Echoes of Change: Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On'
Delving into the profound narrative and musical innovation of a timeless anthem of social consciousness.
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What Is This Song?
A Landmark Release
"What's Going On" is an iconic song by American singer-songwriter Marvin Gaye, officially released on January 21, 1971, under the Motown subsidiary, Tamla. This single served as the powerful opening track for Gaye's seminal studio album of the same name, marking a pivotal moment in his career and in music history.
A New Direction for Motown
The song represented a significant departure for Marvin Gaye from the characteristic "Motown Sound," moving towards more introspective and socially conscious material. This shift allowed Gaye to explore deeper personal and societal themes, setting a new artistic precedent for himself and the label.
Commercial & Critical Acclaim
Upon its release, "What's Going On" quickly became a massive success, topping the Hot Soul Singles chart for five weeks and reaching number two on the Billboard Hot 100. It sold over two million copies, becoming Gaye's second-most successful Motown song. Its enduring impact is reflected in its consistent high rankings on lists such as Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time," where it has appeared at number 4, 6, and 15 on various editions, including "The 100 Best Protest Songs of All Time."
Inspiration & Genesis
Witnessing Injustice
The initial spark for "What's Going On" came from Renaldo "Obie" Benson, a member of the legendary Motown vocal group, the Four Tops. On May 15, 1969, while on tour, Benson arrived in Berkeley, California, and witnessed firsthand the police brutality and violence at People's Park during an anti-war protest, an event later dubbed "Bloody Thursday."
A Cry for Understanding
Deeply disturbed by what he saw, Benson articulated his profound questions: "What is happening here? Why are they sending kids so far away from their families overseas? Why are they attacking their own children in the streets?" He shared these sentiments with songwriter Al Cleveland, who then composed a song reflecting Benson's concerns.
Marvin Gaye's Vision
Initially, Benson offered the song to the Four Tops, but they declined, perceiving it as a "protest song." Benson, however, insisted it was a "love song, about love and understanding." In 1970, he presented the untitled composition to Marvin Gaye, who resonated deeply with its message. Gaye added a new melody, refined the lyrics, and ultimately titled it "What's Going On." Benson lauded Gaye's contribution, stating he "tweaked and enriched the song, 'added some things that were more ghetto, more natural, which made it seem like a story than a song... we measured him for the suit and he tailored the hell out of it.'"
Personal & Societal Influences
Gaye's own experiences fueled his connection to the song's themes. The 1965 Watts Riot had been a turning point, making him question, "With the world exploding around me, how am I supposed to keep singing love songs?" He was also profoundly affected by emotional conversations with his brother Frankie, a Vietnam War veteran, and the tragic death of his namesake cousin while serving in the conflict.
Initial Resistance
Despite Gaye's conviction, Motown founder Berry Gordy initially rejected the song, famously calling it "the worst thing I ever heard in my life," particularly disliking its jazz elements. Gaye's response was resolute: he went on strike, refusing to record any further material until "What's Going On" was released, demonstrating his unwavering belief in the song's importance.
The Studio Sessions
Recording Timeline & Locations
Marvin Gaye commenced recording "What's Going On" on June 1, 1970, with subsequent sessions on July 6, 7, 10, and September 21, 1970. The main rhythm tracks and overdubs were laid down at Motown's legendary Hitsville USA studio. Supporting tracks, including strings, horns, and lead/background vocals, were recorded at Studio B. The final mixdown in stereo took place at the Motown Center studio on Woodward Avenue.
Gaye's Production Debut
Inspired by his recent successful productions for The Originals, Gaye took the reins as producer for "What's Going On." He assembled a unique blend of Motown's esteemed in-house studio musicians, known as the Funk Brothers, alongside musicians he personally recruited. This marked a significant step in Gaye's artistic autonomy.
Serendipitous Saxophone
A distinctive element of the song, the opening alto saxophone line, was an unplanned addition. Musician Eli Fontaine was merely "goofing around" with a riff when Gaye overheard it. Recognizing its brilliance, Gaye immediately incorporated it, telling Fontaine, "you goof off exquisitely, thank you." This spontaneous moment became an integral part of the song's iconic sound.
Jamerson's Masterpiece
Legendary Motown bassist James Jamerson was famously brought into the session after Gaye found him playing at a local bar. Despite his inebriated state, Jamerson, known for his incredible tolerance, delivered the intricate bass lines, reportedly playing while lying on the floor. Arranger David Van De Pitte noted that Jamerson "loved it because I had written Jamerson licks for Jamerson." Jamerson himself recognized the song's significance, telling his wife it was a "masterpiece."
Vocal Layers & Chatter
Gaye's innovative approach extended to the vocals. He invited Detroit Lions football players Mel Farr and Lem Barney to Motown Studio B, along with members of the Funk Brothers, to contribute vocal chatter, creating a relaxed, conversational atmosphere. Elgie Stover, a Motown staffer and Gaye's confidante, opened the track with the now-famous lines, "hey, man, what's happening?" and "everything is everything." Bobby Rogers of The Miracles also contributed background vocals.
Accidental Innovation
A crucial sonic element, Gaye's signature double-lead vocal, was born from an accident. His engineer, Kenneth Sands, inadvertently mixed two of Gaye's vocal leads together. Gaye was so impressed with the resulting layered sound that he kept it, a technique he would master and utilize in many subsequent recordings. The song also featured a "false fade" and incorporated major seventh and minor seventh chords, uncommon for the time, further showcasing its musical sophistication. The B-side, "God Is Love," was recorded on the same day.
Commercial Impact
Unsanctioned Release & Immediate Success
Despite Berry Gordy's initial rejection, Motown's sales vice president, Barney Ales, took a bold step. Anxious for new Marvin Gaye material, Ales released "What's Going On" on January 17, 1971, without Gordy's knowledge. He pressed 100,000 copies and promoted the single to radio stations nationwide. The song's immediate popularity led to a further 100,000 copies being pressed, selling over 200,000 units within a single week.
Chart-Topping Performance
The single's success was undeniable. Within a month, it soared to the top of the charts, holding the number one position on the Billboard R&B charts for five consecutive weeks. It also spent a week at number one on the Cashbox pop chart. On the prestigious Billboard Hot 100, "What's Going On" peaked at number two, only surpassed by "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" by The Temptations and "Joy to the World" by Three Dog Night. Billboard later ranked it as the No. 21 song for the entire year of 1971.
A Million-Selling Phenomenon
Ultimately, "What's Going On" sold more than two million copies, establishing itself as the fastest-selling Motown single at that time. Its overwhelming commercial performance forced Berry Gordy to concede, granting Marvin Gaye the artistic freedom to produce his own music. This pivotal moment directly led to the creation and release of the critically acclaimed "What's Going On" album, solidifying Gaye's artistic vision and independence.
Critical Legacy
Contradictory Soundscape
Critics lauded "What's Going On" for its innovative and often contradictory sound. Slant Magazine highlighted the song's mournful tone juxtaposed with the seemingly carefree party atmosphere of the vocal chatter, creating a complex emotional landscape. This blend of somber reflection and communal interaction became a hallmark of its unique appeal.
Setting the Album's Mood
Vince Aletti, reviewing the "What's Going On" album for Rolling Stone, noted that while the song's lyrics might not be "brilliant" in isolation, the track masterfully set the mood for the entire album. He praised its ability to capture "a certain aching dissatisfaction that is part of the album's mood," demonstrating its foundational role in the album's thematic coherence.
Universal Acclaim
The song garnered widespread critical praise from various publications. Record World described it as "a tasteful message song that's sure to go across the board," commending Gaye's "mellow and rhythmic" performance and the "brilliant production." Cash Box celebrated Gaye's "new sound," recognizing his incorporation of "elements of jazz vocal and his old-fashioned smooth style," declaring the artist "reborn." Billboard predicted its success, stating this "easy beat rocker has it to put [Gaye] right up the Hot 100 and Soul charts."
Enduring Recognition
"What's Going On" has consistently been recognized as one of the greatest songs of all time. It was ranked number 4 on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in both 2004 and 2010, and number 6 in the 2021 and 2024 revisions. In 2025, the publication placed it at number 15 on its list of "The 100 Best Protest Songs of All Time." Other accolades include:
- Number 2 in "Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs" (Detroit Free Press, 2016).
- Number 74 on BBC Radio 2's Songs of the Century (1999).
- Number 64 on Q magazine's 1001 Best Songs Ever (2003).
- Named the "Greatest Detroit Song of All Time" by Metro Times (2004).
- Number 14 on VH1's 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time.
- Number 33 Greatest 1970s song by New Musical Express (2012).
- Included in the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll."
Creative Personnel
Vocals & Keys
- Marvin Gaye: Lead and backing vocals, piano, and box drum.
- Backing Vocals: Marvin Gaye, Mel Farr, Lem Barney, Elgie Stover, Kenneth Stover, Bobby Rogers, and the Funk Brothers.
Instrumentation
Provided by the legendary Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, featuring:
- Eli Fountain: Alto saxophone
- Robert White: Acoustic guitar
- Joe Messina: Electric guitar
- James Jamerson: Bass
- Chet Forest: Drums
- Eddie "Bongo" Brown: Bongos, congas
- Jack Ashford: Tambourine, percussion
Production Team
- Marvin Gaye: Producer, composer
- Renaldo "Obie" Benson: Composer
- Al Cleveland: Composer
- David Van De Pitte: Arranger
- Steve Smith: Recording engineer
- Mike McLean: Recording engineer
- Ken Sands: Recording and mix engineer
Chart Performance
Weekly Charts (1971)
Marvin Gaye's original release achieved significant chart success:
| Chart (1971) | Peak Position |
|---|---|
| Australia KMR | 69 |
| Canada RPM Top Singles | 76 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 2 |
| US Billboard R&B/Soul Singles | 1 |
| US Cash Box Top 100 | 1 |
Later Chart Appearances
The song also saw re-entries and international chart activity in subsequent years:
| Chart (Year) | Peak Position |
|---|---|
| UK Singles (OCC) (1983) | 80 |
| South Korea International (Circle) (2011) | 78 |
| Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard) (2022) | 20 |
| Israel International Airplay (Media Forest) (2025) | 19 |
Year-End Charts (1971)
Its strong performance throughout 1971 earned it high rankings on year-end summaries:
| Chart (1971) | Rank |
|---|---|
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 21 |
| US Cash Box Top 100 | 22 |
| US R&B/Soul (Billboard) | 2 |
Certifications & Sales
Certified Success
Marvin Gaye's original recording of "What's Going On" has achieved significant sales milestones, reflecting its widespread popularity and enduring appeal.
| Region | Certification | Certified Units/Sales |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom (BPI) Sales since November 18, 2004 | Platinum | 600,000โก |
โก Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Accolades & Honors
Esteemed Recognition
"What's Going On" has received numerous accolades and been featured on prestigious lists, cementing its status as a cultural and musical touchstone:
| List | Publisher | Rank | Year of Publication |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500 Greatest Songs of All Time | Rolling Stone | 4 | 2010 |
| Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs | Detroit Free Press | 2 | 2016 |
| 100 Greatest Rock Songs | VH1 | 14 | 2000 |
| 100 Songs That Changed the World | Q | 39 | 2003 |
| 1001 Best Songs Ever | Q | 64 | 2003 |
| 500 Songs That Shaped Rock | Rock & Roll Hall of Fame | N/A | 1995 |
| 365 Songs of the Century | RIAA | 65 | 2001 |
Cyndi Lauper's Version
A Synth-Pop Reimagining
American singer-songwriter Cyndi Lauper offered her interpretation of "What's Going On" for her second studio album, True Colors (1986). Lauper's rendition transformed the soulful original into a synth-pop track, released as the album's third single on March 2, 1987. The album version notably begins with a series of gunshots, a direct reference to the Vietnam War, while the single version features an alternate vocal in its intro.
Critical Reception
The pan-European magazine Music & Media highlighted Lauper's cover as one of its "records of the week" in March 1987, praising her "better vocal form" compared to her previous single, "Change of Heart."
Chart Performance
Lauper's version entered the UK Singles Chart at number 88 and peaked at number 57. In the United States, it reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, though it was her second single from the album to miss the US top ten. It also set a record for the biggest single-week decline on the American Top 40 radio countdown, falling from number 16 to 38. However, club remixes by Shep Pettibone propelled it into the top twenty of the Dance Club Songs chart. Lauper later expressed in her autobiography that she had hoped for a stronger chart performance.
Music Video & Accolade
The music video for Lauper's "What's Going On" was directed by Andy Morahan in New York City and premiered on MTV on February 25, 1987. It received a nomination for Best Cinematography at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, though it ultimately lost to Peter Gabriel's "Sledgehammer."
International Charting
Cyndi Lauper's cover also charted internationally:
| Chart (1987) | Peak Position |
|---|---|
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 52 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 27 |
| Canada Top Singles (RPM) | 30 |
| Chile (Chilean Singles Chart) | 19 |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | 5 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 39 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 30 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 30 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 57 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 12 |
| US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) | 29 |
| US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) | 17 |
| US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) | 7 |
| US Hot Crossover 30 (Billboard) | 12 |
| US Cash Box Top 100 | 15 |
| US Top 12" Dance Singles (Cash Box) | 15 |
| US Adult Contemporary (Gavin Report) | 14 |
| US Top 40 (Gavin Report) | 13 |
| US Adult Contemporary (Radio & Records) | 24 |
| US Contemporary Hit Radio (Radio & Records) | 11 |
Charitable Renditions
Live Aid Armenia (1989)
A remake of "What's Going On" was released as the first of the Rock Aid Armenia initiatives in 1989, aiming to provide aid to those affected by the devastating 1988 Armenian earthquake. Credited to Live Aid Armenia, this version featured a diverse ensemble of artists including Aswad, Errol Brown, Richard Darbyshire, Gail Ann Dorsey, Boy George, David Gilmour, Nick Heyward, Mykaell S. Riley, Labi Siffre, Helen Terry, Ruby Turner, Elizabeth Westwood, and the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra. The B-side, "A Cool Wind Is Blowing," showcased Armenian duduk music performed by Djivan Gasparyan. The record was produced by Steve Levine, with Fraser Kennedy and Jon Dee serving as executive producers, and was released on Island Records.
Music Relief '94 (1994)
In 1994, the song was covered by Music Relief '94 as a benefit single to commemorate the Rwandan genocide. This collaborative effort brought together a wide array of singers, including C. J. Lewis, Roachford, Yazz, Aswad, Edwin Starr, Peter Cunnah of D Ream, Kim Appleby, Mick Jones of BAD, Rozalla, Tony Di Bart, Paul Young, Paul Carrack, Angie Brown of Ramona 55, Jimmy Ruffin, Omar, Apache Indian, Worlds Apart, Kaos, The Pasadenas, Gus Isidore, Jools Holland, Mark King of Level 42, Nik Kershaw, Larry Adler, and Dannii Minogue. The single charted in Germany (No. 72), the UK (No. 70), and on the UK Airplay chart (No. 29).
Artists Against AIDS Worldwide (2001)
On October 30, 2001, a collective of popular recording artists, under the banner "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide," released a single featuring multiple versions of "What's Going On." The proceeds were dedicated to supporting AIDS programs in Africa and other impoverished regions. Recorded shortly before the September 11 attacks, a portion of the song's proceeds was also directed to the American Red Cross' September 11 fund. The radio single version, produced by Jermaine Dupri and Bono, featured an extensive list of performers including Destiny's Child, Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, NSYNC, Darren Hayes, Jennifer Lopez, Ja Rule, Nas, Lil' Kim, Sean Combs, Mary J Blige, Alicia Keys, Eve, Gwen Stefani, Nelly Furtado, Fred Durst, Aaron Lewis, Michael Stipe, Wyclef Jean, and Marvin Gaye's daughter, Nona Gaye, among many others. This collaboration achieved global success, peaking within the top 10 in Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and the top 20 in Flanders, New Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. It earned Gold certification in New Zealand for selling over 5,000 units. In the US, it reached number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 24 on both the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic charts. A music video for this version was directed by Jake Scott. The single included various remixes by producers like Moby, The Neptunes, and Junior Vasquez.
Other Notable Covers
Chaka Khan & The Funk Brothers (2002)
In 2002, the powerhouse vocalist Chaka Khan delivered a memorable performance of "What's Going On" alongside the legendary Funk Brothers, as featured in the documentary Standing in the Shadows of Motown. This rendition was critically acclaimed, earning a Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards.
U2 (2017)
The iconic rock band U2 offered their take on the song in 2017 as part of their Spotify Singles release. This cover served as a promotional effort for their album, Songs of Experience, showcasing the song's enduring relevance across different genres and generations.
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References
References
- "Nederlandse Top 40 รขยย week 21, 1987" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
- "Nederlandse Top 40 รขยย week 46, 2001" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
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