCLA, followed by a career in the Los Angeles Police Department. Disillusioned by the prevalent racism within the LAPD, he pursued a law degree and entered private practice. His political career commenced with his election to the Los Angeles City Council in 1963, where he became the first African American member. This paved the way for his historic mayoral campaigns.

Enduring Legacy

Throughout his 20 years as mayor, Bradley was renowned for his work ethic and his ability to build broad coalitions. He championed public transit, oversaw the successful and profitable 1984 Summer Olympics, and appointed a diverse range of individuals to political positions, reflecting the city's evolving demographics. His influence extended beyond Los Angeles, notably through his gubernatorial campaigns and the political phenomenon known as the "Bradley effect."

Early Life and Education

Humble Beginnings

Born in Calvert, Texas, on December 29, 1917, Thomas Bradley's early life was shaped by poverty and the systemic challenges of the Jim Crow South. His parents, Lee Thomas and Crenner Bradley, were sharecroppers. The family's move to Los Angeles in 1924 as part of the Great Migration was driven by the search for better opportunities. His grandfather had experienced enslavement, underscoring the deep historical context of his family's journey.

Academic and Athletic Pursuits

Bradley attended public schools in Los Angeles, excelling both academically and athletically. At Polytechnic High School, he broke racial barriers by being elected president of the Boys League and inducted into the Ephebians honor society. He continued his education at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) on an athletic scholarship, where he captained the track team and played football. During his college years, he also worked various jobs, including as a photographer for entertainer Jimmy Durante.

Transition to Law

Upon graduating from UCLA, Bradley joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 1940. He noted the significant racial segregation and discrimination within the department, where Black officers were often relegated to specific divisions or roles. This experience, coupled with the broader societal racism he encountered, including difficulties in purchasing a home in predominantly white neighborhoods, motivated him to pursue a legal career. He attended Southwestern University Law School while serving as an officer and began his law practice after retiring from the LAPD.

Early Career and Politics

Legal Practice and Civic Engagement

After retiring from the LAPD, Bradley established his law practice. His early political involvement began within the California Democratic Council, a reformist organization. This affiliation marked the start of building a coalition that would later prove instrumental in his electoral successes, drawing support from liberal African Americans, Jewish Americans, and other minority groups.

City Council Tenure

In 1963, Bradley was elected to the Los Angeles City Council representing the 10th District, becoming the first African American to hold this position. His election was a significant milestone in the city's political history. During his council tenure, he advocated for social reforms, including the establishment of a human relations commission, and often found himself at odds with more conservative elements within the city government and law enforcement.

First Mayoral Bid

In 1969, Bradley launched his first campaign for Mayor of Los Angeles, challenging the incumbent conservative Democrat Sam Yorty. Despite endorsements from influential sources like the Los Angeles Times and a lead in early polls, Bradley narrowly lost the election. Yorty's campaign employed tactics that highlighted racial tensions and questioned Bradley's stance on crime, contributing to a hesitancy among some liberal white voters. This experience underscored the racial dynamics at play in Los Angeles politics.

Mayoral Tenure and Achievements

Unseating Yorty and Transforming LA

In 1973, Bradley successfully unseated Sam Yorty, becoming the first liberal and first African American mayor of Los Angeles. His election signaled a pivotal shift, moving the city towards a more liberal and multiracial political identity. He was subsequently re-elected by substantial margins in 1977, 1981, and 1985, solidifying his influence.

Economic and Infrastructure Development

Bradley's administration focused on significant urban development. He was a key proponent of public transportation, driving the creation of the Los Angeles Metro light rail system. He also supported the expansion of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), leading to the development of its modern terminals, including the Tom Bradley International Terminal named in his honor. His administration fostered business growth, contributing to the development of commercial hubs like Century City and Warner Center.

Olympic Success and Civic Pride

A major highlight of Bradley's tenure was presiding over the 1984 Summer Olympics. Los Angeles became the first city to host the Games profitably, a remarkable financial achievement that boosted civic pride and showcased the city's capabilities on a global stage. During his time as mayor, Los Angeles also surpassed New York City to become the second-most-populated city in the United States.

Diverse Appointments and Governance

Reflecting his commitment to inclusivity, Mayor Bradley appointed more women and people of color to political positions than all his predecessors combined. He was known for his diligent work ethic and his ability to bridge diverse communities, fostering a more representative government.

Gubernatorial Campaigns and the Bradley Effect

Bids for Governor

Bradley made two attempts to become Governor of California, in 1982 and 1986. As the first African American to head a gubernatorial ticket in California, his campaigns were historically significant. However, he lost both elections to Republican George Deukmejian.

The Bradley Effect

The extremely close and unexpected loss in the 1982 gubernatorial election, which defied pre-election polls, gave rise to the term "the Bradley effect." This phenomenon describes the tendency for voters to express support for a minority candidate in polls but then vote for a white opponent in the privacy of the voting booth, often attributed to subconscious racial bias.

Waning Influence

In his final term as mayor, Bradley's political strength began to decline. Factors contributing to this included growing concerns over traffic congestion and pollution, his controversial support for an oil drilling project, and his reluctance to strongly condemn controversial figures. The 1992 Los Angeles riots also impacted his approval ratings, leading to the resignation of his rival, LAPD Chief Daryl Gates. Bradley chose not to seek a sixth term, retiring in 1993.

Death and Legacy

Final Years and Passing

After leaving office, Bradley continued to be involved in public life, joining a law firm and focusing on international trade. He experienced health issues, including a heart attack and stroke. Thomas Bradley passed away on September 29, 1998, at the age of 80. His body lay in state at the Los Angeles Convention Center, and he was interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery.

Recognition and Rankings

Bradley's impact on Los Angeles was widely recognized. He received numerous accolades, including the Olympic Order in silver and the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. A 1993 survey of historians and urban experts ranked him as the third-best mayor in the United States since 1960 and among the top nine best mayors in American history. Institutions like the Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX and the Tom and Ethel Bradley Center at California State University, Northridge, stand as testaments to his enduring legacy.

Shaping Modern Los Angeles

Mayor Bradley's leadership fundamentally reshaped Los Angeles, guiding it through a period of significant demographic and political change. He fostered a more inclusive political environment, championed crucial infrastructure projects, and left an indelible mark on the city's development and identity. His legacy continues to influence discussions on urban governance, race, and political representation in American cities.

References

Sources

The information presented on this page is derived from publicly available data, primarily the Wikipedia article on Tom Bradley.

Jane Fritsch, "Tom Bradley, Mayor in Era of Los Angeles Growth, Dies" New York Times
Jean Merl and Bill Boyarsky, "Mayor Who Reshaped L.A. Dies" Los Angeles Times
Isabel Wilkerson, "The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration" Smithsonian Magazine
KCET, "May 1973 – Tom Bradley Elected L.A. Mayor; 1st black Mayor of a Major U.S. City"
Richard Bergholz, "Tough Job Confronts Negro Councilman" Los Angeles Times
Jean Merl, Bill Boyarksy, "From the Archives: Mayor Who Reshaped L.A. Dies" Los Angeles Times
Ethan N. Elkind, Railtown: The Fight for the Los Angeles Metro Rail and the Future of the City
Jimmy Carter, "Los Angeles, California Remarks at Dedication Ceremonies for La Placita de Dolores de Los Angeles" American Presidency Project
TIME Magazine, "Fighting the Last War"
JoinCalifornia Election Archives
Melvin G. Holli, The American Mayor
Melvin G. Holli, "American Mayors: The Best and the Worst since 1960" Social Science Quarterly
Whittier College, Honorary Degrees
NAACP Spingarn Medal Winners
UCLA Newsroom, "Former mayor and UCLA alumnus Tom Bradley focus of new online archive"
CSUN, Tom & Ethel Bradley Center
Online Archive of California, Finding Aid for the Mayor Tom Bradley Administration papers
John M. Allswang, "Tom Bradley of Los Angeles." Southern California Quarterly
Sharon D. Wright Austin and Richard T. Middleton IV, "'The Limitations of the Deracialization Concept in the 2001 Los Angeles Mayoral Election'" Political Research Quarterly
Mike Davis and Jon Wiener, Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties
Joan Didion, "Letter from Los Angeles" The New Yorker
Byran Jackson, "Black political power in the City of Angels: An analysis of Mayor Tom Bradley's electoral success."
James A. Regalado, "Organized labor and Los Angeles city politics: An assessment in the Bradley years, 1973–1989." Urban Affairs Quarterly
Tribute to Bradley by Dianne Feinstein
Tom Bradley at IMDb
Raphael Sonenshein, "The Bradley Effect"
Bridging the Divide: Tom Bradley and the Politics of Race documentary
C-SPAN appearances
UCLA Library Special Collections, Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive

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References

"12 Apply for Navarro City Council seat," Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1961, page 21Library card required

"New Councilman," Los Angeles Times, August 26, 1961, page 13Library card required

"Complete Returns," Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1963, page 2Library card required

"First Negro Elected to City Council Sworn In," Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1963, page A-2Library card required

"Council Asks Dictionary of Slang Study," Los Angeles Times, June 21, 1963, page A-1Library card required

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A full list of references for this article are available at the Tom Bradley (mayor) Wikipedia page

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Tom Bradley: Architect of a New Los Angeles

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction 🌟

🏛️ A Transformative Mayor

⚖️ Path to Leadership

🏆 Enduring Legacy

Early Life and Education 🎓

👶 Humble Beginnings

🏫 Academic and Athletic Pursuits

👮 Transition to Law

Early Career and Politics 💼

⚖️ Legal Practice and Civic Engagement

🏛️ City Council Tenure

🗣️ First Mayoral Bid

Mayoral Tenure and Achievements 🏙️

🔑 Unseating Yorty and Transforming LA

📈 Economic and Infrastructure Development

🏅 Olympic Success and Civic Pride

🤝 Diverse Appointments and Governance

Gubernatorial Campaigns and the Bradley Effect 🗳️

🏃 Bids for Governor

❓ The Bradley Effect

📉 Waning Influence

Death and Legacy 🌳

🎗️ Final Years and Passing

⭐ Recognition and Rankings

🌍 Shaping Modern Los Angeles

References 📚

🔗 Sources

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

A Transformative Mayor

Path to Leadership

Enduring Legacy

Early Life and Education

Humble Beginnings

Academic and Athletic Pursuits

Transition to Law

Early Career and Politics

Legal Practice and Civic Engagement

City Council Tenure

First Mayoral Bid

Mayoral Tenure and Achievements

Unseating Yorty and Transforming LA

Economic and Infrastructure Development

Olympic Success and Civic Pride

Diverse Appointments and Governance

Gubernatorial Campaigns and the Bradley Effect

Bids for Governor

The Bradley Effect

Waning Influence

Death and Legacy

Final Years and Passing

Recognition and Rankings

Shaping Modern Los Angeles

References

Sources

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice