What is the primary function of the United States Census Bureau?

The United States Census Bureau is a key agency within the U.S. federal statistical system, primarily responsible for collecting and disseminating data about the American people and economy.

Which government department oversees the U.S. Census Bureau?

The U.S. Census Bureau operates under the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Who appoints the director of the U.S. Census Bureau?

The director of the U.S. Census Bureau is appointed by the President of the United States.

Who is the current acting director of the U.S. Census Bureau as of September 19, 2025?

As of September 19, 2025, George Cook is serving as the acting director of the U.S. Census Bureau.

What is the main mission of the Census Bureau concerning the decennial census?

The Census Bureau's primary mission is to conduct the U.S. census every ten years, which is essential for determining the allocation of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the states based on their population.

How does census data influence the distribution of federal funds?

The bureau's censuses and surveys help allocate over $675 billion annually in federal funds, and the data informs decisions for community improvements, public health, education, and transportation infrastructure.

What types of surveys does the Census Bureau conduct in addition to the decennial census?

Beyond the decennial census, the Census Bureau conducts over 130 ongoing surveys and programs each year, including the American Community Survey, the U.S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey.

How often is the U.S. Economic Census conducted?

The U.S. Economic Census is conducted every five years to gather information on American businesses and the economy, which aids in planning business decisions.

What constitutional provision mandates the U.S. population count?

Article One, Section II of the United States Constitution mandates that the population be enumerated at least once every ten years.

What is the legal basis for the Census Bureau's authority?

The Census Bureau's legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code.

How does census data impact political representation in the U.S.?

The population counts from the decennial census are used to reapportion the number of seats each state holds in the U.S. House of Representatives and, consequently, influences the Electoral College.

What is the Census Bureau's role in providing population data between censuses?

Between the decennial censuses, the Census Bureau conducts various surveys and makes population estimates and projections to maintain an ongoing record of the nation's demographic changes.

What types of surveys does the Census Bureau conduct on behalf of other government agencies?

The Census Bureau collects data for other federal and local government agencies on a variety of topics, including employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing.

Who was responsible for conducting the census in the early years of the United States (1790-1840)?

From 1790 to 1840, the census was conducted by the marshals of the United States judicial districts.

When was the Census Office established, and how did it evolve into the Census Bureau?

The Census Act of 1840 established a central office known as the Census Office. This office was moved under the Department of the Interior in 1902 and renamed the Census Bureau in 1903 under the new Department of Commerce and Labor.

What changes did the Census Act of 1920 introduce?

The Census Act of 1920 altered the timing of censuses and authorized the collection of manufacturing data every two years and agriculture data every ten years.

How does the Census Bureau categorize the United States for data collection purposes?

The Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, which are further divided into nine divisions, commonly used for data collection and analysis.

Which U.S. administrative unit is included in the Census Bureau's regional definitions, and which are excluded?

The District of Columbia is included in the Census Bureau's regional definitions, while the U.S. territories are not.

What historical systems for regional classification were used by the Census Bureau prior to 1910?

Before the current system, statistician J. D. B. De Bow developed systems that grouped states and territories into 'great divisions' and later into 'great sections' with northern and southern 'divisions'.

What modifications have been made to the Census Bureau's regional division system since its establishment in 1910?

Since 1910, the system has been updated to include New Mexico and Arizona in the Mountain division (1912), split the North region into Northeast and North Central (1940), added Alaska and Hawaii to the Pacific division (1959), and renamed the North Central region to Midwest (1984).

What are some specific ways governments utilize census data for planning?

Governments use census data to determine locations for new housing and public facilities, plan transportation networks, establish police and fire precincts, and create localized areas for elections and schools.

Does the Census Bureau use its data to define race or ethnicity in biological terms?

No, the Census Bureau explicitly states that its data is not used to define race genetically, biologically, or anthropologically.

What measures does the Census Bureau take to ensure data confidentiality?

The Census Bureau guarantees the confidentiality of individual and establishment information through employee affidavits of non-disclosure and legal penalties outlined in Title 13 of the U.S. Code.

What are the potential consequences for Census Bureau employees who disclose confidential information?

An employee who violates the non-disclosure affidavit faces penalties that can include a fine of up to $250,000 or imprisonment for up to five years.

Can the Census Bureau share collected data with law enforcement agencies?

No, the Census Bureau is prohibited from sharing personal information, responses, or addresses with any entity, including law enforcement agencies like the IRS, FBI, or Interpol.

What is the '72-year rule' regarding the release of census data?

The '72-year rule' dictates that personal information collected by the Census Bureau is not made public or shared with other agencies until 72 years after collection, by which time most individuals are typically deceased.

Can you provide examples of past instances where the Census Bureau shared data with government agencies?

Historically, the Census Bureau shared individual information with the Justice Department and Selective Service for draft evasion prosecutions in 1918. It also provided confidential data on Japanese-Americans to assist in their internment during World War II, a role confirmed in 2007.

How has technology evolved in the Census Bureau's data collection methods?

Technology has advanced from Herman Hollerith's tabulating machines in 1890 and UNIVAC computers in the 1950s to the use of specialized handheld computers (HHCs) for the 2010 census, aiming to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

What was the primary purpose of using handheld computers (HHCs) in the 2010 Census Project?

The HHCs were introduced to automate field data collection, reduce paper usage and payroll expenses, and compile a more comprehensive address list, with projected savings exceeding $1 billion.

What security features were incorporated into the handheld computers used by the Census Bureau?

The handheld computers included security features such as fingerprint scanners for user authentication and GPS capabilities for managing addresses and transferring data.

What challenges did the Census Bureau face with handheld computers in rural areas?

In rural areas, the limited availability of cell phone towers posed challenges for data transmission to and from the handheld computers, emphasizing the need for proper operational procedures.

What is the objective of the research studies conducted by the Census Bureau?

The Census Bureau conducts research studies to enhance its operations, focusing on areas like survey innovation, improving participation rates, ensuring data accuracy (addressing undercounts and overcounts), leveraging technology, and reducing costs.

What is the Census Information Center (CIC) program designed to achieve?

The CIC program is a cooperative effort involving 58 organizations that aims to represent and serve the needs of underserved communities.

Where has the Census Bureau's headquarters been located since 1942?

The Census Bureau's headquarters has been situated in Suitland, Maryland, since 1942.

Name the six cities where the Census Bureau maintains regional offices.

The Census Bureau operates regional offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles.

What was the financial cost associated with the 2000 U.S. Census?

The 2000 census incurred a cost of $4.5 billion.

What was the estimated cost of conducting the 2010 U.S. Census?

The estimated cost for the 2010 census was $14.7 billion.

What prompted the Census Bureau to consolidate its regional offices in 2013?

The consolidation of twelve regional offices into six was driven by rising data collection costs, the adoption of new survey management tools like laptops, and an increased reliance on multi-modal survey methods (internet, telephone, and in-person).

Which census was the first to utilize electric tabulating machines, and who invented this technology?

The 1890 U.S. Census was the first to employ electric tabulating machines, invented by Herman Hollerith.

When did the Census Bureau acquire its first UNIVAC I computer?

The Census Bureau accepted delivery of its first UNIVAC I computer in 1951.

What was the function of the 'American FactFinder' platform?

American FactFinder served as the Census Bureau's primary platform for disseminating data for two decades before its decommissioning in March 2020.

What is the current online platform for accessing Census Bureau data?

The current platform for accessing Census Bureau data is data.census.gov.

What is the Census Bureau's role within the broader Federal Statistical System of the United States?

The Census Bureau is a principal agency within the Federal Statistical System, tasked with generating essential data on the nation's population and economy.

How are the Census Bureau's defined regions and divisions utilized?

The Census Bureau's statistical regions and divisions are widely employed for the collection and analysis of data, providing a standardized geographical framework.

What is the purpose of the U.S. Economic Census?

The U.S. Economic Census, conducted every five years, provides comprehensive reports on American businesses and the economy to support informed business decision-making.

What legal code governs the Census Bureau's operations and data handling procedures?

The Census Bureau's operations and its legal authority, including data confidentiality measures, are established within Title 13 of the United States Code.

What is the purpose of the Current Population Survey (CPS)?

The Current Population Survey is one of many ongoing surveys conducted by the Census Bureau to gather information on the characteristics of the population, often focusing on employment and labor force status.

How does the Census Bureau's data contribute to community planning and development?

Census data informs critical decisions regarding the placement of new housing, public facilities, transportation infrastructure, and emergency services like police and fire departments.

What was the historical impact of Herman Hollerith's inventions on census-taking?

Herman Hollerith's invention of electric tabulating machines, first used in the 1890 census, significantly improved the speed and efficiency of processing census data, marking a major technological advancement.

What is the Census Bureau's function regarding population estimates between decennial counts?

Between the ten-year censuses, the Census Bureau produces population estimates and projections to provide updated demographic information.

What is the objective of the American Community Survey (ACS)?

The American Community Survey is a key survey conducted by the Census Bureau to gather detailed, up-to-date social, economic, housing, and demographic information about the U.S. population.

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Agency Overview

Core Mandate

The United States Census Bureau, officially the Bureau of the Census, serves as a principal agency within the U.S. federal statistical system. Its primary responsibility is to generate comprehensive data concerning the American populace and its economy.^[1]

Federal Alignment

As an integral part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau's leadership, including its Director, is appointed by the President of the United States. George Cook currently serves as the acting director.^[1]^[2]

Data Impact

The Bureau's activities are crucial for allocating over $675 billion in federal funds annually. This data informs critical decisions made by states, local communities, and businesses, impacting everything from infrastructure development to public services.^[4]^[5]

Mission and Purpose

Constitutional Basis

The agency's foundational mandate stems from Article One of the U.S. Constitution, which mandates a decennial population count. This count is essential for apportioning seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and, consequently, the Electoral College.^[3]

Economic Engine

Beyond population counts, the Census Bureau conducts over 130 surveys annually, including the American Community Survey and the U.S. Economic Census. These surveys provide vital economic indicators and insights into American businesses, aiding strategic planning and decision-making.^[7]^[8]

Legal Framework

The Census Bureau's operational authority is codified within Title 13 of the United States Code. This legal framework underpins its mandate to collect statistics on the nation, its people, and its economy, ensuring data integrity and public trust.^[3]

Historical Evolution

Early Enumerations

The first U.S. census was conducted in 1790, a process initially managed by U.S. Marshals. Over time, administrative structures evolved, leading to the establishment of a central office in 1840, which eventually became the Census Bureau in 1903 under the Department of Commerce and Labor.^[11]^[13]

Technological Advancements

The Bureau has consistently adopted new technologies. From early punch card tabulation systems to the adoption of UNIVAC I in 1951, and later the implementation of handheld computers for the 2010 census, technological innovation has been key to improving efficiency and data collection.^[62]^[65]^[66]

Evolving Regions

The Bureau's system for defining statistical regions and divisions has evolved since its inception. The current framework, established in 1910, has undergone minor modifications, reflecting shifts in geography and data analysis needs.^[24]

The regional classification system has seen several iterations. Initially, states were grouped into five "great divisions." This was later refined into an Eastern, Interior, and Western "great section," each with northern and southern halves. The current system, adopted in 1910, has been updated with changes like renaming the North Central region to Midwest in 1984 and incorporating Alaska and Hawaii into the Pacific division upon statehood.^[24]

Census Regions & Divisions

Statistical Groupings

The Census Bureau categorizes the United States into four primary statistical regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. Each region is further subdivided into nine distinct divisions, used extensively for data collection and analysis.^[17]

The Bureau's regional framework is widely adopted for demographic and economic analysis. The District of Columbia is included in the South Atlantic division, while U.S. territories are generally excluded from these specific statistical groupings.^[22]^[23]

U.S. Census Bureau Regional Divisions
Northeast	New England	Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Northeast	Mid-Atlantic	New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Midwest	East North Central	Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin
Midwest	West North Central	Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota
South	South Atlantic	Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia
	East South Central	Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee
	West South Central	Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas
West	Mountain	Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming
West	Pacific	Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington

Ongoing Data Collection

Intercensal Surveys

Between the decennial censuses, the Bureau conducts numerous surveys to provide continuous insights into the nation's social and economic fabric. These surveys capture data on employment, health, housing, and consumer behavior.^[45]

Key Surveys

Prominent among these are the American Community Survey (ACS), the American Housing Survey (AHS), and the Current Population Survey (CPS). The Economic Census, conducted every five years, offers a comprehensive look at American businesses.^[7]^[8]

The Bureau also collects data on behalf of other federal agencies, including the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, and the National Science Foundation, covering a wide array of topics.

American Community Survey
American Housing Survey
Consumer Expenditure Survey
Current Population Survey
U.S. Economic Census
National Crime Victimization Survey
National Health Interview Survey

Data Dissemination

The Census Bureau utilizes platforms like data.census.gov to make its vast datasets accessible to the public, replacing the previous American FactFinder system. This ensures broad access to critical demographic and economic information.^[43]^[44]

Organizational Framework

Leadership

The Census Bureau is led by a Director, supported by a Deputy Director and an executive staff comprising Associate Directors. The headquarters is located in Suitland, Maryland, housing over 4,000 employees.^[56]

Regional Presence

The Bureau operates six regional offices strategically located in major cities: New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles. These offices facilitate data collection and outreach efforts across the country.^[57]^[60]

Community Engagement

Through its Census Information Center (CIC) program, the Bureau collaborates with 58 non-profit organizations. This initiative aims to represent and serve underserved communities, enhancing participation and data accuracy.^[61]

Data Integrity & Use

Confidentiality Guarantee

The Census Bureau upholds strict confidentiality, legally bound by Title 13 of the U.S. Code. It guarantees non-disclosure of individual or establishment information, with severe penalties for breaches, ensuring public trust.^[29]

Legal Protections

Information collected by the Bureau cannot be shared with any government entity, including law enforcement agencies like the IRS or FBI, nor with foreign governments. This protection extends for 72 years, after which data may become publicly available.^[30]^[31]

Historical Disclosures

Despite confidentiality assurances, historical instances of disclosure exist, such as providing information for draft evasion prosecutions in 1918 and assisting in Japanese-American internment during WWII. These events highlight the tension between government needs and individual privacy.^[32]^[34]

Political Significance

Census data is highly valued by political parties for redistricting and resource allocation. However, this significance also introduces the risk of politicization, potentially leading to distortions in data due to political pressures and undercounting of minority populations.^[36]^[39]

Research & Innovation

Continuous Improvement

The Census Bureau actively conducts research to enhance survey methodologies, improve participation rates, and increase data accuracy. Topics include undercounts, overcounts, technological integration, and cost reduction strategies.^[71]

Geospatial Analysis

The development of the TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) database system, a collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey, revolutionized mapping and geospatial analysis for census data. TIGER data allows for sophisticated demographic and spatial analysis.^[41]^[42]

Modern Data Sources

The Bureau explores innovative data sources, such as mobile phone location data, to improve statistical accuracy and efficiency. Pretesting and post-field evaluation of surveys and digital products are integral to this research process.^[73]^[75]

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References

A full list of references for this article are available at the United States Census Bureau Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This content was generated by an AI and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not reflect the most current information or nuances. The AI has strived for accuracy and adherence to the provided source material.

This is not official government advice. The information presented here should not substitute consultation with official sources or qualified professionals. Always refer to the United States Census Bureau's official website and documentation for definitive information.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Mapping the Nation

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Agency Overview ℹ️

🏛️ Core Mandate

🇺🇸 Federal Alignment

📊 Data Impact

Mission and Purpose 🎯

📜 Constitutional Basis

📈 Economic Engine

⚖️ Legal Framework

Historical Evolution ⏳

📜 Early Enumerations

💻 Technological Advancements

🗺️ Evolving Regions

Census Regions & Divisions 📍

🗺️ Statistical Groupings

Ongoing Data Collection 📋

📊 Intercensal Surveys

📈 Key Surveys

🌐 Data Dissemination

Organizational Framework 🏢

👨‍💼 Leadership

🗺️ Regional Presence

🤝 Community Engagement

Data Integrity & Use 🔒

🔒 Confidentiality Guarantee

⚖️ Legal Protections

🏛️ Historical Disclosures

🗳️ Political Significance

Research & Innovation 💡

🔬 Continuous Improvement

🗺️ Geospatial Analysis

📱 Modern Data Sources

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Agency Overview

Core Mandate

Federal Alignment

Data Impact

Mission and Purpose

Constitutional Basis

Economic Engine

Legal Framework

Historical Evolution

Early Enumerations

Technological Advancements

Evolving Regions

Census Regions & Divisions

Statistical Groupings

Ongoing Data Collection

Intercensal Surveys

Key Surveys

Data Dissemination

Organizational Framework

Leadership

Regional Presence

Community Engagement

Data Integrity & Use

Confidentiality Guarantee

Legal Protections

Historical Disclosures

Political Significance

Research & Innovation

Continuous Improvement

Geospatial Analysis

Modern Data Sources

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice