What are the various names by which the 1921 agreement between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey is known?

The 1921 agreement between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey is known by several names, including the Ankara Agreement, the Accord of Ankara, the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement, and the Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara. In Turkish, it is called Ankara Antlaşması, and in French, Traité d'Ankara.

When and where was the Treaty of Ankara (1921) officially signed?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) was signed on 20 October 1921, in Ankara, a city also historically referred to as Angora.

Which two main entities were the signatories of the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) was signed between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, representing the emerging Turkish state.

Who were the specific individuals who signed the Treaty of Ankara (1921) on behalf of their respective parties?

The specific individuals who signed the Treaty of Ankara (1921) were French diplomat Henry Franklin-Bouillon and Turkish foreign minister Yusuf Kemal Bey.

What was the primary conflict that the Treaty of Ankara (1921) brought to an end?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) served to officially end the Franco-Turkish War, a conflict that was part of the broader Turkish War of Independence.

What were the key territorial concessions made by France as per the terms of the Ankara Agreement?

Based on the terms of the Ankara Agreement, France acknowledged the end of the Franco-Turkish War and ceded large areas of land to Turkey.

What did the Turkish government acknowledge in return for the concessions made by France in the 1921 treaty?

In return for France's concessions, the Turkish government acknowledged French imperial sovereignty over the French Mandate of Syria. Imperial sovereignty refers to the supreme authority and control exercised by a colonial power over a territory.

Were all French military units in Turkey impacted by the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

No, other French units remaining in Turkey were not affected by the treaty, in exchange for economic concessions granted by Turkey.

When and where was the Treaty of Ankara (1921) formally recorded for international recognition?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) was formally registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 30 August 1926. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

How did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) modify the Syria-Turkey border previously established by the Treaty of Sèvres?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) altered the Syria-Turkey border, which had been defined by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, to Turkey's advantage, ceding significant portions of the Aleppo and Adana vilayets to Turkish control. A vilayet was a major administrative division in the Ottoman Empire.

Which specific cities and districts were transferred to Turkey from the Aleppo and Adana vilayets under the treaty?

From west to east, the cities and districts of Adana, Osmaniye, Marash, Aintab, Kilis, Urfa, Mardin, Nusaybin, and Jazirat ibn Umar (also known as Cizre) were consequently ceded to Turkey.

Describe the initial segment of the new border, from the Mediterranean Sea to Al-Rai, as outlined in the Treaty of Ankara (1921).

The new border was defined to run from the Mediterranean Sea, immediately south of Payas, extending to Meidan Ekbis, which was to remain within Syria. It would then curve southeast, passing between Marsova (Mersawa) in Syria's Sharran district and Karnaba and Kilis in Turkey, before connecting with the Baghdad Railway at Al-Rai.

How was the Baghdad Railway incorporated into the border demarcation between Al-Rai and Nusaybin by the treaty?

From Al-Rai, the border was to follow the Baghdad Railway track to Nusaybin. The border itself would be on the Syrian side of the track, ensuring that the railway track remained within Turkish territory. The Baghdad Railway was a significant infrastructure project connecting Berlin to Baghdad.

What was the border definition for the segment between Nusaybin and Jazirat ibn Umar (Cizre)?

From Nusaybin, the border was to follow the old road to Jazirat ibn Umar. This road was designated to be in Turkish territory, although both Turkey and Syria were granted permission to use it.

What special administrative provisions were made for the Sanjak of Alexandretta in Syria?

The Sanjak of Alexandretta, an administrative district in Syria, was granted a special administrative status. This included official recognition of the Turkish language and provisions aimed at supporting the cultural development of its Turkish inhabitants.

Why did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) include specific provisions for the Turkish inhabitants of the Sanjak of Alexandretta?

The treaty included special provisions for the Turkish inhabitants of the Sanjak of Alexandretta because they constituted the largest single ethnoreligious group within that region.

What did Article 9 of the Treaty of Ankara (1921) specifically state regarding the Tomb of Suleyman Shah?

Article 9 of the treaty stipulated that the Tomb of Suleyman Shah, along with its associated properties, would remain under Turkish ownership. Turkey was also granted the right to appoint guardians for the tomb and to display the Turkish flag there.

Who was Suleyman Shah, whose burial place was given special status in the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

Suleyman Shah was the grandfather of Osman I, who is recognized as the founder of the Ottoman Empire. His tomb held significant historical and cultural importance.

How was the annulment of French claims over Turkish land, resulting from the Treaty of Ankara (1921), later formally recognized?

The annulment of French claims over Turkish land, which was a consequence of the Treaty of Ankara (1921), was later officially recognized in the Armistice of Mudanya. An armistice is a formal agreement by warring parties to cease hostilities.

Which subsequent major treaty confirmed the new border established by the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

The new border established by the Treaty of Ankara (1921) was subsequently recognized and confirmed in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

What is depicted by the image caption Franco-Turkish Pact 1921 (Treaty of Ankara)?

The source material references a document titled Franco-Turkish Pact 1921, which is an alternative name for the Treaty of Ankara, indicating the formal agreement between France and Turkey.

What does the image caption Treaty of Sèvres border between Turkey and Syria, 1920 illustrate?

The source material illustrates the border between Turkey and Syria as it was initially defined in 1920 by the Treaty of Sèvres, a boundary that was later revised by the Treaty of Ankara (1921).

What does the image caption Northern Syrian Sanjaks ceded to Turkey by France in the Treaty of Ankara 1921 show?

The source material shows the Northern Syrian Sanjaks, which were administrative districts, that were transferred from French control to Turkey as a result of the Treaty of Ankara in 1921.

What was the broader historical context of the Treaty of Ankara (1921) within the Turkish War of Independence?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) was one of several crucial agreements made during the Turkish War of Independence, a period when the Turkish National Movement resisted the partition of the Ottoman Empire and sought to establish an independent Turkish state.

How did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) fit into the larger framework of post-World War I treaties?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) was part of the series of treaties that followed World War I, specifically addressing the redrawing of borders and political relationships in the Middle East after the initial Treaty of Sèvres.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Ankara (1921) being registered with the League of Nations?

The registration of the Treaty of Ankara (1921) in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 30 August 1926 underscored its international legal validity and recognition by the global body established to promote peace and prevent future conflicts.

What were the Aleppo and Adana vilayets in the context of the ceded territories?

The Aleppo and Adana vilayets were large administrative divisions, similar to provinces, within the former Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Ankara (1921) involved the cession of significant areas from these vilayets to Turkey.

What does the acknowledgment of French imperial sovereignty over the French Mandate of Syria signify?

The acknowledgment of French imperial sovereignty over the French Mandate of Syria signifies that Turkey recognized France's supreme authority and administrative control over Syria, which was a territory governed under a mandate system established by the League of Nations after World War I.

How did the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) relate to the subsequent Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) was an earlier agreement that initially defined the Syria-Turkey border. The Treaty of Ankara (1921) subsequently revised this border, granting Turkey more favorable territorial terms than the Sèvres treaty.

What was the Armistice of Mudanya's role in the context of the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

The Armistice of Mudanya was a ceasefire agreement that officially confirmed the annulment of French claims over Turkish land, building upon the territorial adjustments made by the Treaty of Ankara (1921).

What was the significance of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) in relation to the Ankara Agreement?

The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) was a comprehensive peace treaty that formally recognized the new border between Syria and Turkey, which had been established by the Ankara Agreement (1921), effectively replacing the earlier Treaty of Sèvres.

What was the implication of the provision for the cultural development of the Turkish inhabitants in Alexandretta?

The provision for the cultural development of the Turkish inhabitants in Alexandretta implied an effort to safeguard and promote the language, customs, and identity of the Turkish population within that region, acknowledging their demographic importance.

How did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) contribute to Turkey's territorial gains during its War of Independence?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) significantly contributed to Turkey's territorial gains by transferring large areas of the Aleppo and Adana vilayets from French control to Turkish sovereignty, thereby expanding the borders of the newly forming Turkish state.

What was the strategic importance of the Baghdad Railway in the border definition of the treaty?

The Baghdad Railway was a crucial transportation route. Its strategic importance in the treaty's border definition meant that a section of the railway itself was used as a boundary marker, with the track remaining in Turkish territory while the border ran alongside it on the Syrian side.

What was the symbolic importance of Turkey being allowed to hoist its flag at the Tomb of Suleyman Shah?

The ability for Turkey to hoist its flag at the Tomb of Suleyman Shah, despite its location in Syria, symbolized Turkey's enduring sovereignty and cultural connection to this historically significant site, reinforcing its national heritage and identity.

What does the inclusion of the Treaty of Ankara (1921) in the Treaties of Turkey navigation box indicate?

Its inclusion in the Treaties of Turkey navigation box indicates that the Treaty of Ankara (1921) is considered a pivotal diplomatic agreement and a foundational document in the establishment and history of the modern Turkish state.

What was the direct relationship between the Treaty of Ankara (1921) and the Franco-Turkish War?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) directly served as the peace agreement that concluded the Franco-Turkish War, a conflict between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

What was Henry Franklin-Bouillon's role in the negotiation and signing of the treaty?

Henry Franklin-Bouillon was the French diplomat who signed the Treaty of Ankara (1921), signifying his central role in representing France's interests and negotiating the terms of the agreement with the Turkish government.

What was Yusuf Kemal Bey's role in the negotiation and signing of the treaty?

Yusuf Kemal Bey was the Turkish foreign minister who signed the Treaty of Ankara (1921), indicating his crucial role in representing the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and securing the territorial and political gains for Turkey.

What does the term appurtenances refer to in the context of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah?

In the context of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah, appurtenances refers to the associated rights, properties, or structures that are connected with or belong to the tomb, all of which remained under Turkish ownership according to the treaty.

How did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) affect France's broader regional standing?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) led to France ceding substantial territories to Turkey and acknowledging the end of the Franco-Turkish War, which likely diminished France's direct territorial claims and military involvement in parts of Anatolia, while solidifying its mandate over Syria.

What political entity did the Grand National Assembly of Turkey represent at the time of the treaty's signing?

At the time of the treaty, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey represented the provisional government established by Turkish nationalists in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence, functioning as the de facto government of the emerging Turkish state, distinct from the Ottoman government in Istanbul.

What was the general geopolitical situation that led to the Franco-Turkish War and the subsequent Treaty of Ankara?

The geopolitical situation was characterized by the aftermath of World War I, the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the Allied powers' attempts to partition its territories, which provoked resistance from the Turkish National Movement and resulted in conflicts like the Franco-Turkish War.

In what ways did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) differ significantly from the Treaty of Sèvres regarding Turkish sovereignty?

The Treaty of Ankara (1921) differed significantly from the Treaty of Sèvres by granting Turkey greater territorial sovereignty and control over areas previously claimed by France, thereby effectively revising some of the more restrictive terms imposed on the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

What was the practical implication of both Turkey and Syria being allowed to use the old road between Nusaybin and Jazirat ibn Umar, even though it was in Turkish territory?

The practical implication of shared road usage, despite the road being in Turkish territory, suggests a pragmatic arrangement for maintaining cross-border access and facilitating trade or movement between the two regions, acknowledging their interconnectedness.

How did the Treaty of Ankara (1921) address France's economic interests in Turkey?

The treaty addressed France's economic interests by stipulating that other French units in Turkey would remain unaffected by the territorial cessions, in exchange for economic concessions granted by Turkey, indicating a continued French economic presence or influence in the region.

What was the broader context of the Partition of the Ottoman Empire that the Treaty of Ankara aimed to address?

The Partition of the Ottoman Empire referred to the division of the former Ottoman territories among the Allied powers after World War I. The Treaty of Ankara was a key part of the Turkish National Movement's efforts to resist this partition and establish a sovereign Turkish state with clearly defined borders.

What other significant treaties were concluded during the Turkish War of Independence, in addition to the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

Other significant treaties concluded during the Turkish War of Independence included the Treaty of Alexandropol (Gyumri), the Cilicia Peace Treaty, the Treaty of Moscow (1921), the Treaty of Kars, the Armistice of Mudanya, and the Treaty of Lausanne.

What is the significance of the Franco-Turkish agreement of Ankara being available in both French and English?

The availability of the Franco-Turkish agreement of Ankara in both French and English highlights its importance for international diplomacy and historical record-keeping, ensuring broader understanding and legal interpretation by both signatory nations and the wider international community.

What additional resources are provided by the external links for further understanding of the Treaty of Ankara (1921)?

The external links provide access to a Chronology 1921, offering a timeline of events, and the full text of the Franco-Turkish agreement of Ankara, allowing for detailed study and verification of its provisions.

Treaty Of Ankara 1921 Wiki: The Ankara Accord: Reshaping Post-War Geopolitics

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What is the Treaty?

A Pivotal Diplomatic Resolution

The Ankara Agreement, also known by several other names including the Accord of Ankara, the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement, or the Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara, represents a crucial diplomatic resolution. Signed on October 20, 1921, in the city of Ankara (then also known as Angora), this accord formally brought an end to the Franco-Turkish War, a significant conflict that emerged in the tumultuous period following World War I and the subsequent dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

Key Signatories and International Recognition

The treaty was formally executed by two principal representatives: Henry Franklin-Bouillon, a distinguished French diplomat acting on behalf of France, and Yusuf Kemal Bey, who served as the foreign minister for the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The international community acknowledged the treaty's legitimacy through its registration in the League of Nations Treaty Series on August 30, 1926. This registration underscored its formal acceptance within the international legal and diplomatic framework of the post-World War I era.

Context of Post-War Geopolitical Realignments

This agreement materialized during a period of intense geopolitical restructuring and territorial redefinition, particularly concerning the former territories of the Ottoman Empire. It marked a pivotal moment in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey's determined efforts to assert its sovereignty and establish its national borders, effectively challenging and revising the earlier, more stringent territorial impositions outlined in the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.

Core Provisions

Cessation of Hostilities and Territorial Cessions

A fundamental aspect of the Ankara Agreement was France's official acknowledgment of the conclusion of the Franco-Turkish War. A direct and significant outcome of this recognition was France's decision to cede substantial geographical areas to Turkey. This transfer of territory represented a major revision of the post-Ottoman arrangements. While certain other French military units remained stationed in Turkey, these territorial cessions were made in exchange for specific economic concessions granted by the Turkish government.

Affirmation of Mandate Sovereignty

In a reciprocal diplomatic move, the Turkish government formally recognized French imperial sovereignty over the French Mandate of Syria. This provision was of paramount importance to France, as it solidified its administrative control and legitimate authority over this strategically vital region, even as it relinquished direct claims over specific northern territories to Turkey.

A Pragmatic Balance of Interests

The treaty exemplifies a pragmatic and carefully negotiated balance between the competing interests of France and Turkey. France, by withdrawing from certain areas, successfully secured valuable economic advantages and formal international recognition of its Syrian mandate. Concurrently, Turkey regained significant territories and strengthened its position amidst the ongoing Turkish War of Independence, thereby effectively challenging and altering the territorial dictates of the Treaty of Sèvres.

Redrawing the Border

Significant Revision from Sèvres

One of the most profound consequences of the Ankara Agreement was the fundamental alteration of the Syria–Turkey border. This boundary had been initially established by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, but the 1921 accord introduced significant changes. This revision unequivocally favored Turkey, leading to the cession of extensive areas from the former Ottoman vilayets of Aleppo and Adana to Turkish control.

The following strategically important cities and districts were consequently transferred to Turkish sovereignty:

Adana
Osmaniye
Marash
Aintab
Kilis
Urfa
Mardin
Nusaybin
Jazirat ibn Umar (modern Cizre)

Detailed Demarcation of the New Line

The treaty meticulously outlined the precise trajectory of the newly established border. It commenced from the Mediterranean Sea, positioned immediately south of Payas, and extended eastward to Meidan Ekbis, which was explicitly designated to remain within Syrian territory. From Meidan Ekbis, the border was designed to curve towards the southeast, passing distinctly between Marsova (located in Syria's Sharran district) and the towns of Karnaba and Kilis (situated within Turkey).

Further to the east, the border was stipulated to intersect with the Baghdad Railway at Al-Rai. It would then meticulously follow the railway track to Nusaybin, with a critical provision: the border itself would lie on the Syrian side of the track, thereby ensuring that the railway infrastructure remained within Turkish territory. From Nusaybin, the demarcation continued along the historic old road leading to Jazirat ibn Umar. Similar to the railway, this road was also designated as Turkish territory, although the agreement explicitly granted both Turkey and Syria the right to utilize it.

Special Status

The Sanjak of Alexandretta's Unique Position

A particularly significant and forward-looking provision of the Ankara Agreement pertained to the Sanjak of Alexandretta, a region that corresponds to modern-day Hatay Province. Although geographically situated within the French Mandate of Syria, this area was accorded a unique and special administrative status. This arrangement was a direct response to its distinct demographic composition and its considerable strategic importance in the region.

Safeguarding Cultural and Linguistic Rights

To address and accommodate the substantial Turkish population within the Sanjak, which at the time constituted the largest single ethnoreligious group, the treaty explicitly mandated the official recognition of the Turkish language. Beyond linguistic recognition, the agreement also included comprehensive provisions specifically designed to foster and support the cultural development of the Turkish inhabitants, thereby ensuring the preservation of their heritage and distinct identity within the broader Syrian Mandate.

Enduring Turkish Sovereignty at Suleyman Shah's Tomb

Article 9 of the treaty contained a highly symbolic and historically resonant clause concerning the Tomb of Suleyman Shah. This revered burial site, traditionally held to be that of the grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the illustrious Ottoman Empire, was located within Syrian territory. The agreement unequivocally declared that this site, along with all its appurtenances, would remain the perpetual property of Turkey. Furthermore, Turkey was explicitly granted the right to appoint guardians for the tomb and, crucially, to hoist the Turkish flag there. This provision served as a powerful and enduring symbol of Turkish sovereignty and its deep historical connection to the region, even beyond its newly defined borders.

Lasting Legacy

A Stepping Stone to Broader Peace

The Ankara Agreement played an indispensable role in the broader peace process that unfolded in the aftermath of the Turkish War of Independence. The annulment of French claims over Turkish land, a direct consequence of this treaty, was subsequently and formally reaffirmed in the Armistice of Mudanya. This critical armistice served as a vital precursor, effectively paving the way for the negotiation and establishment of a more comprehensive and enduring peace settlement across the region.

Definitive Border Recognition

The new border between Syria and Turkey, meticulously defined and established by the 1921 Ankara Agreement, received its ultimate and definitive international recognition with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. This subsequent treaty solidified the territorial changes and diplomatic resolutions that had been achieved through the Ankara Accord, thereby establishing the modern boundaries that have largely persisted between the two nations to the present day.

A Precedent for National Self-Determination

The Ankara Agreement stands as a compelling historical testament to the successful assertion of national sovereignty by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It demonstrated a nascent national entity's capacity to effectively negotiate favorable terms with a major European power, even amidst the complex and often challenging landscape of post-World War I mandates and partitions. This achievement set a significant precedent for the principle of self-determination in a region undergoing profound and transformative political changes.

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The Ankara Accord

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What is the Treaty? ℹ️

🤝 A Pivotal Diplomatic Resolution

✍️ Key Signatories and International Recognition

🌍 Context of Post-War Geopolitical Realignments

Core Provisions 📜

🔚 Cessation of Hostilities and Territorial Cessions

👑 Affirmation of Mandate Sovereignty

⚖️ A Pragmatic Balance of Interests

Redrawing the Border 🗺️

🔄 Significant Revision from Sèvres

🛤️ Detailed Demarcation of the New Line

Special Status 🏛️

🌐 The Sanjak of Alexandretta's Unique Position

🗣️ Safeguarding Cultural and Linguistic Rights

🇹🇷 Enduring Turkish Sovereignty at Suleyman Shah's Tomb

Lasting Legacy 📈

🕊️ A Stepping Stone to Broader Peace

✅ Definitive Border Recognition

💡 A Precedent for National Self-Determination

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is the Treaty?

A Pivotal Diplomatic Resolution

Key Signatories and International Recognition

Context of Post-War Geopolitical Realignments

Core Provisions

Cessation of Hostilities and Territorial Cessions

Affirmation of Mandate Sovereignty

A Pragmatic Balance of Interests

Redrawing the Border

Significant Revision from Sèvres

Detailed Demarcation of the New Line

Special Status

The Sanjak of Alexandretta's Unique Position

Safeguarding Cultural and Linguistic Rights

Enduring Turkish Sovereignty at Suleyman Shah's Tomb

Lasting Legacy

A Stepping Stone to Broader Peace

Definitive Border Recognition

A Precedent for National Self-Determination

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice